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I am amazed by this theory: that early bacteria from earth got blasted into space (riding on rocks) by meteor impacts that otherwise destroyed all life on the young earth. Then later those rocks returned to earth and evolution resumed.

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Meteorites from Mars. Whoa! I guess I should've realized that was possible, but I always think of meteorites as originating around the solar system, not from any particular planet..

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Theories about the origins of life. Fascinating!

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What is today's episode about?

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Ms. Skibba - Get ready for another episode!

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Ms. Skibba - Get ready for another episode!

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Hello, science friends. Hope some of you can join us for tonight's episode, starting right now!

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I wonder how people today know what was happening back so many years ago?

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This is amazing to me. I had no idea that birds could sense magnetic fields to help them navigate!

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THAT'S what they mean.

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Magnetism affecting light.. hmmm.. Yes, Dr. Tyson, it IS hard to understand! Although it sounds like none of those experiments succeeded.. until.. glass brick?

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Wow...his eyes...

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Michael Faraday? Isaac Newton? Satellites and communication? Tell me more! This sounds like an interesting episode tonight..

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Join us in three minutes for another amazing journey through space and time with Cosmos!

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Thanks for chatting! See you next week!

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I was reading about mass extinction- a scary thought!

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Four more episodes left! Hope to see you next Sunday. I will definitely be re-watching the whole series to pick up some of the details I missed.

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That evolution animation was amazing! And I loved seeing all those photos from people around the globe. Thinking about things on a scale of eons and infinite space puts humanity -- and human differences -- in an interesting context.

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An intense and compelling argument to conserve fossil fuels and figure out more ways to harness solar energy.. @Kate, scary indeed!

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That's scary. If we were to keep treating our world like we are now, I wonder if it would effect how soon humans die out- I'm guessing it would lower the amount of time left.

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The great Baobab trees. They are so big, so beautiful and so old.

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When they show the tectonic plates like that, it looks like north and south america are hanging by a thread and the land could be fractured at any second!

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Boom! If you're enjoying this episode, you MUST go visit the Evolving Planet exhibit at the Field Museum. Even if you've already been there, this show provides such incredible background knowledge that really makes the timeline of fossils and life on earth all the more incredible to see.

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@Joe, maybe the sea animals look so soft because that is how they have evolved so they can live so deep down- they certainly don't have any bones, and they are probably built in such a way that their vital organs won't be crushed under the pressure. How intriguing!

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@Ally I think we would be having a lot more problems if those elements were seeping through...

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@kate. It looks like I was mistaken. A two person sub went down that deep.

http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-the-deepest-depth-a-submarine-can-go.htm

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I wonder if the radioactive elements from the core of the Earth can escape through the cracks that cause earthquakes and what would happen if it did? Would it be like a big nuclear explosion or what? And if we can prevent the worst from happening?

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I think it is really cool to think how those underwater creatures can live in that pressure. I just can't imagine how they could support 50 jumbo jets. Some look so fragile and soft

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I wonder if the mantle will ever cool off from the making of the earth- it's been so many years already!

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@Kate: I do not believe human driven subs have gone that deep.

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I wonder how submarines are built so that they don't collapse under the pressure of the water. I also wonder if the water pressure affects humans at all, even when they are in the submarines.

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The ocean floor: truly the last frontier on our planet. The last visibly-sized frontier, that is!

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These organisms are amazing.

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@Kate - women are still underrepresented in science, but we certainly have more options and are much more likely to be taken seriously in modern day! I saw a documentary called Particle Fever (about the Hadron particle collider) and was intrigued and encouraged by the role of women scientists in that project.

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I totally agree @Ms. Skibba! I'm so glad that girls are respected more today. I think we have a better chance of making a difference in the world.

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"Marie, this is just girl talk" ???!!! [Insert growling here] Sounds like there are plenty more reasons why valid scientific theories have been dismissed over the years.. and this one makes me especially mad.

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Kate. That is amazing. Joe. There are still are fossil fuels. It turns out we keep finding new sources in new locations. However, the claim is that if we continue to use them at the amount we are presently using them there will be very little left within 50 years.

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Wow, Kate, I didn't know that about the termite! Fascinating

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@Mr. Medintz so when humans became smart enough to use these fossil fuels, we used up the amount that was saved up and there isn't enough anymore?

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@Joe- lots of animals give off methane. Even humans! The animal that gives off the most methane though, is the termite.

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Hypothetically. However we are using the fossil fuels quicker than they can produce more.

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So is oil still being created over time, or is that process done? Because we seem to be running out.

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Probably. They are "ruminants" like cows. Their digestion is different then ours.

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Isn't that the same with sheep too?

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Not exactly. The cows eat grasses, and when they pass gas (I'm being polite) they release Methane. There are a lot of cows.

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@Mr. Medintz so we were able to harness that and use it as fuel which is where all the pollution comes from?

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This is the same Methane that cows give off that now is causing Global Warming/Climate Change.

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I wonder if the amount of oxygen stopped abruptly or slowly diminished over time.

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@Joe. You are probably right. I wonder how long this high level of Oxygen lasted.

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@Mr. Medintz I think that might be an evolution process where over time with more and more oxygen the bugs would evolve to have bigger and longer oxygen tubes to make it possible for them to grow larger.

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If you gave bugs more oxygen would they grow larger?

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@Ally - it's amazing to realize how much there is to perceive and know beyond our senses... but I wonder if those limitations exist because our brains can only process so much at once? Would we be too bombarded with sensory information otherwise?

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Wow! I wish we could see in UV light.

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Interesting.. mass and gravity pull a star inward, and heat at the core causes expansion -- and those two things stay in equilibrium so the star survives!

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It makes me think that there's something innate about humans that makes us want to explain the world around us -- that it's somehow a basic human drive to seek understanding of nature and what's around us.

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@Moey I think it is so cool too. It's so crazy. I wonder what we believe is real.

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It's so interesting how all the different cultures and countries have different stories about how one thing came to be.

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I'm so existed!

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Join us in 3 minutes for Episode 8!

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I thought that was an incredible episode. @Moey, I agree that Patterson's passion and courage on this topic was pretty amazing. See you next time!

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Wow! It took 20 years to get lead outlawed! Patterson must have been very passionate!

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@Ms. Skibba- That does sound very scary. The good thing is about that is that I feel like it is unlikely someone would EAT chipped paint. I usually keep my distance.

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@Joe - The most common lead risks I know about come from paint in old buildings. Paint used to be made with lead. Old, chipping paint is sometimes ingested by young children, and that can cause neurological damage. Scary indeed.

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@Dasha - Clair Patterson lived from 1922-1995. In his life, he made quite an impact on all of us by reducing our exposure to lead.

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So what is lead used in today? Is it still a problem? Do we still encounter it all the time? I have so many questions, but this is also getting me kind of worried with all of this poison talk.

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Is Patterson still alive? If he is, how old is he?

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This story about leaded gasoline is an interesting look at the politics and funding of scientific research. It's not surprising that the petroleum companies weren't too happy that the research they funded discovered that lead from gasoline was accumulating in the environment. There are similar stories of other industries funding research -- like the tobacco industry. I wonder how many other times industry-funded research actually came out AGAINST the wishes or interests of that industry?

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I wonder how there was such thing as sociel class during this time. How the class was determined. And I'm assuming that its something like the priests were of higher class then the artists or something like that.

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How does something like a holiday for worshipping a god turn into Christmas? I just can't seem to find the connection there...

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Wow, I never imagined that the Earth is 4.5 billion years old!

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The funny thing is that I have read so many books about cosmology and earth science, but I have never actually read the true age of the earth. I am so excited to find out!

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@Ms. Skibba Maybe we could arrange something like that in maker club!!

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@Madeline: You could definitely achieve similar results using Adobe Premiere (which we have at school) or Final Cut (which we don't..) You'd probably need to add something like Adobe After Effects, which enables you to animate in 3D! But I'm guessing that neither Mr. Strother or I has anywhere near the skill needed to create effects as jaw dropping as those in Cosmos.. It would be fun to try! Think Photoshop layers, only mobile...

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@Ms.Skibba. What technology do they use to make the diagrams? And add all of the effects?

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@Moey Probably some sort of really new cool CGI technology! Since the first episode, I have always thought the graphics were amazing.

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I was at the Field Museum this weekend, and for all fans of this show, I highly recommend you go to the Gem Room and the other geology exhibits upstairs, and then head to Evolving Planet for the actual fossil evidence of all the billions of years of life on earth. It's exciting to see, especially with this show for additional context!

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You're right moey! How did he move the rocks?

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I wonder if there were any unknown tiny cells or bacteria that was the first life on earth at the crazy bubbly lava time.

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It's amazing how it looks like they're breaking the Grand Canyon apart! It's like a diagram that's taken apart.

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What is today's episode about?

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Okay friends, Cosmos is officially at its midpoint. What does tonight's episode have in store for us? I can't wait to find out! I know many of you are celebrating Easter with your families or are just returning from Spring Break adventures, but feel free to join us in 5 minutes for our backchannel.

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Thanks for making me think tonight Burley friends! Great to learn with you!

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It's been great learning and wondering with all of you tonight! Enjoy a wonderful week of Spring Break, and I'll see you back here next Sunday.

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I love watching this show, but my brain always hurts afterwards...

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I have to learn more about neutrinos! I never knew about that before and I'm curious just like Talia-- how DO they travel faster than light? More research needed...

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I see @Joe what you mean so that is how you would get sick there would be no l get sick.

Wow! I can't believe that is how old the universe would be in that second. And it was so packed, it was a marble and now it's known as the COSMOS

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If it takes 8 minutes and 20 seconds for the sun to travel to Earth, then we're looking 8 minutes and 20 seconds in to the past when we look at the sun...wow

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@Elizabeth: When he says the matter doesn’t touch, I think he’s really just referring to the nucleus of each atom not touching. To me, this seems to be one of those examples where what technically happens at an incredibly tiny scale is so far beyond our senses, that the idea of touching/not touching becomes irrelevant — except in the world of scientific theory. That gap or “force field” would be impossible to ever see or measure, so for our purposes, things DO touch.. even if they don’t at the subatomic level!

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@Elizabeth The forcefield between the nucleuses of atoms is always there on earth, because there is nothing hot enough to stop it, but it still has plenty of room to go right up your nose and into your mouth to give you an infection.

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@Talia Yet another strange mystery of the universe. I would guess that the reason the neutrino would be going faster than light has to do with the fact that it rarely interacts with matter. Since photons do, it must slow it down, and something really weird is going on.

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@Ms.Skibba I see how you are thinking, but isn't there a way for the germs to get in in the air you breathe ? And if so will there be a force field?

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How can something be faster than light? If something were to be faster than light, wouldn't it be in complete darkness?

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Okay, I definitely need more information about this neutrino business. Faster than light? Can pass through light years of solid matter because it's so tiny?

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@Anahi well, it the sun isn't solid because of the fast moving atoms, but that is just a biproduct of it.

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Can all this also be because the Sun is not solid??

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@Elizabeth: Here's what I think (although I'm no scientist..) A germ is incredibly huge compared to an atom. Germs are bacteria or viruses which would be a lot bigger than that subatomic force field preventing direct "touch" between the nuclei of atoms. So a germ could easily hop across that gap and spread from person to person -- too bad for us!

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Haha ONLY 10 million degrees. Now big deal. I love how on the grand scale of the universe, something like this is insignificant compared to all of the mysterious yet to be discovered.

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That's a great question Elizabeth! Some germs are airborne, so you can pass them by breathing them out and then someone else breathes them in. As for touching someone and getting them sick, I don't know.

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So... the sun is hot because it's big? Is he saying that the mass makes the gravity, the gravity creates the heat? I am so mystified by stars and their unusual properties..

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@Anahi that's exactly what I was thinking! That is so amazing!

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It's crazy to think that you never touch anything

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I never thought that there would be an invisible force field that wouldn't allow you to touch someone. But I have one question, how is it that we are still allowed to pass germs and get sick?