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Personality types

Understand others

In our free type descriptions you'll learn what really drives, inspires, and worries different personality types, helping you build more meaningful relationships.

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Free personality test, type descriptions, relationship and career advice | 16Personalities

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Personality types In our free type descriptions you'll learn what really drives, inspires, and worries different personality types, helping you build more meaningful relationships.

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Insight Timer - #1 Free Meditation App for Sleep, Relax & More

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The best meditation app with the world’s largest FREE library of more than 190k guided meditations, 17k teachers & the world’s most loved meditation Timer.

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You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel .

General APA Guidelines

Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. Include a page header (also known as the " running head") at the top of every page. For a professional paper, this includes your paper title and the page number. For a student paper, this only includes the page number. To create a page header/running head, insert page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.

Font

The 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual requires that the chosen font be accessible (i.e., legible) to all readers and that it be used consistently throughout the paper. It acknowledges that many font choices are legitimate, and it advises writers to check with their publishers, instructors, or institutions for guidance in cases of uncertainty.

While the APA Manual does not specify a single font or set of fonts for professional writing, it does recommend a few fonts that are widely available. These include sans serif fonts such as 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, and 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode as well as serif fonts such as 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, 10-point Computer Modern.

Major Paper Sections

Your essay should include four major sections: the Title Page, Abstract, Main Body, and References.

Title Page

Note: APA 7 provides slightly different directions for formatting the title pages of professional papers (e.g., those intended for scholarly publication) and student papers (e.g., those turned in for credit in a high school or college course).

The title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. A professional paper should also include the author note. A student paper should also include the course number and name, instructor name, and assignment due date.

Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. The title should be centered and written in boldface. APA recommends that your title be focused and succinct and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced.

Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD).

Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.

A professional paper should include the author note beneath the institutional affiliation, in the bottom half of the title page. This should be divided up into several paragraphs, with any paragraphs that are not relevant omitted. The first paragraph should include the author's name, the symbol for the ORCID iD, and the URL for the ORCID iD. Any authors who do not have an ORCID iD should be omitted. The second paragraph should show any change in affiliation or any deaths of the authors. The third paragraph should include any disclosures or acknowledgements, such as study registration, open practices and data sharing, disclosure of related reports and conflicts of interest, and acknowledgement of financial support and other assistance. The fourth paragraph should include contact information for the corresponding author.

A student paper should not include an author note.

Note again that page headers/page numbers (described above for professional and student papers) also appear at the top of the title page. In other words, a professional paper's title page will include the title of the paper flush left in all capitals and the page number flush right, while a student paper will only contain the page number flush right.
Student APA title page

Professional paper APA title page

Abstract

Begin a new page. Your abstract page should already include the page header (described above). On the first line of the abstract page, center and bold the word "Abstract" (no italics, underlining, or quotation marks).

Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph, double-spaced. Your abstract should typically be no more than 250 words.

You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, indent as you would if you were starting a new paragraph, type Keywords: (italicized), and then list your keywords. Listing your keywords will help researchers find your work in databases.

Abstracts are common in scholarly journal articles and are not typically required for student papers unless advised by an instructor. If you are unsure whether or not your work requires an abstract, consult your instructor for further guidance.

APA Abstract Page

Please see our Sample APA Paper resource to see an example of an APA paper. You may also visit our Additional Resources page for more examples of APA papers.

How to Cite the Purdue OWL in APA

Individual Resources

The page template for the new OWL site does not include contributors' names or the page's last edited date. However, select pages still include this information.

In the absence of contributor/edit date information, treat the page as a source with a group author and use the abbreviation "n.d." for "no date":

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Title of resource. Purdue Online Writing Lab. http://Web address for OWL resource

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). General Writing FAQs. Purdue Online Writing Lab. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/general_writing_faqs.html

The generic APA citation for OWL pages, which includes author/edit date information, is this:

Contributors' names. (Last edited date). Title of resource. Site Name. http://Web address for OWL resource

Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here.

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You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel . General APA Guidelines Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. Include a page header (also known as the " running head") at the top of every page.

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Finally took that cruise to Bermuda!

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Take a minute to scroll through-your brain will thank you.

In an ideal world, you'd escape to a yoga class, or slip into a warm bath to melt away your stress. But when that's justnot doable, there are fortunately quicker ways to get zen, stat-like simply gazing at images that have the seemingly magical power to ease your mind. Below are five such photos and gifs that will deliver a moment of much-needed peace.

Green space

Psychologists have found that city-dwellers who live near green spaces feel less mental distress. But you don't need a park view to experience the soothing effects of nature. Research has also shown that photographs of greenery can do the trick: In a 2012 study conducted in waiting rooms at a Dutch hospital, patients who were exposed to either real plants or posters of plants experienced less stress, compared to people who saw neither.

Seascape

The "woosh" of crashing waves is a popular sound on white noise machines-but the appearance of the ocean may be psychologically soothing on its own. Experts have speculated that the sea instills a sense of safety in part, because of the abundance of life-giving water, and its relatively smooth surface. As Michael Merzenich, PhD, a neuroscientist at the University of California San Francisco, explained in an interview with the Santa Cruz Sentinel, "when [the ocean is] landmark-free, it's naturally calming to us, much like closing your eyes is calming."

Natural fractals

Natural fractals-or repeating patterns that recur on finer and finer scales-can be found almost everywhere in nature: in shells, flowers, leaves, snowflakes, river deltas, even the veins of our bodies. The calming effect of fractals may have to do with our how brains have evolved to interpret them, says Richard Taylor, PhD, director of the Materials Science Institute at the University of Oregon. "The idea is that, through evolution, our visual system has developed to efficiently process the visual patterns of fractals that are prevalent in nature," he explained in an email to Health. "This increased efficiency results in the observer becoming relaxed."

Man-made fractals

Fractal designs seem to work on our brains in a similar way, though they are different from fractals found in nature. "Most artificial fractals belong to a family called exact fractals because the patterns repeat exactly," says Taylor. Architecture based on fractal geometry can have a mesmerizing effect, like the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan in Iran, above.

The color blue

It turns out "feeling blue" may not be the best choice of words. Studies have found that the cool hue actually tends to have a good psychological impact. For example, in one study, when 98 college students were asked about the associations they have with various colors, blue elicited a high number of positive emotional responses, such as feelings of calmness, happiness, peace, hope, and comfort, and a low number of negative responses, like sadness and depression. What's more, color researcher Nancy J. Stone, PhD, a professor in the department of psychological science at the Missouri University of Science and Technology, has found that people doing challenging tasks were less anxious after they saw the soothing hue. So take a minute to soak it up, before you go back to the 1,001 things on your to-do list.

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Stressed Out? These 5 Relaxing Images Will Bring You Instant Calm

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Take a minute to scroll through-your brain will thank you. In an ideal world, you'd escape to a yoga class, or slip into a warm bath to melt away your stress. But when that's justnot doable, there are fortunately quicker ways to get zen, stat-like simply gazing at images that have the seemingly magical power to ease your mind.

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Just need to create a quick bibliography?

Zotero is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, annotate, cite, and share research.
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Zotero helps you organize your research any way you want. You can sort items into collections and tag them with keywords. Or create saved searches that automatically fill with relevant materials as you work.

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Zotero | Your personal research assistant

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Zotero is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and share research.

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WilmU library allows us to access RefWorks. You can create an add-in on your favorites bar "Save to RefWorks". This will import all of the information (in the correct style!) to your account. You can also cite directly to RefWorks from many cites. To insert them into bibliography you just check the articles you want to use and they are organized for you in proper format. Game Changer!