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The four main types of academic writing are descriptive, analytical, persuasive and critical. Each of these types of writing has specific language features and purposes.

In many academic texts you will need to use more than one type. For example, in an empirical thesis:

you will use critical writing in the literature review to show where there is a gap or opportunity in the existing research

the methods section will be mostly descriptive to summarise the methods used to collect and analyse information

the results section will be mostly descriptive and analytical as you report on the data you collected

the discussion section is more analytical, as you relate your findings back to your research questions, and also persuasive, as you propose your interpretations of the findings.

Descriptive

The simplest type of academic writing is descriptive. Its purpose is to provide facts or information. An example would be a summary of an article or a report of the results of an experiment.

The kinds of instructions for a purely descriptive assignment include: 'identify', 'report', 'record', 'summarise' and 'define'.

Analytical

It's rare for a university-level text to be purely descriptive. Most academic writing is also analytical. Analytical writing includes descriptive writing, but also requires you to re-organise the facts and information you describe into categories, groups, parts, types or relationships.

Sometimes, these categories or relationships are already part of the discipline, while in other cases you will create them specifically for your text. If you're comparing two theories, you might break your comparison into several parts, for example: how each theory deals with social context, how each theory deals with language learning, and how each theory can be used in practice.

The kinds of instructions for an analytical assignment include: 'analyse', 'compare', 'contrast', 'relate', and 'examine'.

To make your writing more analytical:

spend plenty of time planning. Brainstorm the facts and ideas, and try different ways of grouping them, according to patterns, parts, similarities and differences. You could use colour-coding, flow charts, tree diagrams or tables.

create a name for the relationships and categories you find. For example, advantages and disadvantages.

build each section and paragraph around one of the analytical categories.

make the structure of your paper clear to your reader, by using topic sentences and a clear introduction.

Persuasive

In most academic writing, you are required to go at least one step further than analytical writing, to persuasive writing. Persuasive writing has all the features of analytical writing (that is, information plus re-organising the information), with the addition of your own point of view. Most essays are persuasive, and there is a persuasive element in at least the discussion and conclusion of a research article.

Points of view in academic writing can include an argument, recommendation, interpretation of findings or evaluation of the work of others. In persuasive writing, each claim you make needs to be supported by some evidence, for example a reference to research findings or published sources.

The kinds of instructions for a persuasive assignment include: 'argue', 'evaluate', 'discuss', and 'take a position'.

To help reach your own point of view on the facts or ideas:

read some other researchers' points of view on the topic. Who do you feel is the most convincing?

look for patterns in the data or references. Where is the evidence strongest?

list several different interpretations. What are the real-life implications of each one? Which ones are likely to be most useful or beneficial? Which ones have some problems?

discuss the facts and ideas with someone else. Do you agree with their point of view?

To develop your argument:

list the different reasons for your point of view

think about the different types and sources of evidence which you can use to support your point of view

consider different ways that your point of view is similar to, and different from, the points of view of other researchers

look for various ways to break your point of view into parts. For example, cost effectiveness, environmental sustainability, scope of real-world application.

To present your argument, make sure:

your text develops a coherent argument where all the individual claims work together to support your overall point of view

your reasoning for each claim is clear to the reader

your assumptions are valid

you have evidence for every claim you make

you use evidence that is convincing and directly relevant.

Critical

Critical writing is common for research, postgraduate and advanced undergraduate writing. It has all the features of persuasive writing, with the added feature of at least one other point of view. While persuasive writing requires you to have your own point of view on an issue or topic, critical writing requires you to consider at least two points of view, including your own.

For example, you may explain a researcher's interpretation or argument and then evaluate the merits of the argument, or give your own alternative interpretation.

Examples of critical writing assignments include a critique of a journal article, or a literature review that identifies the strengths and weaknesses of existing research. The kinds of instructions for critical writing include: 'critique', 'debate', 'disagree' and 'evaluate'.

You need to:

accurately summarise all or part of the work. This could include identifying the main interpretations, assumptions or methodology.

have an opinion about the work. Appropriate types of opinion could include pointing out some problems with it, proposing an alternative approach that would be better, and/or defending the work against the critiques of others.

provide evidence for your point of view. Depending on the specific assignment and the discipline, different types of evidence may be appropriate, such as logical reasoning, reference to authoritative sources and/or research data.

Critical writing requires strong writing skills. You need to thoroughly understand the topic and the issues. You need to develop an essay structure and paragraph structure that allows you to analyse different interpretations and develop your own argument, supported by evidence.

Resources

This material was developed by the Learning Hub (Academic Language and Learning), which offers workshops, face-to-face consultations and resources to support your learning. Find out more about how they can help you develop your communication, research and study skills.

See our Writing skills handouts.

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Academic writing categories are descriptive, analytical, persuasive and critical. Find out how to use them.

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Key words: formal/informal, objective, discipline terminology, standard English, correct English, non-discriminatory language, colloquial language/slang

For most academic essays, you are expected to use a formal writing style. You need to learn about the DOs and DON'Ts of this style so that you can edit your work effectively. This style may vary if you are asked to write in an informal style.

About academic writing style

Modern academic writing has a formal style. But, what does 'formal' mean? Sometimes, students think that a formal style means that they have to copy their lecturer's writing style or that of the books and journals that they read. This may result in writing that is stilted and unclear. Academic writers develop their style after years of practice and students will take time to learn this style. In this workshop, you will be helped with your writing style if you follow some basic rules.

Exercise 1: Recognising the appropriate academic style

Study these paragraphs and select the correct comment about the writing style.

1
I think that essay writing is an important skill for all of us students. Don't you see how many marks are given for this? Lots of students agree that they are marooned if they can't write a decent essay. In my opinion (as a struggling student), we should have lessons in essay writing from day one!!!
Comment on the above paragraph

Formal, straightforward, clearly written, correct academic style

incorrect.

Informal, like spoken (colloquial) language, incorrect academic style

Correct!

Too formal, uses too many words, incorrect academic style

incorrect.

2
It is in fact correct to say that academic essay writing is of utmost importance in the attainment of a university degree. A high proportion of marks are allocated to the compilation of essay assignments as part of a university course to the point where it could be the causation of terminating a degree program because of failure. There is somewhat of an obligation for universities in the provision of services to the student population to educate their students in the intricacies of essay writing early in their undergraduate first year.
Comment on the above paragraph

Formal, straightforward, clearly written, correct academic style

incorrect.

Informal, like spoken (colloquial) language, incorrect academic style

incorrect.

Too formal, uses too many words, incorrect academic style

Correct!

3
Essay writing is an important skill for tertiary students. Academic essays can attract a considerable proportion of assessment marks in most degree programs. Therefore, students may require a firm grounding in academic essay writing skills at the start of their first year to assist them to succeed in their university studies.
Comment on the above paragraph

Formal, straightforward, clearly written, correct academic style

Correct!

Informal, like spoken (colloquial) language, incorrect academic style

incorrect.

Too formal, uses too many words, incorrect academic style

incorrect.

What to do

Click on the links to see an explanation.

Most lecturers expect students to:

write objectively
Objective writing
Academic writing is objective (i.e. factual, impersonal, unemotional, logical and precise). You should deal with facts in an impersonal way, without distortion by personal feelings or prejudices. While you are expected to develop your own ideas from your research and reading about a topic, you must express those ideas in an impersonal objective manner. An objective tone in your writing is achieved by:

using third person rather than first or second person (e.g. avoid using I, we, you, us, our)

using standard English (e.g. avoid clichés and slang)

using academically sound sources of information to back up your arguments

write clearly
Clarity
Clarity in your writing ensures that the person who is reading (marking) your work can understand what you are saying. Do not ASSUME that your reader will understand what you are trying to say-try to write so that another person will grasp your ideas. The opposite of clear writing is muddled text that has to be deciphered by the reader. Following are a few tips to help you to write clearly:

write a plan to organise your writing before you start

write academic paragraphs correctly (see academic paragraph workshops)

write shorter sentences (no longer than a couple of lines)

punctuate correctly (poor punctuation affects clarity)

edit your writing for meaning

use the technical vocabulary of your subject area
Technical vocabulary
Every subject you study will have some specialised vocabulary that should be used when you are writing about that subject. Most text books have a glossary of terms (or use discipline specific dictionaries) with explanations so that you can use these terms correctly. You do NOT have to put quotation marks around these terms (e.g. 'collaborative group work'). If you use these words fluently in your essay, it shows your marker that you are mastering your subject.

use standard English
Standard English
This is English used by the general community (e.g. business, government, schools) rather than local English (e.g. colloquial, slang) variations.

use correct English
Correct English
You will lose marks for incorrect sentences, spelling and punctuation, so always proofread your work. Use a good Australian dictionary (e.g. Macquarie Dictionary) and invest in a writer's guide if you are unsure about the rules of English (e.g. Macquarie Writer's Friend).

use non-discriminatory language
Non-discriminatory language
This is language that avoids offending groups of people (e.g. racial, ethnic, religious, age, sexual). See the ASO fact sheet on Using non-discriminatory language.

What NOT to do

There is much to learn from what is NOT wanted. Following are some of the small but specific mistakes in style that are made (mainly unconsciously) in formal written work.

Do not use colloquial language or slang

Colloquial language and slang
Do not use everyday conversational English or slang terms in your academic writing.

Everyday conversational English (including slang) is practised daily in our lives. When you begin academic studies, you will be expected to conform to the academic standard of using formal language. What does this mean in REAL terms? It means that you will have to recognise colloquial language in your own writing and systematically edit your work to replace words, phrases and sentences with the acceptable academic form so that your writing sounds objective and informed. This takes time and practice.

Following are some examples of colloquial language taken from student essays:

Do not use shortened forms of words and phrases incorrectly

Shortened forms of words and phrases
DO NOT USE CONTRACTIONS AT ALL (e.g. it's for it is or it has; would've for would have)
Contractions are classed as informal language.

USE ACRONYMS (e.g. TAFE) AND INITIALISMS (e.g. UNE) CORRECTLY

Write the name in full first time with the acronym in brackets immediately after. For the rest of the essay, use the acronym e.g. World Health Organisation (WHO).

Be consistent-once you have written the acronym after the full name, use it all of the time e.g. WHO.

DO NOT use full stops between the abbreviated letters (e.g. UNE). If you need to make an acronym into a plural, then add a lower case 's' without using an apostrophe (e.g. TAFEs, PhDs, IQs).

EXCEPTION: If an abbreviation is commonly used as a word, you can use it in the abbreviated form without writing it in full first (e.g. NSW, FAQs).

AVOID USING COMMON ABBREVIATIONS (such as e.g., i.e., viz., etc.)

It is BEST to write the full term in the text of your writing. For example:

cf. (use compare instead)

e.g. (use for example instead)

etc. (use and so forth instead)

i.e. (use that is instead)

viz. (use namely instead)

vs. (use versus instead)

& (use and instead)

If you do use these abbreviations, then they must be placed inside brackets. (e.g. The rules of plagiarism, such as copying another's work inappropriately, were carefully explained).

Avoid using personal language
Personal pronouns
DO NOT USE PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN YOUR FORMAL WRITING UNLESS YOU ARE ASKED TO DISCUSS YOUR PERSONAL EXPERIENCES.

As most academic writing should be objective, you are usually advised to avoid using personal pronouns (e.g. I, me, my, we, us, our, you) in your writing. This sometimes poses difficulties for the writer when a set question implies that your opinion is required. For example:

Evaluate the effectiveness of plagiarism training workshops for university students.

My observations of the literature on student essay writing are that students who participate in a training program on plagiarism perform better in their assignment tasks. Therefore, I think that all university students should be trained in how to avoid plagiarism.

A MORE APPROPRIATE STYLE:

Studies (reference required) of student performance on essay writing reveal that students who receive training in plagiarism avoidance are more likely to perform well in their essay tasks. Therefore, training in plagiarism avoidance is recommended for university students.

If you are asked to use examples from your personal experience in your writing, then it is quite appropriate to use personal pronouns in that part of your essay.

Avoid using language that is emotional

Emotional language

AVOID USING WORDS THAT MAY SOUND UNCRITICAL, GUSHY OR DEFAMATORY WHEN YOU PRESENT YOUR OPINION.

Be careful that you use language in a neutral way so that you keep your likes and dislikes (emotions) to yourself. Appealing to your reader by using strong words is not acceptable in most academic writing. For example:

It was extremely disappointing that the bureaucracy chose to target students who did not understand the rules of plagiarism in the first year of their university studies. Some caring lecturers approached the issue by delivering a series of brilliant workshops to assist the students to overcome their referencing problems. It was a fantastic strategy as most of their students did not have to face being accused of plagiarism.

A MORE APPROPRIATE STYLE:

First year university students were challenged when university administrators expected them to abide by the plagiarism rules set by the university. Some concerned lecturers approached the issue by delivering a series of well-presented workshops to assist the students to overcome their referencing problems. It was an effective strategy as most of their students were able to avoid having any significant plagiarism problems.

If you feel strongly about a topic, you may be tempted to use emotional words that are inappropriate for academic writing. Be aware of this when you edit your work-a few small changes to words and sentences can make your work sound more 'well-considered' than rash!

Avoid using words that express your opinion tooooooo strongly

Hedging words and phrases

DO NOT USE WORDS AND PHRASES IN ACADEMIC WRITING THAT ARE TOO STRONGLY OPINIONATED.

When you are evaluating theories and discussing implications, lecturers expect that your argument should appear to be well-considered and reasonable. The language you use to make your claims should show that you can 'make way' for other points of view. If it is appropriate for you to be tentative (medium certainty) with your claims, you can use language techniques to 'soften' your claims to indicate the degree of certainty you want to express. This technique is called hedging.

Examples of levels of certainty:

Low certainty: seldom, rarely, never, improbable, impossible, unattainable ...

Medium certainty/Hedging: probably, possibly, perhaps, likely, occasionally, sometimes, generally, may, might, can, could, appears to be, seems to be, tends to be, suggests, considers ...

High certainty: undoubtedly, absolutely, certainly, definitely, incredible, amazing, unbelievable, particularly, very, vitally, totally, wholly, often, must, would, should ...

Avoid using unnecessary words

DO NOT CLOG UP YOUR WRITING WITH WORDS THAT DON'T NEED TO BE THERE.

Unnecessary words confuse and frustrate the reader (marker). Using too many words is a common fault in student writing. Most students do battle with the word count (allowable words per essay), so when you're editing your writing be aware of the tendency to overuse words. You can cut out unnecessary words-without changing the meaning-to reduce your word count. The following table shows you a few common wordy phrases and their shorter replacements:

Wordy phrases

Using better English

1. it would appear that ...

1. apparently ...

2. with the exception of ...

2. except ...

3. in connection with ...

3. about ...

4. are found to be in agreement with ...

4. agree ...

5. a large majority of ...

5. most ...

6. in the event that ...

6. if ...

7. a disproportionate number ...

7. few ...

8. arrive at a decision ...

8. decide ...

9. for a further period of ten years ...

9. for another ten years ...

10. such is by no means the case ...

10. this is not so ...

11. in the field of education ...

11. in education ...

12. they are without legal representation whatsoever ...

12. they have no legal representation ...

13. in the case of the third question ...

13. in the third question ...

14. at the present time, overseas companies are ...

14. overseas companies are now ...

15. there is really somewhat of an obligation on behalf of the department of health ...

15. the Department of Health is obliged ...

See Kim Blank's Wordiness, Wordiness, Wordiness List for more info.

Avoid using brackets and dashes to add information

Brackets and dashes

AVOID USING BRACKETS & DASHES TO ADD INFORMATION

In formal academic writing, brackets are used for in-text referencing systems (other than footnoting).

In informal writing, brackets are often used to enclose non-essential information. However, using brackets in formal academic writing to give information is generally NOT ENCOURAGED. It is better to use a pair of commas and say what you mean.

FOR EXAMPLE:
Many students had difficulties with using information correctly in their writing (e.g. paraphrasing and summarising).

A MORE APPROPRIATE STYLE:
Many students had difficulties with using information correctly in their writing, for example, paraphrasing and summarising.

If you do use brackets, be careful that you use them correctly. You should not switch bracket styles ( ), [ ], { }, < > as most bracket styles have a usage convention. Round brackets ( ) are usually first choice for enclosing non-essential information unless you are asked to follow another convention. Be careful with your use of spaces and punctuation rules if you choose to use bracketed information-really, it is simpler not to use them!

Dashes
Dashes are used in a similar way to brackets. Most students use them incorrectly as the rules are complicated. Therefore, it is better to avoid using dashes in your formal writing unless you have a very good grasp of the rules.

Do not use dot/bullet point lists unless you are instructed to
Bullet points
If you want to list information, avoid using bullet points. For example:

In dealing with plagiarism, lecturers warned the students that they should:

check their work for plagiarised statements

ensure that their in-text references were adequate

make certain that the items in the reference list matched the in-text references.

Text in linear style:

In dealing with plagiarism, lecturers warned students that they should: check their work for plagiarised statements, ensure that their in-text references were adequate and make certain that the items in the reference list matched the in-text references.

There are some forms of writing (e.g. reports) where bullet points are allowed. Some subjects also allow bullet points in academic essays. Check with the lecturer and ensure that you use the appropriate format and punctuation for using bullet points in that discipline.

Do not shift verb tense unnecessarily
Verb tense
DO NOT SHIFT FROM ONE TENSE TO ANOTHER IF THE TIME FRAME FOR EACH ACTION OR EVENT IS THE SAME.

The tense of a verb indicates whether the time of an event is in the past, present or future. In academic writing, you should take care to check the tense consistency of verbs. Students often change verb tense by mistake. One minute they are writing in one tense, then you abruptly switch to another tense. This makes your writing confusing and annoying. You will need to check for this when you are proofreading your work. For example:

Many students experience (present tense) difficulties with plagiarism until they were assisted (past tense) to understand some basic rules.

A MORE APPROPRIATE STYLE:

Many students experience (present tense) difficulties with plagiarism until they are assisted (present tense) to understand some basic rules.

It is customary to write most academic papers in the present tense. You should report your own findings and those from research in present tense (e.g. Jackson and Smith argue [present tense] that ...). Be consistent in your use of tense throughout your paper. When you have finished your writing, check that the tense matches in the introduction, body and conclusion paragraphs of your essay.

Use past tense to narrate events and to refer to an author or an author's ideas in an historical sense or if you using an example from a past event (e.g. reflecting on teaching practice).

If you are referring to future action, verbs such as will, shall, is going to, are about to, tomorrow and other adverbs of time will assist you to indicate future tense (e.g. the last statement in the conclusion of your essay).

Do not use exclamation marks (!!!) in your essay
Exclamation marks
NEVER USE EXCLAMATION MARKS IN YOUR ACADEMIC WRITING.

Exclamation marks have no place in formal academic writing. They speak volumes in personal writing (e.g. letters, emailing, texting). However, in academic writing, you should say what you mean in words. For example:

All students should have lessons in plagiarism avoidance from day one!!!

A MORE APPROPRIATE STYLE:

Students may require assistance in plagiarism avoidance at the start of their first year to assist them to succeed in their university studies.

Do not use questions and commands

QUESTION AND COMMAND SENTENCES ARE NOT REQUIRED IN FORMAL ACADEMIC WRITING.

Academic writing uses language to report, argue and critique. You must use statements at all times to do this. This means that you do not revert to using personal address such as questions and commands.

Often students attempt to answer the question with a question or toss in a question to give the impression of putting in a point of view. This point of view should be expressed as a statement. For example:

QUESTION
Essay writing is an important skill for tertiary students. Don't you see how many marks are given for this?

SHOULD BE WRITTEN AS A STATEMENT:
Essay writing is an important skill for tertiary students. Academic essays can attract a considerable proportion of assessment marks in most degree programs.

Sometimes writers try to invite the reader along. This is not surprising as many journalists use this technique to write much of our everyday reading matter (e.g. newspapers, magazines, advertising). Directly addressing your reader is not appropriate academic writing as you tend to use personal pronouns and issue commands rather than using statements. For example:

COMMAND
Now, let's discuss how to help students to stop plagiarising in their academic essays.

A MORE APPROPRIATE STYLE:
The first issue is to find ways to assist students to avoid plagiarising in their academic essays.

Do not misuse font and font styles (mainly italics & underlining)
Fonts and font styles
DO NOT USE INAPPROPRIATE FONTS OR FONT STYLES.

Many students become creative with fonts (e.g. Comic Sans) and font styles (e.g. bold, underlining, italics, capital letters) in academic essays. However, this is NOT required. These tools follow set conventions that must be adhered to. For example:

Fonts
Use only those fonts recommended in your study guide. They are usually Arial and/or Times New Roman in 12 point, black. Readability is the key issue. If headings are permissible, you may use variations in font size and font style to mark the hierarchy (importance) of main headings and section headings.
Font styles
Italics should only be used for:

Emphasising a word or phrase in a statement (e.g. This interpretation may not be reliable.)

Identifying a letter treated as a word (e.g. the letter s is a problem for ...)

Identifying foreign words not absorbed in English (e.g. raison d'etre, en famille)

Identifying the title of a publication (e.g. The Department of Education publication Literacy and Your Child), ship (e.g the Titanic), aeroplane (e.g. The Kitty Hawk) in your writing.

Referencing conventions-see UNE referencing.

(Note: DO NOT use italics, bold or underlining for direct quotations.)

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Key words: formal/informal, objective, discipline terminology, standard English, correct English, non-discriminatory language, colloquial language/slang For most academic essays, you are expected to use a formal writing style. You need to learn about the DOs and DON'Ts of this style so that you can edit your work effectively.

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A collation of rubric examples collected from PolyU academice staff and a variety of publicly available sources is provided to illustrate how different criteria and their respective levels of performance can be described for some common assessment tasks.

While these examples are not meant to be perfect, they are generic in nature and may constitute a good reference for similar assessment tasks within a discipline or across. Yet, assessors shall ensure the rubric is sufficient in presenting the criteria and standards for assessing the mastery of the subject matter.

It is reminded that all rubrics shall be aligned with the Institutions Subject Level Grading Descriptors (ISLGD) as set out in the Handbook on Academic Regulations and Rules for Taught Programmes, Section C3, 7.1. The alignment with the ISLGD shall be focused on the standards of different levels of performance while the aspects within the descriptors maybe unique to particular subject matter or field of study requirement. The purpose of such alignment is to achieve quality assurance by ensuring consistency of standards across assessment items and subjects within and across programme.

There is a range of structures for marking rubrics. The following assessment rubrics are real examples. They are not perfect but real examples of assessment rubrics for your reference only.

More rubric examples are publicly available for reference at the university websites listed below. We would like to express our sincere gratitude and appreciation to these institutions for kindly sharing their resources on the web.

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A collation of rubric examples collected from PolyU academice staff and a variety of publicly available sources is provided to illustrate how different criteria and their respective levels of performance can be described for some common assessment tasks.

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Turnitin’s AI detector helps identify when students use AI writing tools like ChatGPT in their submissions. Our AI detection tool is available now.

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Citing and Referencing in PowerPoint Presentations | APA 7th Edition

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The guides have been written by the ELC to help you to become familiar with academic referencing conventions and to reference correctly in your work. Most departments at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University use one of four referencing styles. Choose the appropriate referencing style on the left as advised by your programme leader.

APA Referencing Guide

The APA 7th edition referencing system
The page was last updated on 13 June 2023.
Referencing is a standard practice for acknowledging information sources in academic writing at university. Whenever you write an assignment that requires you to find and use information, you are expected to reference all the sources of information and ideas included in your writing.

This webpage provides guidelines for using the APA 7th edition referencing system. There are two components to an APA reference:

1. an in-text reference in the body of your assignment:

Bland and Osterwalder (2019) explore a range of themes and ideas ...

2. full reference details in your reference list:

Bland, D. J., & Osterwalder, A. (2019). Testing business ideas: A field guide for rapid experimentation. John Wiley & Sons.

Part 1 Basic rules
Why do we reference?
Most academic assignments require wide reading so that previous and current thinking about a particular topic can be identified. It is important to show your reader that you have sought out expert, reliable sources to help support and develop your thinking on your topic. The referencing in your assignment should:

demonstrate good research practice

show the range of ideas and approaches you have found and thought about

acknowledge where those ideas came from

tell your reader where they can locate the sources you have used

Referencing also helps you to avoid plagiarism. If you present someone else's ideas, and/or the way they express their ideas, as if they are your own work, you are committing plagiarism. Plagiarism can be unintentional due to poor referencing, but the consequences are always serious. Accurate referencing helps you to avoid this.

1. When to reference
Every time you include someone else's words, ideas or information in your assignment, an in-text reference must be provided. Insert an in-text reference whenever you:

paraphrase someone else's ideas in your own words

summarise someone else's ideas in your own words

quote someone else's ideas in their exact words

copy or adapt a diagram, table or any other visual material

2. How to reference
An in-text reference is provided each time you refer to ideas or information from another source, and includes the following details:
the author's family name (do not include given names) + the year of publication + page numbers when needed.
There are two main ways to present an in-text reference:

a) Integral referencing
The reference is in the body of your sentence, with the author's family name integrated into the sentence structure and the date given in brackets. This type of reference is often used when you want to give prominence to the author.
Lam (2010) argues that Hong Kong needs to further assimilate into the Pearl River Delta economy if its long term growth is to be assured.b) Non-integral referencing
The reference is enclosed in the sentence in brackets. This type of reference is often used when you want to give prominence to the information.
The Hong Kong economy expanded by 2.3% in the third quarter of 2011 (Census and Statistics Department, 2012).3. Including page numbers
Page numbers should be included when you:

use a direct quote from a particular source

copy tables or figures, or present specific information like data/statistics

Cheung (2012) notes that "universities in Hong Kong need to strengthen their academic credentials" if they are to compete in the world economy (p. 48).
There are many ways to cite a direct quotation. It is recommended that the page number should be placed after the quotation. See below for examples:

1. According to Palladino and Wade (2010), "a flexible mind is a healthy mind" (p. 147).

2. In 2010, Palladino and Wade noted that "a flexible mind is a healthy mind" (p. 147).

3. In fact, "a flexible mind is a healthy mind" (Palladino & Wade, 2010, p. 147).

4. "A flexible mind is a healthy mind," according to Palladino and Wade's (2010, p. 147) longitudinal study.

5. Palladino and Wade's (2010) results indicate that "a flexible mind is a healthy mind" (p. 147).

McAdoo, T. (2010, March 25). How to cite direct quotations. APA Style Blog. http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/03/how-to-cite-direct-quotations.html

You can also include a page number when you take an idea from a particular page. However, it would not be appropriate academic style to include a page number in all or most of your in-text citations if you are only taking ideas from a source.
4. Use of "et al."
Where there are three or more authors, only the first author should be used followed by "et al." (which is Latin for et alia) meaning 'and others':

Wong et al. (2005) found that the majority ...

or as a non-integral reference:

Recent research (Wong et al., 2005) has found that the majority of ...
The following chart shows how to format in-text citations for APA 7th edition referencing style:

Number of authors Integral citation Non-integral citation

One author
Chan (2010) argues ...

(Chan, 2010)

Two authors
Chan and Leung (2010) suggest ...

(Chan & Leung, 2010)

Three or more authors
Tsui et al. (2010) found ...

(Tsui et al., 2010)

Group author with abbreviation

First citation

The Hong Kong Housing Authority (HKHA, 2008) states ...

(The Hong Kong Housing Authority [HKHA], 2008)

Subsequent citations

HKHA (2008) further points out ...

(HKHA, 2008)

Group author without abbreviation
Animals Asia (2007) defines ...

(Animals Asia, 2007)

With page number for quotation
Chan (2010) argues that "..." (p. 15).

(Chan, 2010, p. 15)

5. Ellipsis and square brackets
Ellipsis refers to dots in the middle of a sentence. Their purpose is to let the reader know that some part of a quotation has been left out. If it is necessary to interrupt a quotation you are citing in order to clarify something, you should enclose your remarks in square brackets.

Original: "Students in the university should study outside class, in all credit bearing subjects, for at least 6 hours a week."

With text omitted and clarification: "Students in the university [The Hong Kong Polytechnic University] should study ... for at least 6 hours a week."

Sample text with in-text referencing and reference list APA in-text referencing uses author's surname and year. Include a page number (or paragraph number for online sources) for direct quotations. The reference list is in alphabetical order.
Until recently, development in the textile and clothing industry has focused on "technological and cost aspects" (HKRITA, 2012, para. 5). According to Chen and Burns (2009), emphasis has been placed on keeping the price of the "final product low and increasing efficiency in production" (p. 255). Tukker et al. (2011) further point out that designers, manufacturers and retailers have paid less attention to other dimensions of the offering, e.g., ownership and related business models, as well as consumer wishes and values. Hence, the products are designed and produced according to regularly changing trends that enable quick profit (Lee & Chen, 2000), rather than radically rethinking the ways of designing and manufacturing the offering that is based on consumer needs and sustainability as proposed by Park and Tahara (2011).

1. What it does
The reference list provides full bibliographic details for all the sources referenced in your essay so that readers can easily locate the sources. Each different source referenced in your essay must have a matching entry in your reference list.

It is important to note that the reference list is not a bibliography. A bibliography lists everything you have read, while a reference list is deliberately limited to those sources for which you have provided in-text references. A bibliography is not needed unless specifically requested by your lecturer.
2. How it looks
The reference list is titled "References" in bold and centred, and must be:

arranged alphabetically by author's family name (or title/sponsoring organisation where a source has no author).

a single list where books, journal articles and electronic sources are listed together. Do not divide into separate lists.

The main elements required for all references are the author's name(s), year, title and publication information. The basic reference formats are shown in the following examples. These should be followed exactly, paying special attention to details of capitalisation, punctuation, use of italics and order of information.
3. Journal article format
First author's surname, Initials., Second author's surname, Initials., & Third author's surname, Initials. (Year of publication).

Title of article. Name of journal, Volume number(Issue number), Page range of article.

4. Online journal article format
First author's surname, Initials., Second author's surname, Initials., & Third author's surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of article.

Name of journal, Volume number(Issue number), Page range of article. URL/DOI

5. Book format
First author's surname, Initials., Second author's surname, Initials., & Third author's surname, Initials.
(Year of publication). Title of book. Publisher.

6. Internet source format
Name of author(s)/organisation. (Year, month day of publication). Title of page. Name of website. URL

1. How do I cite one or two authors?
When there are one or two authors for a reference, include all their family names in the in-text reference, in the same order that they are listed in the original source. For example:

According to Choi (2012), students in Asia are more studious than their North American counterparts.

Asian students devoted on average 16 hours per week to out-of-class study compared to 10 hours for North American students (Choi, 2012).

Wong and Morrison (2011) strongly support the use of technology in the classroom.

Using devices like computers and tablets can help encourage active participation in the classroom (Wong & Morrison, 2011).

2. How do I cite when there are many authors?
If there are three or more authors, you should only use the first author's family name in the in-text reference followed by the abbreviation "et al.". For example:

This is supported by Wilson et al. (2011) in their educational change study.
3. In the reference list what should I do when there are many authors?
If there are two authors:
List by their last names and initials. Use the ampersand "&" instead of "and".

Chow, R. K., & Ping, S. M. (2004). Mood management in university students. Journal of Asian Psychology, 45(3), 1034-1048.

If there are three to 20 authors:
List by their last names and initials; commas separate author's names, while the last author's name is preceded again by ampersand.

Luk, W. K., Chan, Y. K., Sing, A. N., Burton, H., Heart, L., & Burns, H. U. (2009). The Chinese student: A study.

Journal of East Asian Psychology, 32(5), 1190-1204.

If there are more than 20 authors:
Include the first 19 authors' names, then insert "..." and add the last author's name.

McDuff, C., Smith, J., Kensington, K., Jones, S., Coughlan, S., Bortolin, L., Witte, M., Scott, A., Newport, A., Jensen, K., Wutzler, J., van Staden,

I., McLean, J., Bergsma, G., Dowman, B., Petrie, K., Higgens, D., McCloud, R., Jessop, L., ... Duncan, P. (2017). An introduction to quantitative analysis in finance. Houghton.

4. How do I cite when there is no author and/or no date?
When no person is mentioned, include the title of the source or the authoring/sponsoring organisation in place of the author.

For example:

The centre aims to improve students' communication skills to enable them to attain excellent results in their academic and professional lives (English Language Centre, 2012).

Oral presentations, like written assessment tasks, should contain an introduction, body, and conclusion ("Making the most of oral presentations," 2011).

When no year of publication is given, use the abbreviation "n.d." which stands for 'no date' in place of a year, or give an approximate date preceded by "ca." which stands for 'circa'.
However, be cautious about using sources without dates. A source with no date might not be reliable. 5. How do I cite information from one author (Author 1) which I have found in a book or journal article by another author (Author 2)?
Sometimes you will need to refer to authors whose work you encounter secondhand (i.e., mentioned in other people's work) rather than firsthand. You should mention both authors (Author 1 and Author 2) in your in-text reference, but would only list the actual item you read (Author 2) in your reference list.

For example, if you read an idea by Choy (Author 1, published in 2005) in a source by Martins (Author 2, published in 2010) you would need to mention both authors in your in-text reference. For example:

One scholar (Choy, 2005, as cited in Martins, 2010) argues that ...

Choy (2005, as cited in Martins, 2010) believes that ...

If the year of the original source is unknown, omit it from the in-text citation. However, in the reference list you should only list Martins (Author 2, the source you read) and not Choy (whose idea you read about in Martins).
6. How do I cite multiple sources by the same author published in the same year?
If an author has published more than one item in the same year, place a lower case letter of the alphabet next to the dates in your in-text referencing to distinguish between these separate publications. For example:

Preston argues that a man paints with his brain, not his hands (2011a) and reiterates this elsewhere (2011b).

You must also include these lower case letters in your reference list entries as well. The order in which you attach the letters is determined by the alphabetical order of the titles of these sources.
7. What if there are two authors with the same family name?
Occasionally you will need to reference two different authors who share the same family name. To avoid ambiguity, include the author's fIrst initial after their family name in the in-text references. For example:

Urban deprivation in Hong Kong has been seen to increase in the first decade of this century (E. Chan, 2010). Whether this will affect the language skills of fresh graduates in Hong Kong is still disputed (C. Chan, 2010).
8. How do I present exact quotations?
Short quotations of fewer than 40 words should be enclosed in double quotation marks ("...") and be accompanied by an in-text reference including a page number (where possible).

For example:

Research indicates that "students in Hong Kong devote on average 5 hours a week to their English studies from the age of four" (Leung, 2010, p. 31).

Longer quotations of more than 40 words should be presented without quotation marks and indented (using Tab key) at the left. For example:

According to Obama (2006), America:

should be more modest in our belief that we can impose democracy on a country through military force. In the past, it has been movements for freedom from within tyrannical regimes that have led to flourishing democracies; movements that continue today. This does not mean abandoning our values and ideals; wherever we can, it's in our interest to help foster democracy through the diplomatic and economic resources at our disposal. (para. 45)

9. Where exactly do I put the full stop when quoting and/or citing?
Full stops must always be placed at the very end of a sentence, after the quotation and/or in-text reference. For example:

According to Mooney (2011), "exam pressure in Hong Kong has lessened slightly in the past decade" (p. 88).

Research indicates that students in Hong Kong have had four mobile devices before their 18th birthday (Samson, 2012).

10. Can I cite two or more sources at the same time?
Yes. Use a semi-colon to separate the sources in the in-text reference, and list the items alphabetically according to their authors' family names. For example:

Social networking has had a major impact on young people (Chan & Erickson, 2012; Lam & Mok, 2008).

If referencing multiple sources by the same author, present the items in chronological order (oldest to most recent) and separate them with commas. For example:

Burns (2006, 2009, 2012) argues that there should be more universities in Hong Kong.
11. Can I paste the URL of a webpage into my essay as an in-text citation?
No. Follow the author-date in-text referencing conventions for all sources. If you are unsure how to reference a website because there is no author or date information, follow the guidelines provided for referencing sources without authors or dates.
12. How do I cite e-mail messages?
E-mail messages from individuals should be cited as personal communications. Because they do not provide recoverable data, personal communications are not included in the reference list. Cite personal communications in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible. For example:

E. Cartman (personal communication, June 28, 2015) reveals that ...

... (S. Marsh, personal communication, May 5, 2015).

13. How do I reference a speech?
You do not reference the speech itself. Instead, you should find an authoritative source for the text. Then you simply reference the book, video documentary, website, or other source for the quotation. The reference format you need will depend on the type of document you have used. For example, if you want to cite Martin Luther King's speech, your reference would be as follows:

Smith, J. (Ed.). (2009). Well said! Great speeches in American history. E & K Publishing.

The in-text citation would include the surname of the author or editor of the source document and the year of publication. For example, your sentence might look like this:

Dr. King declared, "I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed" (Smith, 2009).

Another example is if you want to cite Barack Obama's speech from a website, your reference would be as follows:

The White House Office of the Press Secretary. (2009, March 4). Remarks by the President on procurement.

https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-procurement-3409

The in-text citation would include the author of the website and year of publication. For example, your sentence might look like this:

President Obama announced that in Iraq too much money has been paid for services that were never performed ... (The White House Office of the Press Secretary, 2009).
14. How do I cite images such as photographs from websites?
All images including graphs, charts, maps, drawings and photographs are referred to as figures. You need to label the image as a figure (in bold) and place a title or caption (in italics) (i.e., a brief explanation of the figure) directly above the image. You also need to give citation information ( Note.) below the image providing details such as creator and platform with embedded links. For example:

The in-text citation would be like this:

Your reference would be as follows:

15. How do I cite ChatGPT or other GenAI models?
When you have used ChatGPT or other GenAI tools in your text, you need to provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response. For example:

When prompted with "Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?" the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, "the notation that people can be characterized as 'left-brained' or 'right-brained' is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth" (OpenAI, 2023).

Your reference would be as follows:

Note: If you ask a GenAI tool to provide a list of references or readings, the list it provides may not be real.

Part 2 Referencing guide

Type of source In-text references Reference list

Books

Chapters in an edited book

editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. Page range of chapter). Publisher.

Example:
Carter et al.(1998) argue that ...

(use et al. when citing 3 or more authors)

Carter, R., Hughes, R., & McCarthy, M. (1998). Telling tails: Grammar, the spoken language

and materials development. In B. Tomlinson (Ed.), Materials development in language teaching (pp. 67-86). CUP.

Books with different editions

Surname of author, year of publication

Surname of author, Initials. (Year of publication). Title (Edition number). Publisher.

Books with no date

Surname of author, Initials. (n.d.). Title. Publisher.

ebooks

Surname of author, year of publication

Example:
Tsang (2004) ascertains ...

Journal articles
(with author)

Surname of author, year of publication, (page number for direct quotations)

Surname of author, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of Journal, Volume

number(Issue number), Page range of article.

Lam (2005) stresses that "..." (p. 91).

Lam, L. S. (2005). Referencing. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 14(2), 19-26.

Journal articles
(no author)

"Title of article (first few words), " year of publication

Title of article. (Year of publication). Name of Journal, Volume number(Issue number),

Page range of article.

Example:
Many organisations already use this method ("Organisational change," 2010).

(non-integral citation recommended)

URLs and DOIs

If the article has a DOI, use it in your reference. If there is no DOI, include the journal home page URL in your reference. Present both DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks (i.e. beginning with http:// or https://).

Surname of author, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of Journal,

Volume number(Issue number), Page range of article (if given). URL/DOI

Electronic journals

Surname of author, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of Journal, Volume

number(Issue number). URL

Example:
... and this has been formulated by Halonen et al. (2010) who ...

Halonen, S. J., Simpson, R. R., Jolly, D. G., Au, P. R., Bagot, F. P., & Chui, J. J. (2010).

Computer games and personal development. Family Forum, 12(3). http://www.ff.comgamperdev.org

Internet sources (electronic only sources)

of article. Name of website. URL

(When the author/organisation and the website name are the same, omit the website name.)

Examples:
The Hong Kong Housing Authority (HKHA, 2019) foresees that"..."(para. 2).

Online government/
company reports

Name of department/company, year of publication

document - if given). URL

Examples:
The Equal Opportunities Commission (2019) has reported that ...

Equal Opportunities Commission. (2019). Equal Opportunities Commission

annual report 2018/2019. https://www.eoc.org.hk/EOC/Upload/AnnualReport/201819/EOC_annual%20report_2018-19.pdf

DVDs or films

For a film the suggested elements should include:

of release). Title of film [Film]. Studio or distributor.

If there is no director, it is suggested that a non-integral reference should be used with the first few words of the title with year of release.

Full title of DVD or video. (Year of release). [Format of document]. Film studio or maker.

(Other relevant details).

... ("Great films from the 80s," 2005).

Great films from the 80s: A selection of clips from Warner Brothers top films from the

1980s. (2005). [DVD]. Warner Brothers.

YouTube videos or other streaming videos

It is suggested that a non-integral reference should be used for YouTube sources.

relevant) [Video]. YouTube. URL

Examples:
... celebrated its 70th anniversary in 2007 (HongKongPolyU, 2011).

Newspaper articles (with author)

Surname of author, year of publication

newspaper, p. Page number(s).

Newspaper articles (no author)

Title of article. (Year, Month Day of publication). Name of newspaper, p. Page number(s).

Example:
There should be more car free streets ("Put pedestrians first," 2012).

(non-integral citation recommended)

Put pedestrians first, not cars. (2012, April 1). Sunday Morning Post, p. 14.

Online newspaper articles

Magazine articles

magazine, Volume number(Issue number), Page number(s).

Example:
Pringle (2011) illustrates that ...

Pringle, H. (2011, April). Lofty ambitions of the Inca. National Geographic Magazine,

Online magazine articles

Example:
Toobin (2013) comments that ...

Articles from online news websites

Surname of author, year of publication

Example:
Silva (2022) speculates that ...

Surname of authorInitials publicationSilva, . (Year). , Month Day of Title of article . Name of, M. (2022, May 23). Why is climate 'doomism' going viral - and who's fighting it?

BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-61495035

Translated work

Surname of author, year of publication, (page number for direct quotations)

When quoting from a foreign language work in the main body of the text, the quote should be provided in English.

Examples:
Freud (1914) stated that ...

Surname of author, Initials. (Year of publication). Title. ( Initials. Surname of translator,

Freud (1914) stated,"..." (p. 109).

Freud, S. (1914). The psychopathology of everyday life. (A. A. Brill, Trans.). T. Fisher Unwin.

Chinese sources

Surname of author, year of publication, (page number for direct quotations)

Do a romanisation of the author's name and title of book/article. If readers cannot read Chinese, add a translation of the book/article's title in square brackets. If there is no official translation, list the item at the end of the reference list alphabetically.

Examples:
Xiao (2008) shows that ...

Surname of author, Initials. (Year of publication). Title [Translation of book/article's title].

Publisher.

Foreign sources

When quoting from a foreign language work in the main body of the text, the quote should be provided in English.

Example:
Kundera (1984) derides ...

Surname of author, Initials. (Year of publication). Title [Translation of book/article's title].

Publisher.

Kundera, M. (1984). L'Insoutenable légèreté de l'être [The unbearable lightness of being].

Gallimard.

Lecture notes

You are advised not to cite university lecture notes - to do so is often deemed unacceptable. You ought to locate, read and cite the sources and references provided in the Reading List or References in the lecture notes. However, the following guidelines may assist you should you need to cite lecture notes:

topic]. Department, Name of institution.

Example:
Jenkins (2010) implies that ...

Jenkins, J. (2010, October 12). [Lecture notes on developments in computer-assisted

learning]. Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

Online dissertations and theses

Surname of author, Initials. (Year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master's thesis

Example:
Yuen (2009) points out that ...

Yuen, W. L. (2009). An investigation of the politeness phenomena in hotel service

encounters [Doctoral dissertation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University]. https://theses.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/200/5346/1/b23429835.pdf

Laws

Region of the People's Republic of China (Year of publication).

Example :
The Basic Law Art 27 (1997) affirms that ...

Basic Law Art 27, The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the

People's Republic of China (1997).

When citing Hong Kong legislation, use name of the ordinance and year of edition.

Name of ordinance, Cap Chapter number s Section number, Laws of Hong Kong ( Year of

Example:
As stipulated by the Employment Ordinance (2007), ...

Conference papers available online

Surname of author, year of publication

Surname of author, Initials. (Year, Month of publication). Title of paper. Paper presented

Example:
Abdoli and Kahani (2009) discuss ...

Abdoli, F., & Kahani, M. (2009, October). Ontology-based distributed intrusion detection

system. Paper presented at the 14th International CSI Computer Conference, Tehran, Iran. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy.lb.polyu.edu.hk/xpls/icp.jsp?arnumber=5349604

Blog posts

Surname of author, Initials. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of post. Name of

Example:
Gates (2020) recommends that ...

Gates, B. (2020, May 18). A wonderful, mind-bending novel. GatesNotes.

https://www.gatesnotes.com/Books/Cloud-Atlas

Social media (Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, online forum post)

Surname of author/ Name of group/ Username, year of publication

If the contents of the page can change over time, provide a retrieval date.

Surname of author, Initials./ Name of group. (Year, Month, Day of publication). Content

of post (up to the first 20 words) [Description of audiovisuals]. Name of website. URL

Examples:
Paintings show that ancient Athenians ... (British Museum, 2020).

British Museum. (2020, May 30). Athenians love to eat well, so you won't go hungry

during your holiday - there is something to suit every taste [Image attached]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/britishmuseum

National Geographic (2020) published the launch of ...

National Geographic [@NatGeo]. (2020, May 31). "America has launched"

#LaunchAmerica [Video] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/NatGeo/status/1266813534081515523

Visual art in Africa is exemplified by ... (Zeitz MOCAA, 2020).

(non-integral citation recommended)

Zeitz MOCAA [@zeitzmocaa]. (2020, May 24). Last week we shared the second scene

from the epic once off installation called, 'Exodus: The Heroic Age' by South [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CAkErwNHk23/

Speeches(See Frequently asked questions (13) for details)

Surname of author/ editor of the source and year given as non-integral citation

Examples:
Dr. King declared, "... " (Smith, 2009).

Surname of author/editor, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of speech. Publisher.

Smith, J. (Ed.). (2009). Well said! Great speeches in American history. E & K Publishing.

Name of organisation. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of speech. URL

President Obama announced that ... (The White House Office of the Press Secretary, 2009).

The White House Office of the Press Secretary. (2009, March 4). Remarks by the

President on procurement. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-procurement-3409

Images from websites
(See Frequently asked questions (14) for details)

All images are referred to as figures.

Example:
Figure 1 shows that ...

Surname of author/artist/photographer, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of image

[Format of document]. URL

Morrison, N. (2017). Working from home [Photograph].

Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/FHnnjk1Yj7Y

Entries in online reference work

Surname of author, year of publication

When an online reference work is continuously updated and the versions are not archived, use "n.d." as the year of publication and include a retrieval date.

Name of group. (Year of publication). Title of entry. In Title of reference work. URL

Examples:
Abstractionism is defined as ... (Merriam-Webster, n.d.).

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Abstractionism. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved

May 30, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abstractionism

As explained by Ramirez (2020), Ocaranza is ...

Ramirez, F. (2020, May 6). Manuel Ocaranza. In Oxford Art Online.

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/

ChatGPT or
other GenAI
models

Provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response.

Author of the model. (Year of version).Name of the model (Version number)

[Additional descriptions]. URL

Example:
When prompted with
"(your question)?" the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that
"( ChatGPT's text)"
(OpenAI, 2023).

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model].

https://chat.openai.com/chat

References with missing details
Missing element Solution

Name of author/ organisation

Move the title of the work to the author position before the date of publication.

Beehive updating job wins award. (2007, October 29). Dominion Post, p. A5.

Use the first few words of the title in the in-text citation.

... ("Beehive updating job," 2007).

Use "Anonymous" as the author only if the work is signed "Anonymous".

Date of publication

Write "n.d." when the publication date of a work is unknown or cannot be determined.

If there is no obvious publication date, aim to establish the earliest likely date, for example,

2010? = probable year

ca.2010 = approximately 2010

201- = decade certain but not year

201? = probable decade

Reference

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. (7th ed.).

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Every paragraph in your paper needs a topic sentence. The topic sentence expresses what the paragraph is about. It should include two key things:

The topic of the paragraph

The central point of the paragraph.

After the topic sentence, you expand on the point zwith evidence and examples.

To build a well-structured argument, you can also use your topic sentences to transition smoothly between paragraphs and show the connections between your points.

Writing strong topic sentences

Topic sentences aren't the first or the last thing you write-you'll develop them throughout the writing process. To make sure every topic sentence and paragraph serves your argument, follow these steps.

Step 1: Write a thesis statement

The first step to developing your topic sentences is to make sure you have a strong thesis statement. The thesis statement sums up the purpose and argument of the whole paper.

Thesis statement example

Food is an increasingly urgent environmental issue, and to reduce humans' impact on the planet, it is necessary to change global patterns of food production and consumption.

Step 2: Make an essay outline and draft topic sentences

Next, you should make an outline of your essay's structure, planning what you want to say in each paragraph and what evidence you'll use.

At this stage, you can draft a topic sentence that sums up the main point you want to make in each paragraph. The topic sentences should be more specific than the thesis statement, but always clearly related to it.

Topic sentence example

Research has consistently shown that the meat industry has a significant environmental impact.

Step 3: Expand with evidence

The rest of the paragraph should flow logically from the topic sentence, expanding on the point with evidence, examples, or argumentation. This helps keep your paragraphs focused: everything you write should relate to the central idea expressed in the topic sentence.

In our example, you might mention specific research studies and statistics that support your point about the overall impact of the meat industry.

Step 4: Refine your topic sentences

Topic sentences usually start out as simple statements. But it's important to revise them as you write, making sure they match the content of each paragraph.

A good topic sentence is specific enough to give a clear sense of what to expect from the paragraph, but general enough that it doesn't give everything away. You can think of it like a signpost: it should tell the reader which direction your argument is going in.

To make your writing stronger and ensure the connections between your paragraphs are clear and logical, you can also use topic sentences to create smooth transitions. To improve sentence flow even more, you can also utilize the paraphrase tool.

Proofread my paper

Topic sentences as transitions between paragraphs

As you write each topic sentence, ask yourself: how does this point relate to what you wrote in the preceding paragraph? It's often helpful to use transition words in your topic sentences to show the connections between your ideas.

Emphasize and expand

If the paragraph goes into more detail or gives another example to make the same point, the topic sentence can use words that imply emphasis or similarity (for example, furthermore, indeed, in fact, also).

Indeed, cattle farming alone is responsible for a large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions.

Summarize and anticipate

If the paragraph turns to a different aspect of the same subject, the topic sentence can briefly sum up the previous paragraph and anticipate the new information that will appear in this one.

While beef clearly has the most dramatic footprint, other animal products also have serious impacts in terms of emissions, water and land use.

Compare and contrast

If the paragraph makes a comparison or introduces contrasting information, the topic sentence can use words that highlight difference or conflict (for example, in contrast, however, yet, on the other hand).

However, the environmental costs of dietary choices are not always clear-cut; in some cases, small-scale livestock farming is more sustainable than plant-based food production.

You can also imply contrast or complicate your argument by formulating the topic sentence as a question.

Is veganism the only solution, or are there more sustainable ways of producing meat and dairy?

Topic sentences that introduce more than one paragraph

Sometimes you can use a topic sentence to introduce several paragraphs at once.

All of the examples above address the environmental impact of meat-eating versus veganism. Together, they make up one coherent part of a larger argument, so the first paragraph could use a topic sentence to introduce the whole section.

Topic sentence introducing several paragraphs

In countries with high levels of meat consumption, a move towards plant-based diets is the most obvious route to making food more sustainable. Research has consistently shown that the meat industry has significant environmental impacts.

Where does the topic sentence go?

The topic sentence usually goes at the very start of a paragraph, but sometimes it can come later to indicate a change of direction in the paragraph's argument.

Given this evidence of the meat industry's impact on the planet, veganism seems like the only environmentally responsible option for consumers. However, the environmental costs of dietary choices are not always clear-cut; in some cases, small-scale livestock farming is more sustainable than plant-based food production.

In this example, the first sentence summarizes the main point that has been made so far. Then the topic sentence indicates that this paragraph will address evidence that complicates or contradicts that point.

In more advanced or creative forms of academic writing, you can play with the placement of topic sentences to build suspense and give your arguments more force. But if in doubt, to keep your research paper clear and focused, the easiest method is to place the topic sentence at the start of the paragraph.
View topic sentences in an example essay
Frequently asked questions about topic sentences

What are some examples of topic sentences?

Let's say you're writing a five-paragraph essay about the environmental impacts of dietary choices. Here are three examples of topic sentences you could use for each of the three body paragraphs:

1. Research has shown that the meat industry has severe environmental impacts.

2. However, many plant-based foods are also produced in environmentally damaging ways.

3. It's important to consider not only what type of diet we eat, but where our food comes from and how it is produced.

Each of these sentences expresses one main idea - by listing them in order, we can see the overall structure of the essay at a glance. Each paragraph will expand on the topic sentence with relevant detail, evidence, and arguments.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the "Cite this Scribbr article" button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. (2023, June 05). How to Write Topic Sentences | 4 Steps, Examples & Purpose. Scribbr. Retrieved October 17, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-paper/topic-sentences/

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How to Write Topic Sentences | 4 Steps, Examples & Purpose

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Every paragraph in your paper needs a topic sentence. The topic sentence expresses what the paragraph is about. It should include two key things:

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This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.

This workshop provides an overview of APA (American Psychological Association) style and where to find help with different APA resources. It provides an annotated list of links to all of our APA materials and an APA overview. It is an excellent place to start to learn about APA format.

APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 7 th edition of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (7 th ed.).

This poster summarizes APA style in a visual format. For more detailed information, please review the formatting and style guide linked above.

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This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission.

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Free Text to Speech Online with Realistic AI Voices

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Convert text into ultra-realistic audio. Have any text read aloud with AI Voices. AI text reader for pdfs, books, documents, and webpages.

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Free APA Citation Generator | Verified by Experts | Scribbr

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Scribbr’s free APA Citation Generator creates accurate APA citations in seconds. Recommended and trusted by students and teachers worldwide.

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More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual. Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual.

To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of work (e.g., journal article) and follow the relevant example.

When selecting a category, use the webpages and websites category only when a work does not fit better within another category. For example, a report from a government website would use the reports category, whereas a page on a government website that is not a report or other work would use the webpages and websites category.

Also note that print and electronic references are largely the same. For example, to cite both print books and ebooks, use the books and reference works category and then choose the appropriate type of work (i.e., book) and follow the relevant example (e.g., whole authored book).

Examples on these pages illustrate the details of reference formats. We make every attempt to show examples that are in keeping with APA Style's guiding principles of inclusivity and bias-free language. These examples are presented out of context only to demonstrate formatting issues (e.g., which elements to italicize, where punctuation is needed, placement of parentheses). References, including these examples, are not inherently endorsements for the ideas or content of the works themselves. An author may cite a work to support a statement or an idea, to critique that work, or for many other reasons. For more examples, see our sample papers.

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Provides examples of references for periodicals; books and reference works; edited book chapters and entries in reference works; reports and gray literature; conference presentations and proceedings; dissertations and theses; unpublished and informally published works; data sets; audiovisual media; social media; and webpages and websites.

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How to Paraphrase in 5 Easy Steps | Scribbr 🎓

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Peer Learning Example: how to write a clear introduction and 3 good topic sentences in body paragraphs

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Peer Learning Example: how to write a clear introduction and 3 good topic sentences in body paragraphs

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Verbalising your comparison

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This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Plagiarism is using someone else's ideas or words without giving them proper credit. Plagiarism can range from unintentional (forgetting to include a source in a bibliography) to intentional (buying a paper online, using another writer's ideas as your own to make your work sound smarter). Beginning writers and expert writers alike can all plagiarize. Understand that plagiarism is a serious charge in academia, but also in professional setting s .

a student - consequences can include failing grades on assignments or classes, academic probation, and even expulsion.

a researcher - plagiarism can cause a loss of credibility, legal consequences, and other professional consequences.

an employee in a corporate or similar setting - you can receive a reprimand or lose your job.

It is important to recognize that standards and conventions for citing sources vary from the classroom to scholarly publishing to the professional sphere, sometimes very widely, but in all situations we must attribute other people's words and ideas to their appropriate source.

Please note: This resource, which does not reflect any official university policy, is designed to help you develop strategies for knowing how to avoid accidental plagiarism. For instructors seeking a key statement on definitions and avoidance on plagiarism, see Defining and Avoiding Plagiarism: The WPA Statement on Best Practices .

In addition, there is a one page handout available that provides an overview of plagiarism with answers to common questions asked about how to avoid it.

Intellectual Challenges in American Academic Writing

There are some intellectual challenges that all students are faced with when writing. Sometimes these challenges can almost seem like contradictions, particularly when addressing them within a single paper.

For example, American teachers often instruct students to:

Develop a topic based on what has already been said and written BUT write something new and original.

Rely on experts' and authorities' opinions BUT build upon and/or disagree with those opinions.

Give credit to previous researchers BUT make your own significant contribution.

Improve your English to fit into a discourse community by building upon what you hear and read BUT use your own words and your own voices.

This may sound confusing, however, something simple to keep in mind when it comes to research is: You are not reinventing the wheel, you are simply contributing in a significant way. For beginners, this can be a challenge, but once you start to see that there is a pattern that is unique to you, you will find that plagiarism is not needed. Remember - your professor or your supervisor want your ideas to build on what is already established or familiar and NOT to simply repurpose someone else's ideas and calling it your own.

Why is understanding this so important? Plagiarism is not a victimless crime. Someone, including yourself, will get hurt.

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This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission.

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Table of Contents

What is a Venn diagram?

A Venn diagram illustrates the relationships between two or more data sets. Venn diagrams are especially useful for highlighting similarities and differences and are commonly used to compare and contrast the characteristics of different data sets.

In a Venn diagram, circles are used to represent each data set. Inside each circle is a list of characteristics that define that data. Characteristics shared between two or more data sets are listed in the area where the circles overlap. Simple Venn diagrams consist of two overlapping circles, but complex Venn diagrams may compare up to five or more data sets using up to five or more circles.

Venn diagrams are commonly used in business and education settings to visualize and explore how things relate. In a business context, Venn diagrams are commonly used in product development, marketing, management, and more.

Types of Venn diagrams

You can choose the best format for your data sets with a few different Venn diagrams. Types of Venn diagrams include:

Two set diagrams

Two set diagrams are the most common-and most classic- type of Venn diagram. They are used to compare two sets of data, and they are formed from two overlapping circles. You could use a two set diagram to compare and contrast one of your products with a similar product from a competitor.

Three set diagrams

Three set diagrams are Venn diagrams with three overlapping circles. In a three set diagram, you compare each data set to each other, and you use the center section to write down similarities between all three data sets. An HR team could use a three set diagram to visualize the responsibilities of three different departments-and where responsibilities overlap-for example, marketing, sales, and operations teams.

Four set diagrams

Four set diagrams use four overlapping circles to compare four data sets. A marketing team might use a four set diagram to compare and contrast the functions and features of four different social media platforms-for example, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn.

Five set diagrams

Five set diagrams are more complex, with five overlapping circles arranged to compare and contrast five different data sets. While you could conceivably create a Venn diagram with more than five data sets, it can become difficult to read and interpret large diagrams. A sales team could use a five set diagram to compare and contrast different client prospecting channels. For example, referrals, networking events, cold calling, cold emailing, and social media.

Examples of when to use a Venn diagram

Venn diagrams can compare and contrast an infinite number of different things. For more tips on when to use a Venn diagram in your daily work, check out these Venn diagram example use cases.

Decision making

Venn diagrams help you visually categorize information, which is helpful when facing an important decision. Use a two set diagram to list similarities and differences between two options, or add circles if you choose between more than two potential outcomes. If you're regularly partnering with outside vendors, onboarding software products, or making other important business decisions, Venn diagrams are a great tool for comparing features and options.

Marketing

Marketers make Venn diagrams to explore the features and benefits of different marketing channels, social platforms, software options, and more. The visual format can provide a new perspective and valuable insights.

Understanding team roles and responsibilities

As mentioned in the three set diagram example above, Venn diagrams can help you understand job functions and responsibilities within a team or across an organization. If you need greater clarity and accountability within your team, make a Venn diagram to explore your team's various roles, tasks, and responsibilities.

Competitive analysis

When you have competitors providing similar products or services, Venn diagrams are helpful tools for competitive analysis. Use a Venn diagram to identify what sets you apart from your competition and explore ideas for gaining a competitive advantage in other areas.

Benefits of Venn diagrams

Venn diagrams help you organize information and explore similarities and differences between different groups of ideas or objects. Key benefits of Venn diagrams include:

Visually organize information

Venn diagrams provide a visual framework for note-taking and organizing information. The format enables comparing and contrasting to find similarities and differences between concepts and ideas, encouraging creative insights.

Compare two or more things/choices

Venn diagrams help you closely examine the relationships between two or more things-ideas, concepts, objects, places, people, choices, and more. They are a powerful tool for comparison and can also help you find correlations and commonalities that weren't immediately apparent.

Inform decision making

Using a Venn diagram to explore various choices can help inform your decision-making process and influence outcomes. By weighing options with a Venn diagram, you'll have a visual reference that could help make the right choice stand out.

How to make a Venn diagram

Create a Venn diagram using this simple step by step process:

1. Decide on your data sets. Figure out what you will compare and how many data sets you have in total.

2. Draw a circle for each data set. All circles should overlap, and you should make both your circles and the overlapping areas large enough to write notes in.

3. List unique characteristics in each circle. Begin filling in your Venn diagram by listing the unique characteristics of each data set.

4. List shared characteristics in the overlapping spaces. If you have more than two circles, you'll write down commonalities between each data set and things in common between all data sets.

5. Adjust as needed. For example, if your overlapping spaces are too small, you may need to redraw your Venn diagram to accommodate all of your notes.

6. Review your Venn diagram. Make sure all shared characteristics are in overlapping spaces, and everything is legible and neat. Review your notes on your own or with your team, and explore any insights you find.

Why use MindManager to make Venn diagrams

Venn diagrams help you organize notes, compare concepts, and make decisions. A Venn diagram software like MindManager makes creating a Venn diagram simple and seamless. MindManager's key features and benefits include:

User-friendly, intuitive interface

Extensive image library-over 700 topic images, icons, and symbols to add to your Venn diagrams

Convenient file storage, retrieval, and sharing

Powerful integrations with file storage apps like Box and OneDrive

Google Docs integration via Zapier

Numerous templates, tools, and features to facilitate brainstorming and strategic planning

Google Chrome extension-MindManager Snap-to easily collect and import text, links, and images from the web

Professionals across various industries and business functions use MindManager to gather, structure, analyze, and share information. With MindManager, you can clarify complex concepts and improve understanding within your team.

Venn diagram templates

MindManager comes pre-installed with Venn diagram templates. To use these templates:

1. Open MindManager

2. Click NEW in the navigation menu

3. Select the template you want to use

4. A preview screen will appear - check to see if you'd like to use your selected template

5. Select 'Create Map'

6. Customize the template for your specific project

Venn diagram FAQs

Is a Venn diagram always 3 circles?

While a typical Venn diagram is made of two or three circles, there are other types of Venn diagrams made of four, five, or more. To avoid the confusion of too many overlapping circles, it's best to compare five for fewer data sets in one Venn diagram.

What are the symbols used in Venn diagrams?

Most Venn diagrams do not require the use of special symbols, but some-especially in a mathematical context-use symbols as a system for notation. Common Venn diagram symbols include:

∪ - Union of two sets

∩ - Intersection of two sets

Ac - Complement of a set

How do you use a Venn diagram?

Use a Venn diagram to compare two or more sets of data. The steps for making and using a Venn diagram include choosing your data sets, drawing your circles, recording information, comparing characteristics and reviewing insights.

Gain a clearer view-make a Venn diagram

Venn diagrams provide a way to visualize the similarities and differences between two or more sets of data. They're simple to make and useful for decision making, marketing, understanding team roles and responsibilities, competitive analysis, and more.

With multiple types to choose from and many potential use cases, Venn diagrams are popular across various fields and functions.

Visualize more with MindManager

Use a Venn diagram software like MindManager to start making dynamic visualizations. MindManager's premade templates, diagram-making tools, and user-friendly interface will help boost your productivity, streamline communication, and enrich workflows. Give MindManger a try today.

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What is a Venn Diagram and How to Make One? | MindManager

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A Venn diagram visualizes the similarities and difference between groups or concepts. This guide from MindManager shows you how to make a Venn diagram with examples.

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Hiee, this is Charmaine from VC. I'm big into graphic design & street photography. I’m also a fan of Japanese & Korean culture. In my leisure time, I enjoy watching TV series, movies, & animations (recently obsessed with gossip girl). I love listening to different types of music, too. I’m an infp who is not good at socializing. But I’d love to meet new frds, so plz feel free to chat!!!!! Hope all of us can hang on to our dreams~~

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- From PolyU ELC

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In the drop-down list boxes below the paragraph, select S if the sentence is correct, R for a run-on sentence, C for a comma splice and F for a fragment. Now rewrite the paragraph using grammatically correct sentences. Compare your writing with the suggested version.
Suggested version of the paragraph
When I was 5 years old, my parents took me to the sands near our house. It was a hot summer's afternoon and my mother had prepared a picnic as it was a public holiday. The beach was crowded that day. Each family group made a little 'camp' where they could spread out their towels and lay down their food. My father had rented 2 deckchairs so that he and my mum could sit in comfort. I was sitting on the sand. I remember running my hand down the smooth wood of the deckchair. Suddenly I screamed in pain when something 'bit' me. It was not an insect, but it was the deckchair itself that had attacked me. The palm of my hand was full of splinters. I screamed and screamed as there were dozens of tiny pieces of wood embedded in my skin, which was now inflamed. My father picked me up and ran with me to the hospital. He told me not to touch my hand. I remember waiting in the casualty department for ages before the doctor saw me. The doctor had a special tool to individually extract each splinter from my hand, which was very sore. It was a long time before I ever touched a piece of wood again.

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Created with Hot Potatoes by Half-Baked Software, registered to Alan.

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Sentence fragments, run-on sentences and comma splices

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In the drop-down list boxes below the paragraph, select S if the sentence is correct, R for a run-on sentence, C for a comma splice and F for a fragment. Now rewrite the paragraph using grammatically correct sentences. Compare your writing with the suggested version.

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You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel .

General APA Guidelines

Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. Include a page header (also known as the " running head") at the top of every page. For a professional paper, this includes your paper title and the page number. For a student paper, this only includes the page number. To create a page header/running head, insert page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.

Font

The 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual requires that the chosen font be accessible (i.e., legible) to all readers and that it be used consistently throughout the paper. It acknowledges that many font choices are legitimate, and it advises writers to check with their publishers, instructors, or institutions for guidance in cases of uncertainty.

While the APA Manual does not specify a single font or set of fonts for professional writing, it does recommend a few fonts that are widely available. These include sans serif fonts such as 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, and 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode as well as serif fonts such as 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, 10-point Computer Modern.

Major Paper Sections

Your essay should include four major sections: the Title Page, Abstract, Main Body, and References.

Title Page

Note: APA 7 provides slightly different directions for formatting the title pages of professional papers (e.g., those intended for scholarly publication) and student papers (e.g., those turned in for credit in a high school or college course).

The title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. A professional paper should also include the author note. A student paper should also include the course number and name, instructor name, and assignment due date.

Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. The title should be centered and written in boldface. APA recommends that your title be focused and succinct and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced.

Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD).

Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.

A professional paper should include the author note beneath the institutional affiliation, in the bottom half of the title page. This should be divided up into several paragraphs, with any paragraphs that are not relevant omitted. The first paragraph should include the author's name, the symbol for the ORCID iD, and the URL for the ORCID iD. Any authors who do not have an ORCID iD should be omitted. The second paragraph should show any change in affiliation or any deaths of the authors. The third paragraph should include any disclosures or acknowledgements, such as study registration, open practices and data sharing, disclosure of related reports and conflicts of interest, and acknowledgement of financial support and other assistance. The fourth paragraph should include contact information for the corresponding author.

A student paper should not include an author note.

Note again that page headers/page numbers (described above for professional and student papers) also appear at the top of the title page. In other words, a professional paper's title page will include the title of the paper flush left in all capitals and the page number flush right, while a student paper will only contain the page number flush right.
Student APA title page

Professional paper APA title page

Abstract

Begin a new page. Your abstract page should already include the page header (described above). On the first line of the abstract page, center and bold the word "Abstract" (no italics, underlining, or quotation marks).

Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph, double-spaced. Your abstract should typically be no more than 250 words.

You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, indent as you would if you were starting a new paragraph, type Keywords: (italicized), and then list your keywords. Listing your keywords will help researchers find your work in databases.

Abstracts are common in scholarly journal articles and are not typically required for student papers unless advised by an instructor. If you are unsure whether or not your work requires an abstract, consult your instructor for further guidance.

APA Abstract Page

Please see our Sample APA Paper resource to see an example of an APA paper. You may also visit our Additional Resources page for more examples of APA papers.

How to Cite the Purdue OWL in APA

Individual Resources

The page template for the new OWL site does not include contributors' names or the page's last edited date. However, select pages still include this information.

In the absence of contributor/edit date information, treat the page as a source with a group author and use the abbreviation "n.d." for "no date":

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Title of resource. Purdue Online Writing Lab. http://Web address for OWL resource

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). General Writing FAQs. Purdue Online Writing Lab. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/general_writing_faqs.html

The generic APA citation for OWL pages, which includes author/edit date information, is this:

Contributors' names. (Last edited date). Title of resource. Site Name. http://Web address for OWL resource

Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here.

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You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel . General APA Guidelines Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. Include a page header (also known as the " running head") at the top of every page.

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University Talks about Linguistic Diversity

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University Talks about Linguistic Diversity

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The ordinariness of digital linguistic diversity in the Global South: DiLCo Lecture Series 2022 (12 May)

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DiLCo ('Digital language variation in context') is a 3-year international research network initiated in 2021 at the University of Hamburg. The network brings together researchers from Europe and USA with expertise in computational, interactional, and ethnographic approaches to digital language and linguistics.

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- Can’t think of good vocab
- Always make grammatical mistakes
- Not confident in speaking

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One of my difficulties are reading long paragraphs in English and doing boring tasks based writing emails and idk whatever it is according to the long and complicated data files. It always manage to confuse me and make me lose both my patience and attention on the tasks and the passages. I don't mind hard vocabularies are used for comprehension (paper 1) . but I hate  the complicated, long and messy data files , as well as the unclear and indirect task requirements from paper 3.

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- brain translating problem
unable to speak Eng fluently
- not enough vocabularies in mind
- spelling mistakes
- not confidence in speaking Eng

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Purdue OWL - Thesis Statement Writing Examples Guide

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Purdue OWL - Thesis Statement Writing Examples Guide

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My biggest challenge is having a lot of grammar mistakes when writing essay.
Therefore I think it is hard to write long essay for me although I have some ideas.
Also, I think there are many english vocabulary that I don’t understand so it is hard for me to read some passages

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When you are using connectives you should ask yourselves these questions:

Do you intend to add a point to support what has been said previously?

Do you want to refute what has been said previously?

What effect does the connective have on the meaning of the sentence in the context?

Look at the connectives underlined in the text that follows and ask yourself the 3 questions above for each one. For each connective, find an alternative connective and write it in the table below. Pay attention to the word order which may change when you change the connective. (You may use the exponents in the table from Exercise 1 to help you.)
I am a 17-year-old boy. I failed to enter university this year so I am studying at home and in a tutorial college to try and improve my grades. Until recently, I lacked the self-discipline to focus on my studies and there was every possibility that I would fail again at the next attempt. I live alone with my Mum. She works long hours as a negotiator in a property agency. I hardly see her as she goes out in the morning and stays late catching up on paperwork or entertaining clients. We rarely eat together in the evening. Instead, my Mum gives me HK$50 a day to buy takeaway food. Our flat is small but I have my own room. I have to admit it is a mess; I never let my mum in there; I didn't want her to see my private stuff and I played computer games all night. I didn't think she knew or cared because she was always too preoccupied with her job.

The other evening I was watching TV when Mum came back. It was later than usual. The takeaway cartons were strewn all over the floor and I had my feet up on the coffee table. The place was a mess as usual. Mum usually picks up after me. When she saw me, she started shouting: "You're just a lazy good-for-nothing. You waste your time playing on the computer. You'll be a loser just like your father!" She had not mentioned him for a long time. He had left us when I was still at primary school. Then she burst into tears and would not stop crying.

I was speechless. I had never seen my mother break down like that. She had always controlled her feelings. As she sat on the sofa sobbing, I felt mixed emotions. I felt afraid to see her so hysterical. I also felt guilty because it was my behaviour that had triggered her reaction.

I went up to Mum and asked her what the matter was. She told me she was having trouble at work. Her boss had warned her that she would be dismissed if she failed to meet the sales target. She told me that in the recession her income had dropped by half and our financial situation was precarious. She felt exhausted and when I was not pulling my weight at home, it was the last straw. In addition to this, she feared that if I failed my exams again, I was throwing my future away. This was the first time she had treated me like an adult. I realised I had to start behaving like one too. We spoke together for about an hour and it was good to communicate. It was a turning point for me, with the result that I stopped seeing the world through a child's eyes. I could have saved my Mum a lot of trouble if I had been more thoughtful before.

All in all, I am determined to work hard and not waste time. I have drawn up a study plan and I will keep to it. I have also found a part-time tutoring job which brings in $1,000 a week. I hand it over to my mother. My goal is to study engineering at university. If you have a concrete goal, you can strive towards it. Above all, I want to make my mother proud of me.

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Created with Hot Potatoes by Half-Baked Software, registered to Alan.

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When you are using connectives you should ask yourselves these questions: Do you intend to add a point to support what has been said previously? Do you want to refute what has been said previously? What effect does the connective have on the meaning of the sentence in the context?

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· feeling hard to keep improving English
· don’t have the motivation to start learning English again after DSE
· lack of vocabulary

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Working in Public Relations | All About PR

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My biggest challenge is the part of writing organized essays, my thoughts are usually so messy which make me can’t make good and understandable essays, but speaking part for me is okay.

Also, I have really bad skills of Grammar which makes me writing even worse…. So I hope I can work harder on my writing skills.

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First of all, one of challenges is my vocabulary insufficient for the exam or work. It’s difficult to understand the concepts of the passage. That’s the crucial point that can be explained by the unsatisfying marks. Another challenge is listening to English.For example, the podcasts and news. I have to turn down the speed or look at the subtitle.

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my biggest challenge in english learning is grammar in english writing.

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In DSE, I struggled a lot in studying the subject chemistry. The formulas are hard to understand and the calculations just couldn’t get right. I did a lot of practices but most of my hard work seemed to be in vain. I was really frustrated in the days I was preparing for DSE chemistry.

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The biggest Challenge of me in DSE is listening, the writing at the end of listening for me is the most difficult for me, I can't catch the mainpoint and keyword, so thats make me cannot finish the writing as well.

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English speaking and paragraph reading

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My biggest challenge is time management in writing. I always try to write the first few paragraphs to perfection, leaving insufficient time for the remaining paragraphs.

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\WOAW Gallery is pleased to announce The Descendants, a group presentation of over 20 international artists and our sophomore return to K11 MUSEA, running from Saturday, September 2, 2023 through to Sunday, September 17, 2023. The exhibition is curated and organized by Melanie Lum, Micki Meng, and Kevin Poon, presented by WOAW Gallery in venue partnership with K11 MUSEA. Taking up the entire Kunsthalle of K11 Art & Cultural Centre, K11 MUSEA, The Descendants showcases a generation of pivotal artists who are at the forefront of guiding contemporary art from across the globe.

In the pursuit of reinvigorating once-classic forms of abstraction as well as experimenting with portraiture and landscape, each participating artist foregrounds artistic exploration in the particular histories and legacies of the art cosmopolitans they hail from and identities they inhabit. The new vanguard of contemporary art binds itself to visions of diaspora, racial and gender dynamics, sexuality, and the untrammelled participation of art that moves these narratives forward.

As anchor artists of the next generation, a key thread of the show is perpetuating the seed of longevity; learning from the philosophy of ancestors in order to build a better world for those who come after us. Often these reflections consider the nature of modern identity, touching upon diaspora, place, and spirituality. Collectively, the assembled cohort plumbs what it means to belong to a lineage, and how one might construct new, hybrid futures in dialogue with the spirits of our forebears. The group exhibition at K11 MUSEA, with support from Perrier-Jouët, is hosted in Hong Kong, a global center known for its invention, ingenuity, and forward-thinking insight. With these characteristics as its homebase, the exhibition extends the invitation to the global art meccas the participating artists hail from spanning London, San Francisco, Tokyo, Manchester, New York, Brussels, and Los Angeles.

Brimming with fantastical shapes, colours and an assortment of objects that explore the complex intersections of lineage, place, and spirituality, the exhibition reveals a reorientation in how these concepts shape varying senses of identity and belonging. Through painting, sculpture, and mixed media installations, the artists in this exhibition conjure powerful meditations on the human experience of displacement, mobility, and cultural hybridity. Cumulatively, they serve as a kind of alternative healing, turning away from the traditional objectives of observing, documenting, and commenting on the world we live in, and instead moving us toward a more caring way of coexisting. At the heart of these works is a deep sense of spiritual influences that transcend geographic and cultural boundaries, connecting us to a universal sense of humanity.

As a city that has long been shaped by mobility, cultural exchange, and transformation, Hong Kong provides a riveting backdrop for this ensemble of artistic endeavours. With its diversity of cultures and complex history, Hong Kong offers a unique lens through which to explore the themes of diaspora, place, and spirituality. The Descendants accentuates the creative legacy of generations of artists using the sprawling city's vibrant characteristics, both chaotic and harmonious, as a reference. While often personal and emblematic of the locale from where they hail, The Descendants is bound by a universal theme expressed through individual identities.

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THE DESCENDANTS | 2 - 17 September 2023 - Overview

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WOAW Gallery is pleased to announce The Descendants , a group presentation of over 20 international artists and our sophomore return to K11 MUSEA, running from Saturday, September 2, 2023 through to Sunday, September 17, 2023. The exhibition is curated and organized by Melanie Lum , Micki Meng , and...

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For me, the biggest challenge on the path of studying English is my poor reading skills.As my result from hkdse ,the worst paper is my reading paper. However,I can understand the passage but my answering skills is not suitable for the exam requirement.Therefore,I think the biggest challenge is getting the advanced skills on reading

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After studying in DSE, everything is so new to me. The curiosity keeps my passion going, so I won’t say it’s hard to over come those challenges. Instead, I’m looking forward for more opportunities to come and explore.

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When I was studying in DSE English, I found that there are some difficulties I faced. I am weak in spelling and grammar, it is a serious problem especially when I am doing writing. Therefore, I wish I can improve it.

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I think the biggest challenge is lack of vocabulary and my poor grammar skills in English. However I didn’t have any spare time to recite new words since I need to study other elective subjects. Therefore sometimes I felt frustrated and hopeless.
The other challenging part was my art and design portfolio.It was because I need to do a new portfolio for interviewing and at the same time I need to study History.At that time I thought I lost my direction and couldn’t balance these two aspects.

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I think one of the biggest challenge I faced in the previous experience is grammar. I often get confused about how to use grammar in a right way, especially in writing which makes me always got low marks on paper 2 and 3. Besides, the lack of vocabulary bank makes me difficult to describe the things and situations clearly.

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To be honest, I have a lot of difficulties in learning English. English is my biggest weakness:D I have very little vocabulary, many spelling problems. When I submit my writing homework to my teacher, I always get a bunch of red handwriting because of my grammar. Sometimes when I look at my essay again, I have no idea what I am talking about ^^ But I don’t know why I can always pass my English exam in past few years haha^^ Anyway in my pre mock exam, my predicted grade of English was failed. I realised that I could no longer rely on my luck and started panic. I knew that my foundation is very poor but I don’t have much time before my dse. I just feel hard to express my thoughts is English but don’t know how to improve🫂

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I am not good at English.There are few problems that I faced in learning DSE English.First,I can’t spell English correctly.During the exam like listening I always lose marks because of wrong spellings.Second,I always make grammatical mistakes and I think learning grammar is so difficult.In writing exam I always get low marks in the grammar part.I wish I could learn English well in the following years and I will try my best.👍🏻

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I biggest challenge is I am bad at reading and spelling words, this makes me difficult to write essays that can show my thoughts

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Challenges that I have faced in dse is not being able to think of more synonyms to further enhance my compositions. I also found hard to make my ideas organised when putting into my essays, especially during dse exams (in such an tense environment) :(

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One of the challenges is understanding reading in English. I think the reason is because the meaning of the vocabulary is difficult to understand in reading. Moreover, my grammatical skills are very weak and sometime the content of my writing is irrelevant, which also leads to poor writing.

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Hi I am Marco and I like to listen to k-pop music, play with my new friends and travel all around the world. I am a shy guy while making new friends but it’s totally different if you know me more. So if you want to know my real me, please feel free to find me with passion! Or you can find to for a talk if we have same interest!

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One challenge I faced in the dse was not able to concentrate and listen to the listening audio.  I dosed off a couple times and could not manage to keep up, leaving some blanks on my paper.
Another challenge was my slow writing pace. Me writing slow caused me to not be able to answer the questions at the pace I wanted.

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Hello~ I’m Angel from VC

Truth be told , I’m a shy girl 🙈 My mbti is intj,

but I would like to make more friends

I am passionate about sketching and sculpting, because it brings me a sense of accomplishment and more like a therapy for me.

Talking about my hobbies, I am really enjoyed kayaking and watching American animed series, like Bojack horseman and family guy.

It’s a my pleasure to meet you all 🙌🏻

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Hi. I am a VC student. This is a photo of my turtle. It has come to my home for over ten years. It's so adorable, isn't it? I like watching cute animal videos and other different types of videos. If a video makes me feel interested, I will check it out no matter what its topic is.

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Hi there, I am Anthony from design(VC), nice to meet you guys. I enjoy doing illustration , photography and camping in my free time. I usually draw in Japanese anime illustration style, because I love watching anime and drawing cute stuffs. I’ve got two cats and one Java sparrow at home, they are lovely and I use to play with them. Feel free to talk with me and hope we all have a great time in class :)

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Hi yah, I’m Naomi from VC. I’m from Aussie and Malaysia so I often travels around. Through travelling, I get to know different culture and gain more interest in the art and design industry so if you want to talk about art, feel free to talk with me. Anyways, I love going to concerts and music festivals. Keshi is performing in Hong Kong soon, anyone’s going? Hope to see you guys there. On top of that, I’m planning to go to Clockenflap for Joji too! I think its gonna lit🔥 with Joni around.

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Hi! This is Peony from VC꒰◍︎⍢︎◍︎꒱۶.Nice to meet you all, wish I could successfully upload Tuna’s photo up there since I wanna show how cute she is! I went to Korean for our grad trip and tried a lot of new things like watching my first concert, trying the Korea tradition spa etc.
My favourite Korean group is Ateez, I wish somebody with same bias would approach meee(ღ•͈ᴗ•͈ღ) I’m not a really outgoing person (intp)but..I love to meet new friends .🧡

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Hi my name is Teresa from EI design . I think I’m a cheerful person as I smile a lot.
Mostly what I like to do during my free time is definitely watching anime such as One piece.Besides watching anime, it is very relaxing when I was listening J-pop music for example Ado.
Furthermore,I like really enjoy meeting friends a lot, sharing our daily life ,take pictures and eating with them.
And here’s my dog named Mochi ,she is utterly adorable when i came back home .

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Good afternoon, I am Mitchell from Visual Communication. Recently i have bought a Lego Idea set, and the illustration above was the version that I extended with Procreate. As you see I love building Lego, and also I would love to make some paper-craft in 3D, this process can bring me relax and let me to find out the amazing details brought by the gathered-tiny bricks. Instead of Lego, I would love to watch animation, and the favourite one is Kimetsu no Yaiba, as the battle scene are very eye-catching, and the second one that is Makoto Shinkai, there are many well-known movie, like Your name, Weathering With you, every scenes are beautiful as wallpaper in depicting the landscape of Japan, and the story line of different characters are also touching.

Hope this year can learn more, and make more friends in the class, and pass 3 to 4. ;-)

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Yo!Hi,this is Wing.I study in VC of design. I like different cultures and am keen to try out new things. Some of my interests are dancing,singing and rapping,etc. What‘s more I am in favour of Japanese and K-pop culture. For example, the music, animation and fashion styles of Japanese (eg.vocaloid,vtubers) and korean bands like Straykids in specific. Besides, I love listening to other kinds of music too, like jazz,hip hop,blues,rocks…and my favourite musician is Sheena Ringo. Feel free to chat with me if u see me😂.Btw I am E.

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hihi! I am Dinosaur from VC! I really like dinosaurs therefore I’ve got this name🫡 Happy share my favourite dinosaur is stegosaurus which has the smallest brain among all dinosaurs🤓 I like recording my life by drawing, I enjoy drawing what I want!! Playing guitar and singing are also my interests~~ Oh yes, I love playing basketball too, my favourite NBA player is Stephen Curry~ Here is a photo of Rex and his friend from Toystory, hope I can find some “dino friends” too :p

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Hi ! I’m Cindy. I like drawing , photography. I always like to take some interesting photo in my daily life because I think it’s very meaningful to record that moment through the camera😽😽😽.Besides, I like watching tv series !!! I marathoned Brush Up Life over the weekend. It’s a very popular Japanese series some time ago!!!❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️

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Hi guys, I’m Shelby Chung from EI. I’m a shy person that I don’t talk much in the beginning. Yet, I still enjoy meeting new people. Through my childhood, I found myself interested in reading floor plans and I would love to know more about it. That’s why i studied in EI. Other than that, I love animals so much and also enjoy watching some of the kpop groups. Feel free to chat with me!

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Hi. I am Chloe Lam and I like mushrooms : D (I am VC student!) I am outgoing and easy to chat with so feel free to be frd me if u want. (My mbti is enfp-t fyi) Besides drawing, I enjoy taking videos and photos of slice of life. I have also made my own original characters and and make animation. I like to watch anime and play games (rhythm games and genshin) as well. I usually play badminton and skateboard too for my free time.Last but not least this is my ig @ninalastorder !

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Hiiiii!! I’m m Queenie from VC. Nice 2 meet u guys!! (●°u°●)​

I like taking photos, drawing, and playing piano and I’m also a vlogger! > <

I’m a night owl and foooooodie.

Let’s make friends!!!!

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Hello! I’m hoilaam from VC, the shortest one in class. Watching movies is my favourite hobby. It inspires me to create different artwork. I usually use colour pencil to draw. If you are interested, just follow my instagram @bluebu.art

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Totally my vibe😎👍👀✨ prolly your vibe as well lol👆👆igig:@just.call.me_rex

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Hey guys, I’m Rex from VC gp 105. If you see someone with a snowflake necklace or an old grandma sleeve, that’s me. ENFP here~~ ✨✨
(Don’t worry, I still would like to get a 4 for the first semester loll)
Anyways, I’m a super fan of Billie Eilish, but basically an English pop music fan. If you
would like to talk to me about celebrities stuffs I’m in all ears.

My hobbies are playing music and drawing, but mostly like to create things out of nothing. But if you’re concerning about what topics you can chat with me? I mean… everything, basically everything. But I think my greatest hobby is to interact with people:)) really would like to know more about you guys, it will be my pleasure😎✨

Feel like all the topics will be fine for me. Feel free to chat with me!!:)) hope we can go through this tough journey together with all the sweat and tears(happy ones)🐸🐸

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Hello everyone ! I am Kelly from VC design. Visual art was one of my elective subject in my secondary school. I enjoy helping my friends or classmates to design house logo or draw the cardboard for SA. I enjoy drawing but not every moment :). In my spare time, I would hang out with my friends, we eat around or shopping everywhere. Besides, I also like to swim with friends in free time and I play taekwondo once a week ;)

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Sup guys! This is your dearest classmate, Annabelle, studying in EI. It’s so nice to be in this classroom and learn the world with all of you. I like eating, drawing and dogs, though I’m not a big fan of sweet food. I enjoy attending various activities and playing around. Sadly, I’m so broke and must work for a living outside the school. I’m also an amateur model, look forward to collaborating with you who are interested in portrait photography! So, if any of you would like to sponsor me, you’re so so so so so so so welcomed! Great appreciate!

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Hi I am Stephen from VC. I love painting so much as I feel relaxed when I am painting. Also, I love watching anime and K-Dramas when I am free. If you have the same interest, feel free to talk with me. Nice to meet you guys👋🏻👋🏻👋🏻

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Hi everyone one I’m Camille from visual communication.I’m a Infj girl but like to social. That’s my lovely cat but he is very fat without playing with him I always draw many .like digital draw , acrylic, watercolours etc Also I always play pc games and watch animate .hunter  x hunter  is my most favourite and I love the characters killua a looooooottt.  welcome to share your life with meeee and welcome to follow my ig @wiiinniii2e

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Hi guys, I m Lee Chung Lam. You may also call me Lam. I m student of EI. Glad to be your classmate and hopefully we can enjoy the program and have fun in the class. Feel free to chat with me! Hope everyone will get into your dream university 🫡

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Taylor Swift - Live at the 2019 American Music Awards

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Challenges faced in the previous experience of using English in DSE exams

feeling hard to identify the contextual meaning of words and phrases in reading passages

feeling difficult to convey meaning by using varied vocabulary and language patterns in writing

feeling challenging to understand speakers with a range of accents and language varieties in speech

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One difficulty that I faced when studying English was that I always spent a lot of time writing essays. I often could not find the right word for the things, actions, or feelings that I wished to express. Therefore, I have to search online for quite some time before continuing the passage. This is just increasing the amount of time that I need to finish the whole essays.

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Hi, I am Angel from EI. I draw and sometimes do a bit of photography. Recently, I have been attempting to do animation as well, but these animations are either sketchy or just very short. I also like to watch anime and virtual YouTubers' streams. Furthermore, exploring Hong Kong is something that I will do in my free time too, just to know more about this city and discover new things.

The attached picture is about a seal statue that I discovered in Stanley. If I hadn't gone there out of curiosity for Hong Kong, I wouldn't have had the chance to discover this intriguing design.

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Hiii I’m Cherry from ADV and I’m a entp girl! I am passionate about fashion design, fashion and make-up. Ohhh almost forgot, I love singing too, especially J-Pop and Canton-Pop!!! Also I'm a fan of Hins Cheung And Terence Lam. I love their music very much. Especially for Hins Cheung's music, it's not only a song, also an artwork!!! So I'd like to share his song to you guys and here's a video of his concert, this song is called “迷失表參道”. Hope you guys like it!🥹
My ig is @cherryxlly😋 feel free to follow me and make frds with me🫶🏻

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Hihi! This is KKshu. You can call me KK as well.
I’m a shy person but please feel free to talk with me.
I want to make more friends!!! BE Friends BE Friends!!!
I’m a big fan of Japanese anime. One piece, Naruto, Jujutsu Kaisen, Attack of titan …… this is just a small part of it😆
I love animation sooooo much. Not just those from Japanese but also America!!! Disney will always be my dream.
I always have different kinds of unrealistic mind in my head. Like      “Maybe the Pandora in the movie Avatars is real” or “Are we the aliens?”
Maybe I’m weird but I’m nice 👍 😊 BE Friends BE Friends!!!
P.S. I’m not a K-pop person but I’m a BIGBIG fan of BTS!!!
ARMY arrrrrrr!!!!!!
ig: kk.shu_131

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Hey!it’s Kaitlyn.This is my cat Milktea,very cute isn’t it?The photo was taken on the recent typhoon day, showing how bored Milktea felt. Although he seemed falling a sleep,he jumps up immediately when he sees the snack on my hand.We have a great time on the typhoon day since there’ve been a long time that we didn’t play together.He broke 2 toys while playing and I realised how time flys and he grows up a lot ,it feels like he’s just a kitten yesterday and now he’s already half year old.

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Hi~ I am Yee. I love to draw, read comics. Nice to meet you all~ I just want to share a fun idea which I saw on instagram, “all day tired”. I believe it is a Tik Tok song expressing the idea people nowadays always feel tired. How fascinating and accurate describe of myself! 🤣🤣🤣🤣

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I'm Kenny from MID, I like to discover niche content around the internet, I found that they are often unique and it helps to improve my taste. Here's an artist that I have been followed for a long time, He's called Pilotredsun and he makes tunes and toons( music and animations), take a listen to my all-time favorite album from him if you're interested.

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Hello everyone!! I am Kiki （or you can call me Yan too :D) .I study in ADV.Hope that I can meet you all! I love listen to different kind of music , such as K-pop,(svt ,new jeans )or HipHop(HK,TW,Overseas also!) .Feel free to chat with me! As you can see my picture which post on this post , I am a foodie:D .You also can share your lunch time with me! Last but not least,Nice to meet you guys in Design ^ ^

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hi everyone, I’m Janis from ADV and you can call me JY. I like drawing, taking pictures, and listening to music too. I enjoy going to different concerts, the last show i went this month was Jeremy Lee’s solo concert, his character and music style are so special that I love it so much.
kinda miss my frds from secondary skl rn loll, hope all of us can get closer this year!!ჱ̒⸝⸝•̀֊•́⸝⸝) @janisyeungg_ this is my insta, feel free to follow:P

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Hello! I’m Zoe, you may also call me Fat Wing.
People often ask me the reason that I named myself Fat when I look so skinny in person. Let me tell you more.
Here is one of my illustrations. As you can see, the character is a bit fat. That’s why you can call me Fat Wing because I love to draw something cute and chubby.
I’m an advertising design student. Is there any chance for me to be one of your friends (｡･ω･｡)ﾉ

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Hello I am Emily from ADV, my friends in secondary school usually call me Mkung. My star sign is Aquarius, MBTI was INFP-T before but it has changed to ISFP-T recently. I like anime and japanese voice actresses especially LoveLive!. Nice to meet you🖖

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Hey guys I’m Alvin from MID :> I love photography so much as it enables me to share glimpses of view from my eyes as well as my experiences through my photos. Moreover, I love listening canto-pop and j-pop especially MC Cheung and Yuika!! So feel free to chat with meee thus we can work hard together on the coming days :p

Ah my ig @shiutopia see you there🫵🏻😎

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Hello, I’m Valerie from MID. I am a bit shy but feel free to talk with me. I love Korean, Japanese, or Chinese culture, especially some of the drama and idols. I would like to share a dance choreography from one of my favourite Korean boy band called SEVENTEEN. It’s their Japanese song named ‘Fallin’ Flower’, the dance lines are very beautiful.

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[Choreography Video]SEVENTEEN - 舞い落ちる花びら (Fallin' Flower)

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Hi my name is Zoe Cheung I’m from ADV design.My hobbies are drawing,singing,playing LOL and GYM.I have two cats at home don’t you think cats are the most adorable animal in the world😍 Also I really enjoy taking pictures if you want to take some great photos feel free to find me.My MBTI is ISFP I may a bit shy when you first meet me.You can chat with me if you have same interest as me🫡❤️‍🔥 ig: @_zz.swcc__

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Hi, I am Good. I studied advertising design in HKCC. I love watching animation and streaming, also love playing Video games. Besides, I am a big fans of Hololive watching Hololive vtuber(visual YouTuber)’s stream, especially Ina. She speaks English and Japanese. She brought me so much fun, and I think my English will improve after watching her stream( Hope yes😂). She is a really adorable and nice person, I highly recommended you to take a look of her videos! The GIF that I shared is her fans’ image, see how cute is it XD.

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Hi, my name is Sung Ka Sin, you can call me Tina. I have a lot of hobbies, such as painting watercolors, and digital painting as well, here is my work👆🏻
Besides, I do love music at all, I play lots of instruments, for example, guitar, ukulele and violin. That's why I chose Adv design, I love art. However, BAFS and econ were my elective subjects, isn't it weird?🤣 The reason I chose this road as I want to follow my heart. Wish my dream can come true one day, also your dream can come true too.🙈😉

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Hi this is Jessica from ADV. I’m an outgoing person and love to explore different things. I love painting and kpop especially SKZ! If you have the same hobbies as me, welcome to approach me! I love to meet new friends and I also hope to find some comrade in arms with me to fight for the hectic deadlines later🫶🏻
Tmi my mbti is enfp, I hope I won’t shocked you for over enthusiastic 🙈

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Hello,my name is Libby.At first,please remember my name isn’t Jone TT  ,it’s my last name.I’m from adv. design.My habits is watching animation and K-pop.I’m stay and midzy,which are the fans of stray kids and itzy.I also a lover of lovelive,ensemble star,which from Japanese music game.I love drawing when I am playing K-pop and J-pop.I love utaite too!I ‘m a fan of Amatsuki.My mbti is enfp!.Feel free to being my friends!Nice to meet you guys ~(insta:j._Libby)

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Hi, I am Thomas. I love music very much. So you can see the GIF above is the best song ever in the world which called Never Gonna Give You Up. With the relaxing music you can feel all the stresses have been released. Beside, I like the music from other countries for example Japan, America, Russia etc. Also I hope I can make new friends in the class. :)

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Hey guys, you can call me Cindy. The first thing I want to tell you about me is I love video games. I have Ps5 and switch at home. My favourite game of all these years is Red Dead Redemption 2. The game is about a cowboy. One of my favourite characters as you see in the picture is called Arthur Morgan. I strongly recommend people who are interested in video games to play these game. It’s an art piece. Besides that, I also like to draw on Procreate. I usually draw fanart about a anime call South Park. If you are also interested in those things or just looking for a nice friend , you are always welcome to talk to me :D

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Hello~I am Athena from advising design. My hobbies are listening to music, painting and playing musical instruments. And also, Shawn Mendes is my favorite singer as he is so charming. Moreover, I like to listen different types of song just like K-pop, J-pop and even our Hong Kong local music. Besides, I also like to watch Japanese animation as more. As you see, I have a lots of hobbies(haha.

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Hi y’all I’m emily aka TTY , from MID. I love games nails baking  and chill (for sure).  Nice to meet y’all 🫡 ( today’s vibe : https://youtu.be/GtL1huin9EE?si=eYIhJf-juIIDZSt5 ) 🫨