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Here’s a little background on the legend of Prometheus: When Zeus defeated the Titans, he spared two: Prometheus, God of Forethought and Epimetheus, God of Afterthought. Instead of vanishing them, he bestowed upon them a great task to go to Earth and create all of its creatures. He bestowed upon Epimetheus gifts with which to give to their creation. Prometheus, the more rational of the two, made human in the image of the gods while his brother produced the animals. Epimetheus carelessness presented all of the gifts to the animals, giving them warm coats and claws to protect themselves. The humans were left cold in the night with no way to be warm.

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Here’s a little background of the legend of Prometheus: When Zeus defeated the Titans, he spared two: Prometheus, God of Forethought and Epimetheus, God of Afterthought. Instead of vanishing them, he bestowed upon them a great task to go to Earth and create all of its creatures. He bestowed upon Epimetheus gifts with which to give to their creation. Prometheus, the more rational of the two, made human in the image of the gods while his brother produced the animals. Epimetheus carelessness presented all of the gifts to the animals, giving them warm coats and claws to protect themselves. The humans were left cold in the night with no way to be warm.

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The purpose of Mary Shelley including those letters in her novel is to enhance suspense and create disbelief. Throughout the novel, it follows the style of Epistolary writing because we will hear stories from different points of view.You will recognize the letters Walton sends to his sister, Victor's story to Walton, and finally the Creature's story to Victor. Walton's letters provoke uncertainty while Frankenstein's letters create a chilling sense of foreshadowing. This process is like you're "peeling back each layer of a story to discover another one."

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Within a year, Mary Shelley completed her first novel and published it at the age of 19. She used the help of Epistolary writing to create a sense of interest and to help further the plot summary of the book. With these letters, Frankenstein fits well into the Gothic and Narrative writing categories. The use of supernatural events/creatures adds to the sense of mystery and terror to the novel. With her addition of psychological realism, she attempts to establish characters thoughts and emotions, which is also used in the letters.

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Romanticism is often compared to Realism in literature, although they are quite different. Realism refers to a movement in the late nineteenth century that focuses on the genuine representation of a subject, compared to the distortion of concepts. Additionally, Romanticism demonstrates a dominance of plot, whereas Realism draws attention to the characters. Another distinguishing concept is that Romanticism in literature is explain as telling a story compared to Realistic literature which "shows" a story. The primary difference in the two is found in the tone and deliverance of the story. Romanticism practices idealization, whereas Realism portrays an event as it happened.

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Gothic literature often explores the theme of appearance vs reality. Radcliffe for example, her books often seem to have supernatural causes. But by the end she gives a rational explanation of the events. Others writers don't do this however and this helps to create a dreamlike atmosphere within the novel. Writers display this using different narrative structures and voices.

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The gothic novel was a component in the larger movement of romanticism during the time.This era is characterized by such ideology as rationalism, reason over imagination. This stance however deprived people of a deep human need that gothic novels fulfilled. Superstition has long been around, rationalism however caused superstition to fall short and so people began writing gothic literature. This helped to lift the genre to it's extreme popularity.

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Gothic writers often utilize romantic gloom. Romantic gloom refers to the setting of the novel. They would set their stories in such places as an abandoned gothic monastery or castle to create an eerie feeling. The term "gothic" is from the architectural style of such places that were built in the middle ages. Overtime however the term came to be associated with this literature.

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Monsters symbolize society’s fears and anxieties. Zombies are often representative of the horrors of capitalism. Modern movies like “I am Legend” show America’s fear of diseases we are not equipped to defend against that can drastically change society. Godzilla represents our fear of nuclear warfare and how it can get out of our control. Monsters now are representing what we’ve created. Technology and artificial intelligence are created a new breed of monster.

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The monster's appearance and the forbidden fruit

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The monster's appearance and the forbidden fruit

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In the story of Genesis where the setting of Paradise Lost takes place, Adam and Eve are tempted into eating from the forbidden tree of knowledge and are cast out to live radically different lives than from before. The monster in Frankenstein has a very similar experience with people's perception of his appearance. When he goes out in public people are revolted by his looks and force him out and away from society. His exile from society is symbolic due to the fact that he larded that he was ugly and was no longer fit for his previous life as Adam and Eve were. This loss of innocence is one of the main motives of why the monster commits horrendous acts.

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The Monster deeply envies Adam after reading Paradise Lost. This is because Adam was shown love and compassion and his creator respected his wishes. The monster however never had love, no one cared about him and they definitely did not care about what he wanted. Since the Monster has human like qualities, he longs to be loved and have a sense of purpose in the world. Since Adam possesses all these things that the Monster lacks he naturally envies him.

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Sleep on

Blest pair; and O yet happiest if ye seek No happier state, and know to know no more.

Paradise Lost, IV, 774-776

This quote from Paradise Lost speaks upon how ignorance can be comfortable to one's mind. Before Satan tempted Eve in the Garden, Adam and Eve had a perfectly comfortable existence. They didn't have to work for their food, didn't have to worry about clothes (because the concept of nudity was not relevant to them at all) and everything was easy. Frankenstein parallels this Ignorant Bliss as the monster first awakens and is unaware of his hideous appearance. He simply did not understand why people hated him and wanted him gone which led to his first emotions towards man... fear and eventually hate.

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After Frankenstein's monster was brought back from the dead and escaped from Victor Frankenstein himself he finds a bag of books abandoned in the woods. In the bag there were 3 books, one of which was John Milton's Paradise Lost. The monster develops very strong feelings after reading Paradise lost and grows to hate his creator, Victor Frankenstein. The monster is fascinated by the story of God being at war with his own creations and takes the conflict to heart. The monster compares himself to Satan as he was cast out from his creator's realm, and was never given the love and attention that other beings receive from their respective creators.

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Often gothic literature focuses on terror and horror. Terror comes from the anticipation of a dreaded event and is characterized by suspense. Whereas horror is derived from the event itself and relate to it's repulsiveness. These can be demonstrated through the description of the setting, actions of characters etc. These are used to help set the tone and evoke emotion.

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Gothic  literature is characterized by it's focus on darker subjects such as death and terror. This style came from the victorian era and grew to be wildly popular during the 18th century. The first gothic novel was written in 1764 by Horace Walpole titled " The Castle of Otranto". In this novel Walpole catered to the growing interest in everything medieval, focusing on romance. This novel helped to lay a general foundation for the gothic style.

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The themes of "Frankenstein" and "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" correspond as the characters endure similar journeys. The lack of foresight is prevalent in both because neither of the main characters considered or imagined what would happen in the future. Concepts of fear and isolation correspond with both pieces of literature because both of the characters are fearful of their circumstances and are left alone. Victor is afraid of the monster he has created and the Mariner is scared that the boat will be stranded in the ocean forever without the wind. With the boat being left in the middle of the ocean, the Mariner is all alone and isolated.

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The Mariner in the poem shoots the Albatross out of instinct, thinking that if he shoots it the fog would go away, but so did the wind. This leaves the boat idle in the middle of the ocean. In the same way, Victor creates the monster thinking it would be a scientific breakthrough, but Victor is scared of what he has created. It was so hideous and eventually he abandons his creation. Both of these characters suffer greatly from their actions.

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Monster is defined as something “to describe something or someone outside the bounds of of acceptable form or behavior”. Most monsters are depicted as grotesque but it is the actions of a monster that give it the label. The actions of monsters stem from the wrongdoings or temptations of man. Monsters are also used to make man appear heroic. By destroying a monster the hero is destroying the impurities of society.

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Monsters allow us to process and face our fears. Frankenstein came out of the anxiety of new technology. Monsters allow society to deal with issues as a whole. Zombies became popular during the Ebola outbreak and Vampires reached peak popularity when AIDs and homophobia was also at its peak. The best monsters reflect ourselves.

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Types of monsters and what they represent:

Coming from biblical origins, demons embody what humans find most horrifying about themselves. Witches were created to villainize women because they were seen unequal to men. Aliens take such a horrifying because the idea of having another creature out in space that is unlike humankind scares society because it is the unknown. Werewolves represent the animal within every person. Ghost come from our uncertainty of what comes after death. And Frankenstein is death confronting us, because of his reanimation from the dead.

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Diction is used to convey passion within Gothic novels. Authors use many literary devices, such as similes, metaphors, and alliteration. These are used to emphasize the heightened emotions of the characters. In addition, authors of Gothic novels tend to use formal diction in order to remove the narrative from the present day. This puts the story in a time passed.

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Misunderstood monsters can be seen as mindless evil beings, or innocent creatures. When the word monster is heard, many assume the harmful, damaging, or killing machines the Gothic era made them out to be. In reality there are some who are only searching for love, acceptance, or fulfillment and have been hurt by others in the process. Some examples of misunderstood monsters are, Frankenstein's Monster, Wolf Man, Quasimodo, King Kong, Grendel, and Dracula. Once the backstory of each is shown, the true reason for their monstrous ways can be seen in a new light. Frankenstein is aware of what he has done and is ashamed as he only is seeking for love. The Wolf Man indeed hurts and kills, but he still becomes human after the full moon, and feels immense remorse for his actions when he lost control. The monster Quasimodo, is rejected from society based on his outer appearance, while no one takes time to meet the true man inside. King Kong was ripped from his home, taken across the world, and forced to live in captivity. He has a liking for a women who treats him well for once, and then acts out to protect her. Grendel is a said descendant of Cain and is an outcast of God, and is able to feel the ridicule others object to him. Finally, Dracula just wants to be accepted into society but is threaten death if anyone finds him. All of these monsters are misunderstood, as people only judge from their out appearance/ actions.

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Many things between Frankenstein and paradise lost resemble eachother, beginning with the characters. Doctor Victor Frankenstein resembles God in a way that they both create new life. The monster can be similar to satan or Adam. This ultimately creates the biggest battle of good versus evil, heaven versus hell. In both novels the author creates sympathy for the evil characters in the way that they’re not really completely evil, just misunderstood.

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John Milton depicted Satan as the misunderstood figure that was unfairly treated by God. Formerly Gods favorite angel and the most beautiful of all, he lost favor upon speaking out against God. The story then portrays God as being a jerk who cannot take criticism and decides to simply rid himself of Satan. This makes the reader agree with Satan and his attempts at vengeance against God. Milton portrays Satan as the enemy that was created by God himself.

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When writing Frankenstein many people believe that Mary Shelley was highly influenced on her perception of life and death because of her loss of children. She also faced the tragic death of her husband. Despite all the toils she faced, she had great support from her parents and her husband in a time period where women were merely acknowledged. Whenever she was a young child she hid under the sofa the read the poem "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner". This poem is what highly influced her when she was constructing Frankenstein.

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The monsters that scare us tell a lot about who we are as individuals and who we are as a society. Grendel, from Beowulf, terrorizes the townspeople and is believed to have originated from Cain from the Bible. Continuing with the biblical allusions, Demons represent sin and evil. Demons represent what people fear most about themselves. Witches represent man’s fear of women as they represent women as cunning and deceitful.

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Through the characterization of the Mariner, Coleridge holds his reputations of imitating emotional intensity found in biblical poetry. He portrays the Ancient Mariner as an uneducated sailor who needs to tell his story to the Wedding Guest. His story is much like the tale of the Old Testament, which Coleridge used as a jab at his father for rearing his as in a strict Catholic environment. His account is also very similar to those of Matthew in the New Testament. In Michaelis' opinion the supernatural events that occured in Matthew's life prevented him from telling his story completely accurate, which some believe is like the Mariner's.

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Romantic gloom was a popular phrase used when writers of the 18th century invented their tales of horror and gave their story's an eerie feeling. The term Gothic came from agriculture that was used in the middle ages that would be described as a dark and dreary. Many Europeans thought in the 18th century was characterized by rationalism.

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The themes of Gothic novels include terror and horror. Terror is defined, by Ann Radcliffe, as being linked to suspense. Alternatively, horror is defined as being linked to repulsiveness. In other words, terror is the emotion occurring before the event, while horror is the emotion occurring afterwards. These themes can be presented through the characters themselves or through describing the setting.

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Why do monsters scare us?
Monsters are often created for a purpose and define what people are most afraid of.  There are a deeper meaning behind the meanings of these monsters

Examples of these are Grendel, Demons and witches. In Grendel, the story tells a story of how sins feed into monsters. Demons are a way to show humans of what they find the most repulsive and terrifying about themselves. Lastly witches, funny enough it usually means the fear men have of women.

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Originally, Satan was known as an ugly and beastly sign of evil. Poets like Dante presented him and an ugly beast with wings. After being exiled from heaven, he lost his beauty and become the epitome of hell: horror. However, John Milton portrayed Satan as a beautiful being who was misunderstood. Satan is presented by the protagonist who is facing a tyrannical figure known as God.

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Throughout Frankenstein, Mary Shelley incorporates a doppelganger of Frankenstein himself. Frankenstein's doppelganger is his creation Victor. Victor is physically similar to Frankenstein, but the character traits of each are completely different. Whatever one character lacks the other fulfills. Frankenstein represents the head while Victor represents the heart.

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The idea of the doppelganger is used throughout Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Victor is presented his doppelganger, who is physically like him, but shows several inner differences. While Victor is aggressive and vulgar, while the monster (counterpart) feels a sense of pity for others. Ultimately each counterpart possesses qualities that the other is missing. This can contribute to a broader understanding of the distinction between head and heart.

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Metonymy is used for one thing to symbolize another. An example of this in Gothic novels is extreme weather conditions. This weather can include blizzards, thunderstorms, high winds, hailstorms, etc. This is used to reflect the characters' emotional states. It also adds to the eerie theme of the work, specifically terror, which is thought of as suspense.

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The word monster is derived from the Latin word monstrum which in turn comes from monere(to warn). The most famous monster in Western history is Frankenstein’s monster that represents humans fear concerning mortality during Britain's industrial revolution. Frankenstein is always the creators fears at the time. During the revolution, change was societies biggest fear. Frankenstein became the modern age, and represented the advancements that followed suit with industrialization. Zombies manifested quite recently to resemble the capitalist state our society is in, and show how out of control the world is becoming.

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Romanticism was a revolt against neoclassisism, romanticism being defined is "literature depicting emotional matter in an imaginative form."  Friedrich Schlegel is given credit for defining romanticism and and being of the first to use the word romantic whilst speaking on the topic of literature. This genre was unheard of. Imagination and emotion and freedom are key ideas conveyed in romantic literature.

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The supernatural can be a major element within a Gothic text. "Supernatural" things refer to occurrences that do not have simple explanations. Some authors use truly supernatural events and beings. These beings can include witches, ghosts, poltergeists, and vampires, among many others. Other authors have rational explanations for events that seem supernatural in the beginning.

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Paradise lost is based on the story of Adam and Eve from the book of Genesis from the bible. Paradise lost bases its story on the before and after the fall and also focuses on the misfortunes of Satan. Satan was originally God's favorite angel and when he rebelled against God he was kicked out of heaven and descended to hell. Satan uses many methods to get vengeance on God such as becoming the snake to tempt Adam and Eve. this depicts humanity's original sin and shows the flaws of humans.

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"Thou art a symbol and a sign to mortals of their fate and force." -Lord Byron, Prometheus

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The stronghold for romanticism were England and Germany not so called love countries. We inherited all of or ideas of romanticism from England and Germany and we are still using them today. It is said that the romantic period started in 1798 and ended in 1832 proceeding the deaths of  Sir Walter Scott and Goethe. However that is not the case the romantic period lasted from the early 1770's up until the second half of the nineteenth century. The romantic period is seen as an era of revolution and has provided many important improvements and strategies to modern day literature.

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The "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" connects with Frankenstein by Mary Shelley in several ways.  One way is in Letter 3 of Frankenstein, when Robert Walton writes to his sister saying "but I shall kill no albatross". Walton is alluding to when the Ancient Mariner kills the albatross thus cursing himself forever. By saying he won't kill an albatross, Walton is telling his sister not worry about him and his safety. Throughout the remainder of Frankenstein, Mary Shelley uses allusions to the "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" to create depth

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Monster comes from the Latin word meaning to show. Any mythological creature can be considered a monster, but like unicorns, there are some exceptions. There is a difference between a monster and a creature. Monsters embody human fears, most are sent by Gods to punish humans. While creatures inhabit are just scary and horrifying. There is always a cycle in monster stories. A mysterious monster reveals itself. Then, people perish, and a hero shows up, but then the entire cycle begins again. The most horrifying one recently is the Wendigo from Canada. The only way to kill the beast truly is to melt its frozen heart. The Wendigo comes from ordinary humans and the desire humans have for material things.

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The purpose of the subgenre is to give the reader heighten feelings and give the story an element of surprise. This first began in ancient Greece and Rome and continued all the way to modern day stories. This started to influence many outlets of media like movies, radio and T.V. The main characters of the subgenre consists of a female victim, evil character, non-believer, hero and hysterical character. This all deepens the plot and draws the reader into the story.

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Often times in Gothic literature, doppelgangers bear symbolic significance to the work. A main theme presented through doppelgangers is forcing one's divided self as a sense of human duality. Although doppelgangers are physically similar, they are usually mentally and emotionally opposite. When the doppelganger is killed, its counterpart also faces death. This also conveys the fact that although the two are contradictory, they are ultimately inseparable.

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In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley added a reoccurring theme of double. The creature in this story is a doppelganger of Victor. It represents his dark sides. Throughout the story the creature embodies the characteristics Victor misses about himself. Some examples of famous doppelgangers in real life are Amber Heard and Scarlett Johansson.

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Misunderstood monsters:
Within the history of monsters there are different reasons for why they act the way they do. Some are lustful for blood and revel in gruesome acts but some are in search for some kind of fulfillment. An example of a misunderstood monster would be King Kong. Think about it like this;What would you do if you were ripped from your home, shipped across the country, shown off and think the only person you care for is in danger?

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Frankenstein is also a "frame" story which is a story in which several stories are told. This concept reminds me of the whole idea that no story is unique. By that I mean intertextuality. A characteristic of a frame story is that the introduction and conclusion are told from a specific point of view. In this case, Frankenstein's introduction and conclusion are told from the point of view of the narrator in first person.

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Many of the romantics gathered themselves through complex ideas and situations. They had a tendency to produce and advance realistic techniques within their lifestyle. The romantics were also fascinated by the point of existence and our well being. Romantics also liked the concept of having a ugly body with a beautiful soul. For example The Hunchback Of Notre Dame and Frankenstein utilize this concept.

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In literature, Doppelgänger's can symbolize a variety of things. Predominantly, these characters will symbolize negative ideologies, such as the coming of death. They can also symbolize a bad omen, or show up shortly after something bad has happened. In both of these ways, negative emotions seem to revolve around these characters. Back in the gothic literature era, the double would often mean a double or shadow of themselves, but as times have changed, this name simply began to mean someone that looks exactly like someone else. In the past, the Doppelgänger usually haunted its Earthly counterplot, which led to many developing plots surrounding this main character.

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Monsters embody society's greatest fear. Depending on the time period, monsters can take on the traits of temptation, impurity (fears from Christian theology), anxiety (from the fear of technological and medical advancements) and plenty more depending on what is needing to be addressed by an author. Some monsters can be used for a general fear, like zombies representing a fear an illness. While monsters can be used to give fear a name they can also influence how society deals with that fear. Society gives fear a face in order to cope with a potentially deeper fear.

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The attitude from society on Romantics was complex. They used advanced techniques such as the use of "local color" that was hard for people to grasp. Artists began to use symbols as domestic sources rather than exotic. Romantics began to use the concept of "paradoxical combination" as well. Their new concept can be seen in works such as the Hunchback of Notre Dame and Frankenstein.

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Romantics brought attention to the emotions as a necessary supplement to purely logical reason. As a result of this a major shift occurred within the world of romanticism. Art is also important within the world of romanticism. Art is seen as a passage into oneself and mind. This further lead to the beginning of first person lyrical poetry.

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In pop culture, Doppelgänger's are becoming more prevalent in television shows, movies, and books. In the current science fiction show "The Vampire Diaries", Doppelgänger's are a common topic and appear frequently throughout the plot of the show. In the Prometheus movie sequel, Alien: Covenant, the main character had a double. Pulling gothic literature topics into a movie sequel of Prometheus, who was also a common character in the gothic era, pulls these two ties together. Many other popular entertainments also include this topic, such as Fargo, Logan, Twin Peaks, etc.

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Allegedly doppelgangers themselves don't have a reflection. However, there have been reports of people seeing their doppelgangers in the mirror or next to their actual reflection. The doppelgangers have also been seen as a distorted version the actual person's reflection. Abraham Lincoln is a good example of this. He saw a double reflection of himself in the mirror. One of the faces were distinctly paler and more sickly looking than the other.

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A doppelganger in literature is a huge subject. Doppelgangers can also be considered a literary element used to depict the experience of self division. A doppelganger will fall under the archetype literary element. This archetype occurs mainly in fairy tales, myths, and Gothic literature. The most common occurrence is in Gothic literature.

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There are many famous pieces of literature that feature a doppelganger. "Hamlet" by William Shakespeare includes a doppelganger of the ghost of Hamlets father. Another example of a piece of literature that involves a doppelganger is "William Wilson" by Edgar Allen Poe. This short story revolves around a young boy named William who meets another boy at school with the same name and similar personality traits as himself. Movies and tv shows can also include a doppelganger, like the CW show "The Vampire Diaries"

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Monsters represent more that just an easy way to scare an audience. "Monsters recast collective anxiety in fictional form" (Conrad, 3). In other words, They are attention grabbers and bring light to a fear or issue society is facing during a certain time. For example, Greek and Roman monsters exemplified their xenophobic fears by telling stories of people born elsewhere with deformities. During the medieval ages, the monsters were supernatural demons that came out to tempt Christians. They represented the worries people had about the temptations and pleasures that come with being human.

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Frankenstein is just another work of literature that uses monsters to show the fears of society. Shelley uses this monster to show the fears that science and technology progress instilled in some people during the 1800s. More personally for Shelley, this novel represents the tragedy she has suffered in her life and her struggles with modernity. Since her upbringing was anything but conventional, it only made sense that the monster in her book represented those fears of society in the 1800s. It is also possible that the monster represents the "destructive power of the unleashed passion between Mary and Percy" (Pearce, 6).

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Some monsters, though portrayed as blood-thirsty, and having a hunger that can only be satisfied by the wickedness they bolster on humans, are misunderstood. The monster in Frankenstein for example, people feared him because he was an abomination based on his looks, but his only aspiration in life was to find love and acceptance. It was only when he was denied this affection did he lash out. Often, monsters get categorized as so due to physical deformities and tend to be unable to control their urges. For example, Quasimodo, though he never caused harm to anyone, people avoided him due to his hunchback and he was misunderstood because people never took the time to look past his physical appearance.

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There are several different interpretations of "Rime of the Ancient Mariner". One interpretation of he poem is that the Ancient Mariner is describing a dream to the wedding guest. A very common interpretation of the "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" is that the journey the Ancient Mariner takes is an allegory for the life of a Christian soul. This interpretation of the poem being a biblical allegory can also be seen as an allegory to the original sin in the Garden of Eden and it's punishments. The last common interpretation is that from an artistic standpoint, meaning that the poet looking for kindness and goodness in life goes through a traumatic experience but is saved by their imagination.

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Romantics placed great importance on the idea of the individual. They used outcast such as Cain and the Ancient Mariner to contrast the hero-artist and individual idea. Romantics opposed Neoclassicism and their practice of literature. They embraced writers such as Voltaire and Shakespeare which neoclassicism dismissed. Romantics generally rejected ideas of religion in order to conserve the attention for the individual or "hero-artist."

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Many monsters hurt people not because the want to, but because they are looking for acceptance. Frankenstein’s monster looks for love and acceptance but is denied because of his appearance. He lashes out on those who abandon him. Frankenstein’s monster is ugly on the outside but there’s more to him than just his appearance. Despite his hardships, he continues looking for acceptance.

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The prologue of Frankenstein is a series of letters known as an epistolary. The purpose of an epistolary novel is to suspend disbelief and to enhance belief. Frankenstein is considered too be a frame story which is a story within another story. Both intro and conclusion are told from narrator and told from first person. Frankenstein is different from most frame story because the outer story isn't nameless.

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John Milton used both sexes when portraying his angels in Paradise Lost. Milton's narration took the standard thought of angels being masculine and inserted women. Milton used ideas from Dante and Aeschylus to influence his writing. This use of both sexes as anges led to a new idea of how heaven is portrayed. Women in this time period were seen as less of men so Milton using them as an angel or heavenly figure was uncommon.

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A common way to tell if someone is your doppelganger is one, they look like you and two, they do tasks before you do. It's almost as though they are living in the future. Another way they are used in literature is for a comedic effect. In real life if you were ever to find your doppelganger it could be beneficial. They allow you to have insight to yourself you never though that you could have.

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Epistolary forms of writing are usually written that way for a reason. The more I learned about this genre, the more I understood why this is helpful. The letters are meant to set a specific atmosphere. SInce Shelley included the letters before the novel actually starts, it sets a tone for the novel which is then followed in the chapters.

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People often are reflected through the monsters they say they fear. The Grendel monsters from the book Beowulf represents how our perceived sins feed into our conception of our monsters. The demon, is closely related to sin and the Bible, but truly is the embodiment of what people think is most repulsive and terrifying about themselves. Witches can be explained very easy since they are usually portrayed as women and throughout the years have been seen as not equal to men. So, witches represent what men fear about in women. Aliens represents the fear we have of life beyond our reach and the unknown. Giant monsters equal humans being scared of the notion towards being too small and vulnerable. Werewolves show the fear of humans true animalistic ways, and not being in control. Ghost represent our fear of the unknown after death. Frankenstein shows how humanity questions what qualifies as life. Sea monsters symbolize our fear of what lies beneath us. Freddy Kruger was the Christ figure of the 70’s, but also our fear of what happens when we sleep. Scientific research is the action of wanting to play God, but fearing the results.

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Gothic Literature stems from something that happened in the Authors life. For example William Beckford Disgraced himself by a scandal which resulted in him having to leave England which influenced him to write Vathek. This story is an example of a book with Gothic influences it was said he wrote the book in two nights and the idea came from his nearby setting and mood. He wanted his readers to feel what he was enduring. The mood, tone , and setting can all stem from past experiences so as a reader its important to catch these similarities.

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Epistolary style writing is when author's use a series of letters or journal entries to tell a story. The letters or series of entries help develop the plot to further the story. These entries help the protagonist further express themselves by showing us their thoughts and feelings. This allows us to get a back story of the main character which helps us connect more with the character and understand where they are coming from. These letters give us additional insight on the characters personality and motivations.

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As stated in my previous two replies, authors feature doppelgängers in three specific ways. In most situations, the double is presented as an evil twin. This is the most common in gothic literature. The second most common examples of doppelgängers are the opposite. Whereas the original character may be rude the doppelgänger could be completely nice and innocent. As a third, the doppelgänger can be seen as a compliment, which is seen to complete the character and finish any qualities.

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The structure of the poem is written mostly in four-line stanzas. The poem is a mixture of narrative and dialogue. The aim of the poem is didactic, with the language being archaic. Frequent repetitions, refrain, internal rhyme, and alliteration characterize the style. Also, the content is a dramatic story in verse.

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One very popular example of a doppelganger is shown in Shakespeare's "Hamlet". " GHOST: I am thy father’s spirit,
Doom’d for a certain term to walk the night
And for the day confined to fast in fires
Till the foul crimes done in my days of nature
Are burnt and purged away." Hamlets father was murdered, and this ghost possesses some of the same memories and strongly resembles him. This doppelganger in particular is used to question Hamlet's mental solidity, which is a common theme throughout the play as a whole. Because the ghost is a counterpart of Hamlet's father, he is compelled to listen and display loyalty to this figure.

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The name of the title is "Frankenstein" or "The Modern Day Prometheus". Prometheus was a clever titan who created man from clay. He defies the gods by stealing fire, giving it to the humans. For punishment he was chained to the top of a mountain and an eagle ate away his liver for 30 years. Everyday the liver grow back to be eaten again.

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In Romanticism, symbols were the human aesthetic correlatives of nature's emblematic language. Romantics often placed great importance on feelings and emotions in order to elaborate on their concept of logical reasoning. In Romantics, art was valuable as a source of illumination of the world within, rather than a mirror image of the outside world. As the years went on, "poetic speakers" became more of a resemblance of the person of the poet rather than a persona. A prevalent device used in Romantics is the idea of "artist-as-hero."

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The shared fear of monsters has been the catalyst of humanity throughout the years, and even through the Dark Ages. Monsters help people share their fear and anxiety in political, economic and societal issues. While some monsters are simply our opposites or exist outside our homes, the true monsters lie among us that humans don’t immediately recognize. Zombies are an example of a symbol of humanities fear of unnatural death, and a grim view of the modern apocalypse.

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The themes of Gothic Literature consists of terror and horror. Terror is consider something out of suspense and horror comes from disgust. These two things are used to allow the reader to gain emotion over the product they are reading/watching. Gothic Literature allows the Author to explore the not so great things of life and bring attention to them. Setting is also very important in the genre it allows the Author to set the mood and tone for the rest of the story. Mood is also important and tends to stay dark and dreary to correlate back to the setting and tone

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A monsters interaction with the world and the people that inhabit it is what gives them their evil trait. Monster that can feel sadness, regret, and love have a skewed idea of behavior because they have been taught by this twisted society. In a monsters pursuit for understanding they end up hurting those around them. Monsters traits comes from our own flaws. Monsters are thrown out because of society’s fear of itself.

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Symbolism and myth were also very important in the romantic conception of art. The romans viewed symbols as the aesthetic  correlatives of our natural language. Symbols meant something to the romans as well because they could portray many different things and take many different forms. They viewed symbols as superior compared to allegory because a symbol can carry multiple meanings while an allegory carries one. Symbols and myths allowed for deeper looks into literature and provided the romans with understndings and ideas.

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Monsters are a metaphor for what people are really afraid of. For example, in Beowulf, Grendel represents how the perceived sins of humans will wreak havoc on all of humanity. Also, demons are just the incarnation of what we humans are most disgusted by and fearful of in ourselves. Witches represent the fears that men have of women, and werewolves are the fears humans have about their own primal instincts. The fear of the unknown and what humans cannot comprehend is embodied in aliens.

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Shelley made it a mystery and terror atmosphere adding physiological realism to develop the plot. She uses many different tones throughout the novel. The general tone is dark brooding mystery an suspenseful. She makes a presence of insanity mystery but makes him a handsome hero. There also is a physical and physiological imprisonment.

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Focusing more on where Shelley lived, her home influenced her greatly. A component of Gothic literature, is a gloomy tone. Shelley was surrounded by rain after several unfortunate events happened to her, which could have led to the gloomy tone of Frankenstein. Now, Gothic literature is extremely different to Romanticism. Romanticism is focused on one's self journey and it focuses on the GOOD of humanity, while Gothic literature focuses on the supernatural.

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There are two main types of a doppelganger with a similar motif. A doppelganger can be associated with being the evil half of a protagonist. Another type of doppelganger is the idea of one person existing in two separate places at the same time. The idea of seeing your own doppelganger was believed to be an omen of death. Many different pieces of literature and media incorporate a doppelganger into the plot.

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Doppelgangers can appear in many different ways throughout literature. One may appear as an evil twin of the protagonist, or existing in two different places at one time. Ultimately, doppelgangers serve to confuse characters that are related to the original person. In traditional folklore, a doppelganger could also symbolize serious illness or approaching death. In this same type of literature, the doppelganger may even have the ability to harm its counterpart by placing bad thoughts in their head.

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The acquired imagination from Romanticism, contrasted significantly with the traditional views on supremacy of reason. A central idea for Romantics is the reconciliation of opposites. Nature was very prevalent in Romantics and it contributed to the art and imagination aspect of it. Nature was viewed as "organic" rather than scientific. Romantics placed great emphasis on nature phenomena and capturing "sensuous nuance."

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Mary Shelley wasn't the only one of her time to include Prometheus in her writing. Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary's husband, wrote a poem titled 'Prometheus Unbound' in 1820. Lord Byron, another one of Shelley's contemporaries, also wrote a poem about the Titan, simply titled 'Prometheus'. Both poems discuss Prometheus' role as a creator and how he was punished for his actions. With the time period they were in, who could blame the writers for including the most intelligent Titan in their works? A perfect model of a creation myth, Prometheus serves well as an allusion in Frankenstein.

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Monsters are described as something or someone outside the bounds of acceptable form or behavior. An example of this would be zombies because it not in the normal acceptable bounds to be a dead decaying person going around eating people. Monsters don't have to just act monstrous but are usually pretty visible without action. To get labeled as a monster it has to transgress social and psychological boundaries. This is because monsters usually take shape of a human

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In this poem, Coleridge displays a sublime tone in the fear inhabited bu humans. The sublime stems from the chaos of natural disastrous events. Coleridge often repeats certain part of the poem, such as the keel being nine fathoms deep and the dead bodies to reiterate the sublime tone. The tone Coleridge creates is much like his other works. His creation of a sublime tone is often compared to that of  Leopardi's in "L'Infinito".

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Pre-Romantic sensibility refers to authors that displayed this form of writing before it's height in popularity. Some of these authors include Keats, Coleridge and Wordsworth. When reading pieces by these authors, one can understand the foreshadowing that grows into it's own subgenre. Each of these authors wrote in this unnamed style and, not so coincidentally, share a British background. Some claim that the movement originated there which is reasonable considering the tone and theme shift in British literature during the early eighteenth century. Most of these works focused on nature and natural order as to reflect on events surrounding the authors li.

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Knowing Mary Shelley's background, it is understandable why she wrote Frankenstein the way she did. The loss of her children and her husband must have overwhelmed her thoughts during this time. Weather also affects many people and in this time, there was a lot of rain in England which could have contributed. Mary's parents were also "radical" thinker which could have influenced her upbringing and therefore, her work. Another contributing factor could have been the industrial revolution in England at the time.

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Frankenstein is a prime example of Epistolary/ Frame writing. The purpose of this style of writing is to create suspense. Within the novel Frankenstein, there is a story being told inside of a story which makes it partly a frame piece. The "outer story" fabricates the other narrative. Although the one rule that Frankenstein violates is that the narrator of the "outer story" is supposed to be unknown.

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When she was young she hid under the sofa to listen to Taylor Coleridge recite "The Rime
of The Ancient Mariner". This was an influence for her writing of Frankenstein as well as the loss of her children when references were mentioned in the story and the time period they lived in. Lord Byron and her husband Percy were discussing of creating life with electricity which sparked the idea of her writing the story. The novel was published in 1818 when she was only 19 years old, taking her only a year to write. The novel is considered to be Gothic to gloomy settings and supernatural effects.

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Supernaturally doppelgangers are almost always considered to be of evil nature. Doppelgangers represent darkness and bad luck. However, currently if doppelgangers are spotted they aren't considered evil or sinisAn example of how they're displayed is through an "evil twin". Media and art use this technique frequently. A popular example is "The Double". A widespread belief about doppelgangers is that if you ever meet your doppelganger, death is approaching.

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Analysts of "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" discuss how Coleridge's two versions of the text reflect his growing interest in Biblical criticism of he 18th century. Most Biblical critics of the 18th century tried to prove that the Bible was based on historical and earlier texts.Coleridge is said to have tried to create and establish the genre of narratives relating to the Bible. Critics say he accomplished this goal but in a very British way. The "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" is acclaimed for the primitive nature of its Biblical poetry.

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While Frankenstein and Prometheus are similar in what they do, they aren't similar in their reactions. While Prometheus cares for his creation and risks his life to help humans, Frankenstein is horrified by his creation. When the monster wakes, Frankenstein is shocked and disgusted. He claims to suffer just from the sight of the monster, and his disgust and shame follow him through the novel. Frankenstein suffers because of his hubris and for playing God, while Prometheus suffers because he has angered the gods. Both suffer for creating life.

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Paradise Lost was written by John Milton and tells the story of the descension of Satan and the Origin of the original sin. Satan was originally an angel who had rebelled against God and was punished by being sent down to hell. Satan then tries to get revenge on God by tempting Adam and Eve by taking the form of serpent and tempting Eve. Milton tries to personify Satan as a protagonist in the story which was a large contrast to the view of the time. This led to the illusion of Satan being a misunderstood character rather than an evil one.

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Epistolary writing is writing that is in for of letters.  This can be challenging when telling a story. As I see it, all diaries are epistolaries. This style can be useful when expressing one's opinions on someone. For example, a politician writing letters to his peers.

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Paradise Lost is a story written to explain the original sin. Satan was exiled from Heaven after opposing and trying to overthrow God and was doomed to forever belong in hell. However, at the time of his exile, God was forming humanity on earth. Satan disguised himself as a speaking serpent to fool Adam and Eve. He convinced to eat from the forbidden fruit and the rest is history.

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In relation to Frankenstein, Mary Shelley characterizes her monster using the character Victor. She mimics his looks as well as character traits, except in a reverse way. Shelley tones in on the evil traits of Victor and exemplifies these in her creature that she creates. As the novel progresses, the author develops Frankenstein into the opposite of Victor. Whereas Victor is a heartless individual, the monster embodies all of the good characteristics of him, which is a rare situation in literature.