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a color distortion that creates an outline of unwanted color along the edges of objects in a photograph

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the conversion of a continuous gradation of tone to several regions of fewer tones, causing abrupt changes from one tone to another.

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a phenomenon where a digital camera has trouble translating an intricate pattern. Aliasing can result in a number of odd visual artefacts in photos or videos.

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caused by compression when an image is saved in the jpg format. The result of compression is that an image can suffer from blockiness, mosquito noise (around edges) and color degradation.

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a type of distortion wherein lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards

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produces the opposite effect from barrel distortion. Instead of an image curving in, pincushion distortion causes straight lines to curve outwards from the center of the image.

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a type of image sensor used in digital photography. It's named after the Advanced Photo System, a film format from the mid-1990s and has since been discontinued.

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a digital single-lens reflex camera with a 35 mm image sensor format.

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a sensor that detects and conveys information used to make an image. It does so by converting the variable attenuation of light waves into signals, small bursts of current that convey the information.

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the ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame. Use it to calculate effective focal lengths and compare lenses between DSLRs. The difference between your camera's sensor size and a traditional 35mm film frame.

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a unit of data that is eight binary digits long. A byte is the unit most computers use to represent a character such as a letter, number or typographic symbol. Each byte can hold a string of bits that need to be used in a larger unit for application purposes.

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a style of art that stresses abstract structure at the expense of other pictorial elements especially by displaying several aspects of the same object simultaneously and by fragmenting the form of depicted objects.

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a form of photography that is distinguished by extreme, austere simplicity. It emphasizes spareness and focuses solely on the smallest number of objects in the composition process.

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Pop art is often characterized by bold colors and takes influence from a wide variety of styles.

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art that is innovatory, introducing or exploring new forms or subject matter. The term is used where the artist is being innovative and experimental in an aspect of their art. The Avant-garde in photography are critical of existing aesthetic views. They reject conventional and established norms in photo-art or photo-method.

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quite believable scenes and situations are transformed into waking dreams or fantastical, hallucinatory scenarios by the photographer's creative vision.

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the practice of artists using pre-existing objects or images in their art with little transformation of the original.

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a photographic technique that mainly involves combining two exposures to create a single image.

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a form of professional photography that depicts inanimate objects or subject matters

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a genre that encompasses any photos used for a business or publication.

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any photograph taken from the air.

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a graph that measures the brightness of an image by representing the frequency of each tone as a value on a bar chart. The horizontal axis moves from pure black on the left side of the histogram, through shadows, midtones, and highlights all the way to the brightest white on the right side.

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a loosely-used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general. Anti-art tends to conduct this questioning and rejection from the vantage point of art.

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art that is made by assembling disparate elements – often everyday objects – scavenged by the artist or bought specially.

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allows photographers to shoot their wide-aperture lenses in bright light without overexposing. This allows shallow depth of field and selective focus effects while under lighting conditions that exceed the shutter speed capabilities of the camera.

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the deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.

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a tight structure of a similar shape to the honeycomb made by honey bees. It's affixed to the front of a studio strobe. Or it can be fixed to an off-camera flash. The light shines through the grid and creates a tight beam of light.

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a photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point. The light created is between that of a direct flash and a softbox, giving the image a wrapped, contrasted look

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a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam.

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a type of photographic lighting device, one of a number of photographic soft light devices.

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a self-contained photographic flash lighting unit usually found in a studio. Each monolight has its own independent power source.

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a light source that causes a specular highlight in a subject's eye in an image.

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provides more customized contrast control than Levels. Curves allows you to adjust contrast by setting and positioning control points along the entire tonal range.

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Levels provides enhancement of contrast by setting highlight and shadow points.

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a circular light that is often operated with a camera lens in the center to take photographs.

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the use of camera movements that change the orientation or position of the lens with respect to the film or image sensor on cameras.

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an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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an underexposed, underdeveloped, wet-collodion negative on glass that, when viewed with a dark background, appears as a positive image. The dark background is commonly a black varnish applied to the glass base but is sometimes a separate material behind the glass or the glass base itself may be dark.

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a technique used to develop a peel-apart film picture on to a different material, like drawing paper. In a Polaroid transfer, the image is peeled apart prematurely and the negative is placed down on a desired material.

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an image produced from a photographic negative transferred to a metal plate and etched in.

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a photographic printing process that produces blue prints using coated paper and light.

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an alternative photographic process where photographic images are developed on natural leaves through the action of photosynthesis.

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a lighting technique that lights up half of a subject's face while leaving the other half in a shadow, essentially “splitting” the face.

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a standard lighting technique that is used in studio portrait photography and cinematography.

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created by using a light source positioned just to the side and pointed downward toward the subject.

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a lighting pattern used in portrait photography where the key light is placed above and pointing down on the subject's face.

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Broad lighting is a type of lighting photographers use primarily for portrait photography. In this lighting technique, light illuminates the broad side of the subject's face in front of the camera.

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a lighting technique used primarily in portrait photography in which the far side of a subject's face is lit relative to the camera. This leaves the near side of the face darker or entirely shadowed.

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a photograph made by creating a direct positive on a thin sheet of metal coated with a dark lacquer or enamel and used as the support for the photographic emulsion.

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a shot that is devoid of camera movement. Also known as a locked-off shot, or an immobile shot. The frame can be filled with the movement of vehicles, characters, props, weather, etc, but the frame itself does not move in a static shot.

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the visual impact of elements in your composition. The stronger an element's visual weight, the more it draws in the eye. To achieve a balanced composition, pay attention to the visual weight of the objects.

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the process of generating a photorealistic or non-photorealistic image from a 2D or 3D model by means of a computer program. The resulting image is referred to as the render.

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when objects that are closer to the viewer prevent the view of objects that are behind them.

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the first completely abstract kind of photograph, composed of kaleidoscopic repetitions of forms achieved by photographing objects through a triangular arrangement of three mirrors.

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the process of capturing digitized images of objects for the purpose of creating printable art using a flatbed "photo" scanner with a CCD array capturing device.

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a single photograph or more commonly a body of photographic work, that shares a high level of consistency.

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the 1975 exhibition New Topographics signaled a radical shift away from traditional depictions of landscape.

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a concept and a photographic practice based on the observation of the sun path in the sky and its effect on the landscape, captured by a specific procedure that combines pinhole photography and digital processing

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the temperature of light directly correlated with the color of the burning carbon at that temperature. When you “shoot in Kelvin”, you are manually adjusting the camera's white balance to match that of the Kelvin temperature in the room.

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the blocking of unwanted natural light to create a natural three-dimensional quality to the lighting of people outside.

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the comparison of key light (the main source of light from which shadows fall) to the fill light (the light that fills in the shadow areas). The higher the lighting ratio, the higher the contrast of the image; the lower the ratio, the lower the contrast.

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a set of data that characterizes a color input or output device, or a color space, according to standards promulgated by the International Color Consortium (ICC).

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occurs due to the image being very evenly lit and id different to soft light versus hard light which is the transition of light from highlight to shadow.

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a colloquial term used in digital photography to describe the habit of checking every photo on the camera display immediately after capture.

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a fast 50mm lens. The 'nifty' part comes from a very wide aperture, under f/1.8. The 'fifty' refers to the focal length.

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short for photographer

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When a photoshop file has hundreds of unnamed layers

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Appearance of print in which tone reproduction is low in contrast, lacking deep blacks or brilliant whites.

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They are often dust particles or, especially in the Spring and Summer months, pollen. If static charges build up, dust bunnies can become attracted to each other, resulting in large “super” dust bunnies. These can collect on the sensor glass of your camera and result in dark blobs when you image.

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a result of capturing or processing an image where the intensity in a certain area falls outside the minimum and maximum intensity which can be represented.

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the secondary light in the traditional 3 point lighting setup. The fill light is typically positioned opposite of the key light to literally fill in the shadows that the key light creates.

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the primary source of artificial light that a cinematographer uses when shooting a scene. The key light isn't a specific type of lighting equipment.

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the process of capturing images while your camera is connected to your computer, which allows your photos to instantly upload to the computer.

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using film with an emulsion that is sensitive to infrared light, enabling it to be used in misty weather, in darkened interiors, or at night.

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the use or combination of two or more different images to create a new one.

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a genre of photography that mainly aims to capture portraits of people in situations, real-life events or milestones in an artistic manner and the art of the everyday.

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the art of finding old and abandoned buildings and locations, exploring them, and taking photos as you go.

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he photography of stars and other celestial objects. That could be the Moon, Milky Way, the Sun, other planets, and many other incredible sights.

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a filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition.

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a glass attachment that can reduce the glare from reflected surfaces.

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a phenomenon in which light rays passing through a lens focus at different points, depending on their wavelength.

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a photo camera featuring a single, removable lens and a digital display. The camera does not have a reflex mirror or optical viewfinder like a digital single-lens reflex camera, but may have an electronic viewfinder.

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an identifying image or pattern in paper that appears as various shades of lightness/darkness when viewed by transmitted light, caused by thickness or density variations in the paper

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when the photographer uses two frontal light sources to illuminate the subject, helping to minimize shadows and often giving a glowing effect. Though usually achieved by using studio strobes, it can also be achieved using constant studio lights.

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a creative two-light setup that helps to emphasize shadows which adds angles to the face and body.

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a style of lighting for film, television, or photography that aims to reduce the lighting ratio present in the scene.

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a style of lighting for photography, film or television. It is a necessary element in creating a chiaroscuro effect.

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results in brightly lit subjects with more fill light and softer shadows.

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the interference or bending of waves around the corners of an obstacle or through an aperture into the region of geometrical shadow of the obstacle/aperture.

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a screen technology for liquid-crystal displays. In IPS, a layer of liquid crystals is sandwiched between two glass surfaces.

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squeeze visual information on the recording medium to create a wider aspect ratio for viewers.

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All the gear, no idea

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the technique of gradually transitioning from one hue to another, or from one shade to another, or one texture to another.

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a digital image processing technique which combines multiple images taken at different focus distances to give a resulting image with a greater depth of field than any of the individual source images.

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a method of estimating correct daylight exposures without a light meter.

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any non-traditional or non-commercial photographic printing process.

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when all the elements in a photograph come together perfectly to create a meaningful image.

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to set your camera in a fast burst mode, shooting several photos per second, and then to simply hold down the shutter button while hoping to capture the perfect image.

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A toy camera is a simple, inexpensive film camera. Despite the name, toy cameras are fully functional and capable of taking photographs, though with optical aberrations due to the limitations of their simple lenses.

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The style typically features apparently banal everyday subject matter and off-centered framing.