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-made up of Europeans and enslaved African Americans
-By 1860 there were 12 million people in the south, 1/3 were slaves.
-mostly farmers, but there were some planters.

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-warm summers
-mild winters
-heavy rainfall

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-Based on agriculture
-cash crops like cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar cane and indigo were grown in great quantities.

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-steamships and railroads affected the south because products could be sold to more distant markets easily.
-By 1860 about 10,000 miles of railroad spread across the southern states
-hundreds of steamboats moved southern crops to the North and European markets

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-bordered by Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico
-fertile soil
-broad, slow moving rivers
-good farmland

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-small towns
-only few large cities developed as trading centers

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-revolved around the small, wealthy class of planters and the agricultural system they control
-recreational activities included fox hunting, dancing, horse racing, and watching cockfights.
-people had no education except for the children of planters.