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the Grande Armée, led by French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, crossed the Neman River, invading Russia from present-day Poland. The result was a disaster for the French. The Russian army refused to engage with Napoleon's Grande Armée of more than 500,000 European troops.

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José Bonaparte was King of Spain between 1808 and 1813. In Spain, his proclamation as monarch was precipitated by the increase in violence that followed the episode of the May 2 Rising. He was proclaimed king in Madrid on July 25. (They called him Pepe bottle because he drank a lot)

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The Constitution of Cádiz, approved on March 19, 1812, the festivity of San José, known for this reason as La Pepa, is the first properly Spanish Constitution, since the Bayonne Statute of 1808 did not cease to be a "Charter granted" marked by the Napoleonic seal.

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His series of 14 paintings from his farmhouse on the outskirts of Madrid (the so-called "Black Paintings") contain images of violence, despair, evil, and longing. They are the pessimistic expressions of an aging, deaf artist who was disillusioned with society and struggling with his own sanity.

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Ferdinand VII of Spain, called "el Deseado" and "el rey Felón" (San Lorenzo de El Escorial, October 14, 1784-Madrid, September 29, 1833), personally occupied the Spanish throne between March and May 1808. and, after the departure of Spain from the "intruder king" José I Bonaparte and his return to the country

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The reign of Ferdinand VII is the twenty-five-year period in contemporary Spanish history from 1808 to 1833. Ferdinand VII of Spain ascended the throne on March 19, 1808, immediately after the abdication of his father, Charles IV. , after the Mutiny of Aranjuez; and his reign ended with his death on September 29, 1833.

He is recognized as the legitimate monarch of Spain during the War of Independence by the Government Juntas, the Regency and the Spanish Courts and also by the American Juntas. From July 25, 1808, the date of the proclamation of José I Bonaparte, until the return of the captive Ferdinand VII, there was therefore no effective king in Spain.3 After the final defeat of José I Bonaparte, who left Madrid on On May 27, 1813, Napoleon recognized Ferdinand VII as King of Spain through the Treaty of Valençay.

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The Liberal Triennium or Constitutional Triennium is the period in the contemporary history of Spain that runs between 1820 and 1823 and constitutes the intermediate stage of the three into which the reign of Fernando VII is conventionally divided, being after the Six-year Absolutist period.

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Congress of Vienna, assembly in 1814–15 that reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. It began in September 1814, five months after Napoleon I's first abdication and completed its “Final Act” in June 1815, shortly before the Waterloo campaign and the final defeat of Napoleon.

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The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis

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The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis

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The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" was the popular name for a French army mobilized in 1823 by the Bourbon King of France, Louis XVIII, to help the Spanish Royalists restore King Ferdinand VII of Spain to the absolute power of which he had been deprived during the Liberal Triennium.

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The First Carlist War was a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840, the first of three Carlist Wars. It was fought between two factions over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Spanish monarchy: the conservative and devolutionist supporters of the late king's brother, Carlos de Borbón (or Carlos V), became known as Carlists (carlistas), while the progressive and centralist supporters of the regent, Maria Christina, acting for Isabella II of Spain, were called Liberals (liberales), cristinos or isabelinos. It is considered by some authors the largest and most deadly civil war of the period.

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THE LOSS OF THE AMERICAN SPANISH EMPIRE ( 1810-1825)

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THE LOSS OF THE AMERICAN SPANISH EMPIRE ( 1810-1825)

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The decline of the Spanish empire was brought about by many factors. Money was tight for the Spanish during the 17th century, despite that galleons filled with gold were sent from the Americas (though many were raided by pirates or were wrecked in storms). But conquering and forming an empire is one thing; maintaining it quite another. Often the natives of a conquered land are not happy with the conditions they're subjected to by the conquerors, just as often those conditions are brutal and unfair. So they rise up in arms, and that means that empire has to spend a lot of money on armies and weapons to extinguish it.

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AMADEO DE SABOYA YEARS AND THE FIRST SPANISH REPUBLIC

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AMADEO DE SABOYA YEARS AND THE FIRST SPANISH REPUBLIC

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was an Italian prince who reigned as King of Spain from 1870 to 1873. The first and only King of Spain to come from the House of Savoy, he was the second son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and was known for most of his life as the Duke of Aosta, the usual title for a second son in the Savoyard dynasty.

The Spanish Republic (Spanish: República Española), historiographically referred to as the First Spanish Republic, was the political regime that existed in Spain from 11 February 1873 to 29 December 1874.

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The Glorious Revolution (Spanish: la Gloriosa or la Septembrina) took place in Spain in 1868, resulting in the deposition of Queen Isabella II. The success of the revolution marked the beginning of the Sexenio Democrático with the installment of a provisional government.

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Alfonso XIII of Spain, called "el Africano" (Madrid, May 17, 1886 – Rome, February 28, 1941) was King of Spain from his birth until the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic on April 14, 1931. He personally assumed the Crown when he turned sixteen years old, on May 17, 1902.

When Alfonso XIII, at the age of sixteen, acceded to the throne in May 1902, the government was headed by Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, an elderly leader of the Liberal Party, one of the two parties in power along with the Conservative Party. He was in power until December of that year.

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On December 27, 1874, General Martínez Campos left Madrid for Sagunto, requested by the Valencian Alfonsinos to make a statement, receiving a telegram with the text Naranjas en condiciones, an expression in code devised by the Valencian conservatives, so that he could direct the motion.