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Similarities:
- both start with mitosis
- both starts with a diploid cell

Differences:
- spermatogenesis occurs in the seminifeurous tubules of each testies while oogenesis occurs in the ovaries
- multiple sperm are produced while there is only one ovum produced in the final stage

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13.   List they key features of stem cells.

1. The ability to self-renew
2. The ability to differentiate into different types of cells
Stem cells can be categorized as: Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent, Unipotent

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Spermatids are immature forms of sperm cells formed during meiosis. Spermatids differentiate into sperm cells during spermatogenesis.

Sperm = mature, after puberty
Spermatids = immature, before puberty

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Lots of sperm die before they get to the ovum. The amount of the enzyme capable of breaking down the acid in the cementing material that holds the cells in the corona radiata together is insufficient in a single sperm so it needs a lot of sperm.

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14.   List the functions of the amniotic fluid.
amniotic fluid- the fluid surrounding the foetus
* protecting foetus- cushions baby from outside pressure, acts as shock absorber
* temperature control- keeping warm and maintains a regular temperature.
* infection control- contains antibodies

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Why are substances ingested by the mother have the potential to be harmful to the foetus? (sophie)

Substances can be harmful to the foetus as it can impact the foetus' general development. This is because the food and substances that the mother will ingest will then go through the placenta and essentially will "feed" it to the foetus. Additionally the food can also contain harmful bacterias and parasites such as toxoplasma, E. coli, salmonella and listeria.

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7.      List the secondary sexual characteristics of males and females.

Males: lengthening of the vocal cords, growth of facial hair and pubic hair, voice deepens, testicles drop

Females: breast development, coarse/thicker pubic hair, widening of hips,

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Tiya
Define zygote: single cell resulting from fertilisation of an ovum by sperm

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List the two types of gametogenesis, and state where they occur

spermatogenesis-  testicles (seminiferous tubules)

oogenesis- ovaries

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List the glands that produce secretions in the semen...

prostate gland
seminal vesicle
bulbourethral gland

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1.      List the glands that produce secretions in the 🤬.

2.      Explain the processes that guide the egg through the uterine tubes.

3.      List the two types of gametogenesis, and state where they occur.

4.      Describe two similarities and two differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

5.      Explain the relationship, and differences, between a spermatid and a sperm.

6.      How long is the ovarian cycle and what are the key events of the cycle?

7.      List the secondary sexual characteristics of males and females.

8.      How is the ovarian cycle stopped when pregnant?

9.      Explain why a large number of sperm are needed for the fertilisation of one ovum.

10.   List and explain each of the three primary germ layers.

11.   Define zygote.

12.   Draw a labelled diagram of a blastocyst.

13.   List they key features of stem cells.

14.   List the functions of the amniotic fluid.

15.   Women who are trying to get pregnant are often prescribed progesterone to take after ovulation. Explain why this may increase the chances of pregnancy.

16.   Use a flow chart to summarise the birth process.

17.   Describe the three roles of testosterone in male development and the male reproductive system.

18.   Name and describe the process by which mature sperm are formed.

19.   Describe the role of FSH and LH in sperm production.

20.   Name and describe the process by which mature ova form.

21.   Explain why males can be potentially fertile all their life, while female fertility decreases and eventually ceases with age.

22.   Briefly explain the role of negative feedback in the control of hormone levels in the menstrual cycle.

23.   Describe the basic structure of the human placenta.

24.   Why are substances ingested by the mother have the potential to be harmful to the foetus.

25.   What are the 5 stages of fertilization?