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Japanese American Relocation During WWII 

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Japanese American Relocation During WWII 

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By Juliana Castaneda

On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed an executive order allowing the US army to evacuate innocent Japanese-Americans from their homes. This was due to anti-Asian prejudices, wartime hysteria, and the political climate. The anti-Japanese movement specifically became widespread with the defeat of Russia by Japan, which was the first defeat of a western country by an Asian nation. Consequently, Japan began to be perceived as a threat, and the Japanese American citizens faced the tribulations of this climate.

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By Courtney Georgalas

During World War II, an executive order was addressed by the president, Franklin Roosevelt against Japanese people living in the United States. It happened in response to the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. Executive order 9066 was a government policy where all people of Japanese descent had to relocate to these Internment camps.  The  main purpose of the plan was to stop/prevent espionage of the United States.  About 117,000 Japanese people were affected by this act and majority of them were American citizens. There were 10 camps, each camp had a school, post office, farmland and work facilities. It sounds nice ,but the whole camp was surrounded by a barbed wire fence with guard towers so you can’t escape. There were many riots and attempts to escape but they did not end well. The camps lasted about 3 years due to a Supreme Court decision in a trial called Endo v. the United States. Mitsuye Endo stated “has no authority to subject citizens who are concededly loyal to its leave procedure.” After two years the Supreme court made Franklin Roosevelt shut down the internment camps.

https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation

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By Olivia Ende

After Pearl Harbor, the tension between the united states and Japan increased dramatically until the battle of Midway. (June 3–6, 1942),the battle, was fought almost entirely with aircraft in which the United States destroyed Japan’s first-line carrier strength and most of its best trained naval pilots. This battle ended the threat of further invasion by the Japanese’s in the pacific. After the battle of the coral sea, the Japanese’s had continued to plan to take midway island and the basses that surrounded it. The Japanese naval forces sent out fleets and air craft carriers to destroy the American fleets and invade midway. The Americans had broken the Japanese naval code and were ready for the attack. The battle began on June 3 1942 and lasted until June 6th with the defeat of 4 Japanese heaven carriers and one heavy cruiser. With the American win at midway, the Japanese retreated resulting in a turning point of the military struggle between the two countries.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Midway

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December 7, 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor 

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December 7, 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor 

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By Valeriya Romashchenko

In the morning of December 7, 1941, at 7:48 am, Japanese Navy Air Service unexpectedly attacked Pearl Harbor, a naval base of the United States, located on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, in the hope to conquer Malaya and Philippines. Within two hours, this attack killed 2,403 Americans, and 1,178 were wounded. Damaged and destroyed “nearly 20 American naval vessels, including eight battleships, and over 300 airplanes.”
On December 8, 1941, with the approval of Congress, President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared war on Japan, and on December 11, 1941, United States entered WWII. Then on February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 which allowed to relocate Japanese-Americans into internment camps, because Japanese-Americans at that time, were seen as the potential spies. For two-and-a-half years they were isolated in overcrowded houses, and lived in poor living conditions.

References: https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/pearl-harbor
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation

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By Emily J. Chin

The Magnuson Act, also known as the Chinese Exclusion Repeal act of 1943, was passed and signed into law on December 17, 1943. It allowed for Chinese immigration to the U.S. for the first time in over 60 years when the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was passed, and also allowed for current Chinese immigrants within the U.S. to become naturalized citizens. Despite its positive-sounding disposition, the Magnuson Act did not remove the ban against Chinese ownership of property and businesses. There was also an annual quota set on the number of visas that were distributed to Chinese immigrants as determined by the Immigration Act of 1924; however this number was significantly smaller than it should have been for the Chinese population, showing that there was still some discrimination towards the Chinese.

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by Adena von Hahn

The 1917 Immigration Act paved the way for the 1924 Act, which purpose was to keep the U.S. culture all the same.
The 1924 Immigration Act was an updated version of the 1917 Act and further limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States. The new act lowered the percentage of allowed immigrants from three percent to two percent of the foreign born population.
The date from which the percentage calculations were based from was pushed back from 1910 to 1890. The majority of the U.S. population in 1890 was of British decent. As a result, the number of visas available to people from the British Isles was more than the visas available for people from other parts of the world.
The 1924 Act also prohibited any alien by race or nationality from obtaining citizenship. People of Asian decent were not admitted into the U.S. because there were nationality laws from  1790 and 1870 which excluded people of Asian decent from being granted citizenship. This meant that even Asians who were previously not disallowed from immigrating (the Japanese) would not be admitted into the United States. The Act was revised by Congress in 1952.

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The 1917 Immigration Act and Anti Immigration Policy of WWII

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The 1917 Immigration Act and Anti Immigration Policy of WWII

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By Gabrielle Nuszen

A barring factor and influence of Asian-American settlement into the United States was the Immigration Act, otherwise known as the Asiatic Barred Zone Act, passed by congress February 5, 1917. This act prevented and made difficult the lives of Asian Americans in the United States to travel to and or from their native homeland. It also prevented the immigration of other "undesirables" into the United States. Communication between Asian Americans and their families back home were difficult, as it isolated them into this foreign country. A literacy test was later implemented as part of the act, which further made the dynamics of family in America difficult as not everyone was successfully  able to enter. This ideology of the prevention of immigrants into the United States would continue on into the years of WWII

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By Carlina Mora

One of the mayor events that took place between 1900 and 1950 was the San Francisco earthquake and fire of 1906; this destructive phenomenon reduced the original Chinatown to ashes. The Chinese American community suffered not only the lost of family members and their homes but were also being oppressed by city officials who took advantage of this opportunity to outs residents that were located near the city’s financial district. Thanks to the interventions of Chinese business leaders and diplomats, Chinatown was rebuilt. What Chinatown is today it’s not a completely accurate representation of the Chinese culture. This is because these structures were design by non-Chinese architects who copied and incorporated certain features of classical Chinese designs.

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By Yu Ting Zhu
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese Americans were perceived as a threat to national security because of their ethnic ancestry. On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Executive Order 9066 and created the War Relocation Authority on March 18 which forcefully moved over 120,000 Japanese immigrants and Americans of Japanese ancestry to the internment camps. About two-thirds of them were American citizens and half of them were children. Despite the inhuman treatment, many first-generation Japanese American decided to serve in the U.S. Army. In 1944, two and a half years after signing Executive Order 9066, President Franklin D. Roosevelt rescinded the order. The last internment camp was closed by the end of 1945.

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By Kyunghee Pyun
In 1882, there was a law prohibiting the immigration of Chinese immigrants.

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The Chinese Exclusion Act was approved on May 6, 1882. It was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States.

In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. This act provided an absolute 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration. For the first time, Federal law proscribed entry of an ethnic working group on the premise that it endangered the good order of certain localities.

The Chinese Exclusion Act required the few nonlaborers who sought entry to obtain certification from the Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate. But this group found it increasingly difficult to prove that they were not laborers because the 1882 act defined excludables as "skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining." Thus very few Chinese could enter the country under the 1882 law.

The 1882 exclusion act also placed new requirements on Chinese who had already entered the country. If they left the United States, they had to obtain certifications to re-enter. Congress, moreover, refused State and Federal courts the right to grant citizenship to Chinese resident aliens, although these courts could still deport them.

When the exclusion act expired in 1892, Congress extended it for 10 years in the form of the Geary Act. This extension, made permanent in 1902, added restrictions by requiring each Chinese resident to register and obtain a certificate of residence. Without a certificate, she or he faced deportation.

The Geary Act regulated Chinese immigration until the 1920s. With increased postwar immigration, Congress adopted new means for regulation: quotas and requirements pertaining to national origin. By this time, anti-Chinese agitation had quieted. In 1943 Congress repealed all the exclusion acts, leaving a yearly limit of 105 Chinese and gave foreign-born Chinese the right to seek naturalization. The so-called national origin system, with various modifications, lasted until Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1965. Effective July 1, 1968, a limit of 170,000 immigrants from outside the Western Hemisphere could enter the United States, with a maximum of 20,000 from any one country. Skill and the need for political asylum determined admission. The Immigration Act of 1990 provided the most comprehensive change in legal immigration since 1965. The act established a "flexible" worldwide cap on family-based, employment-based, and diversity immigrant visas. The act further provides that visas for any single foreign state in these categories may not exceed 7 percent of the total available.

For more information on Chinese Immigration and the Chinese in the United States, visit the National Archives web site.

(Information excerpted from Teaching With Documents: Using Primary Sources From the National Archives. [Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1989.] pp. 82-85.)

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The Chinese Exclusion Act was approved on May 6, 1882. It was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States. In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. This act provided an absolute 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration.