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Made by Julia Biddle, working individually

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Post #2 Red Flag: Confirmation Bias (video)

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Post #2 Red Flag: Confirmation Bias (video)

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Definition:
The Confirmation Bias red flag is the tendency, unconscious or not, to seek out and accept information that coincides with our beliefs.

Connection:
This video is an example of the red flag Confirmation Bias, the interviewer has a clear view point going into this, letting his opinions get in the way of any real journalism. Interrupting, making fun, and bothering people minding there own business, he makes sure every interaction he shows proves his point. A pseudoscience watchlist is shown: the results can't be verified.

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GuysI’m just trying to do my part out here for progress #comedy #funny  #standupfunny  #hilarious

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@ryanlongcomedy
GuysI’m just trying to do my part out here for progress #comedy #funny #standupfunny #hilarious
♬ original sound - Ryan Long

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Post #3 Red Flag: Confusion of Correlation with Causation (image)

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Post #3 Red Flag: Confusion of Correlation with Causation (image)

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Definition:
The Confusion of Correlation with Causation is a common red flag that happens when events, unrelated to one another, are connected in an attempt to indicate that one of the events is the cause of the other.

Connection:
This image is a representation of the Confusion of Correlation with Causation red flag. This image seems to indicate that the consumption of mozzarella cheese leads to an increase in civil engineers. With no other evidence than this graph and common sense, it's clear there is no real correlation. A flaw with image is I was unable to authenticate the statistics.

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Post #4 Red Flag: Ancient Wisdom (website)

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Post #4 Red Flag: Ancient Wisdom (website)

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Definition:
Ancient Wisdom is the red flag where people have the belief that our ancestors somehow had better knowledge comparable to modern day, shown most prominently when it comes to science.

Connection:
This website discuses the uses of charcoal as a cleanser and its benefits. Though this article demonstrates many red flags, its most prominent is its use of Ancient Wisdom. We are given a timeline of the first uses of activated charcoal and a  paragraph describing the way it was used. The timeline and description give the impression that activated charcoal has been used for centuries and is therefore to be trusted. A flaw with this website is I could not find anything to support there claims: I could not find evidence supporting the claims by this website, all searches lead to multiple soap selling sites with an almost copy paste version of the same paragraph. A pseudoscience watchlist is shown: it involves monetary gain (I believe this to be a very intentional use of Ancient Wisdom to sell more product).

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The activated charcoal in our Black Bamboo and Forest Path soaps is derived directly from the bamboo plant. When bamboo is burned and there is not enough oxygen to allow complete combustion, the carbon within the bamboo distills into the coals that are left behind. Activation occurs when the charcoal is introduced to steam, drastically increasing the surface area of the carbon molecules within it. These carbon molecules then develop deep pockets, or pores, that help capture unwanted impurities, dirt, and oils.

Wh at are the advantages bamboo activated charcoal?

We use these evergreen perennials as they are highly sustainable and renewable (they are one of the fastest growing plants in the world!). These plants are often used in place of wood and offer the same clarifying benefits through their carbon properties as alternatives that are not as earth friendly or sustainable.

Not only does the increased surface area of the carbon molecule pick up unwanted impurities, it can also help to draw them out through the permeable top layer of the skin. Because of this and its ability to attract a wide array of impurities, it can be beneficial to many with mild skin conditions, such as adult acne. Activated charcoal is also a gentle exfoliator that helps to remove dead skin cells without damaging the skin or drying it out.

Those with sensitive skin can also enjoy this boost of cleansing power as it does not remove the beneficial oils that soothe and protect the skin.

The History of Activated Charcoal
The first documented use of activated charcoal goes as far back as 3750 B.C., when it was first used by the Egyptians for smelting ores to create bronze. By 1500 B.C. the Egyptians were also using it for intestinal ailments, absorbing unpleasant odors, and for writing on papyrus. In 400 B.C. the Ancient Hindus and Phoenicians discovered the antiseptic properties of activated charcoal and began using it to purify their water. A well known practice for any long sea voyage was to store water in barrels that had been charred. By 50 A.D., leading the way for the use of activated charcoal in medicine was Hippocrates and Pliny, who began using it to treat many different ailments such as epilepsy, chlorosis, and vertigo. After the suppression of the sciences through the Dark Ages, charcoal reemerged in the 1700's and 1800's within the use of medical treatments - both for its absorbent properties of fluid and gases and for its disinfectant properties. Some popular uses during this time period included poultices made from charcoal and bread crumbs or yeast (favored by army and navy surgeons) as well as charcoal powders to alleviate fetid ulcers, acidity in the stomach, and even nosebleeds where subsulphate of iron had failed to do so. By the 1900's charcoal was even starting to be sold as lozenges, biscuits, and tooth powders!

What is activated charcoal used for?

Today, activated charcoal is used in practical applications in hospitals and homes, for people and for pets. In medical facilities around the world, charcoal is used in filtering masks for lab technicians, in liver and kidney dialysis machines, and even as markers in breast cancer surgery (among many other applications). Just as charcoal has been used to help remove toxins ingested by humans, veterinarians also use this practice for pets who may have ingested something potentially harmful to them (such as when dogs eat chocolate!). Additionally, activated charcoal has found its place in day to day use, being used in air filters, water purification, and in products such as our Black Bamboo Activated Charcoal, and Forest Path soaps.

Click these links to see our Black Bamboo Activated Charcoal and Forest Path Wildcrafted Pine soaps:

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The activated charcoal in our Black Bamboo and Forest Path soaps is derived directly from the bamboo plant. When bamboo is burned and there is not enough oxygen to allow complete combustion, the carbon within the bamboo distills into the coals that are left behind.

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Post #5 Red Flag: Appeal to Authority (website)

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Post #5 Red Flag: Appeal to Authority (website)

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Definition:
The Appeal to Authority red flag is when a claim is more believable when presented by an authority figure, even if there is no reason to trust their opinion more than others on the specific topic.

Connection:
This website uses the Appeal to Authority red flag, using a celebrity, Jennifer Aniston in this case, to promote their product. The website uses Jennifer Aniston's "daily collagen routine" to move more product. Jennifer Aniston has so background in health sciences but sense she's a celebrity, she's viewed as a trusted source on the matter. A pseudoscience watchlist is shown: it involves monetary gain (Jennifer Aniston is paid to support the product).

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Looking to jumpstart your own collagen journey? Let Jennifer Aniston, Vital Proteins®' Chief Creative Officer, inspire you with her daily collagen routine. Keep reading below for an exclusive look at her favorite collagen supplements as well as how she adds them to her wellness regimen.

"I have had a passion for health and wellness for years. I know that this topic can be overwhelming so through this campaign, I want to show simple ways to incorporate collagen into your daily life," Aniston tells us. "For me, it's adding it to my morning coffee and replenishing after a workout, but there is truly an option for everyone."

How Jennifer Aniston Adds Collagen To Her Daily Routine

in three elevated flavors: Why They're A Standout: We collaborated with our Chief Creative Officer to create a delicious protein and collagen bar Peanut Butter Fudge, Cold Brew Coffee, and Dark Chocolate Coconut. The bars are perfect for any time of day: morning, between meals, or on the go - all under 200 calories each.

Jen Says: "I spent the last year collaborating closely with the Vital Proteins team on this new bar collection ($29.99; ), helping to handpick the ingredients and flavors that I love."

Why It's A Standout: Available in canisters and stick packs, our unflavored Original Collagen Peptides boasts 20g of collagen peptides per serving, plus vitamin C and hyaluronic acid. Because it's unflavored, odorless and easily dissolves in hot and cold liquids, our Original Collagen Peptides can be easily added to sweet or savory recipes.

Jen Says: "My go-to collagen routine is adding Vital Proteins® Collagen Peptides ($27; shop now) in my morning cup of coffee or smoothie - so easy to use."

Why It's A Standout: Your wellness routine is in for a real treat, courtesy of our Chocolate Collagen Peptides, which provides 20g collagen peptides per serving and a touch of decadence to your favorite collagen peptides.

Jen Says: "These chocolate collagen peptides ($27; shop now) not only has the benefits, but also provides a flavor boost to my smoothie."

Introducing Why It's A Standout: NEW Lemon Collagen Peptides! With 20g of collagen peptides per serving and a refreshing, lemon flavor, it's the tastiest way to zest up your wellness routine.

"There are so many delicious options, including Lemon Collagen Peptides ($27; Jen Says: shop now). I love to stir it into a glass of water in the afternoon for a little something special."

Shop Jennifer Aniston's Collagen Favorites

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A Breakdown Of Jennifer Aniston's Daily Collagen Routine

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Looking to jumpstart your own collagen journey? Let Jennifer Aniston, Vital Proteins®' Chief Creative Officer, inspire you with her daily collagen routine. Keep reading below for an exclusive look at her favorite collagen supplements as well as how she adds them to her wellness regimen. Shop Jennifer Aniston's collagen collection on vitalproteins.com.

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Post #6 Red Flag: Proof by Verbosity (image)

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Post #6 Red Flag: Proof by Verbosity (image)

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Definition:
Proof by Verbosity is the red flag that says because of the amount of information being presented claim must be trustworthy.

Connection:
This image is an example of the Proof by Verbosity red flag. The text mainly boils down to "we were fine before vaccines, why do we need them now?" but using scientific sounding words and other fluff it becomes a full length article. Most, if not, all of this article can be debunked, but using Proof by Verbosity it confuses the reader. The only thing one would understand from this is vaccines are bad, and the length and science-like words convince you that's right. Two pseudoscience watchlist items are shown: the use of scientific-sounding language (some of the language has meaning but it is taken out of context), and appeals to emotion (the way the article is written gives the impression that the author is just a concerned friend looking out for your wellbeing in these hard times).

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Post #7 Reason for Belief: Simplicity (website)

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Post #7 Reason for Belief: Simplicity (website)

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Definition:
The reason for belief Simplicity is our minds preference to believe the simplest option rather than excepting and understanding the reality of a situation.

Connection:
This website discuses Violet Jessop, someone who has sparked certain conspiracy theories that can be chalked up to the Simplicity red flag. Having survived the an ocean liner crash, the disaster of the Titanic and the sinking of the Britannic, some have questioned what role Violet had to play. Theories ranging from the idea that she's just bad luck to the idea that she orchestrated the crashes in some way. In reality it's probable that it was just a coincidence. A pseudoscience watchlist is shown: does not progress (anyone involved in these events have long since passed).

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If you survived an ocean liner crash, you'd consider yourself extremely lucky. If you survived that crash and the 1912 RMS disaster, you'd probably start thinking about avoiding water-based transportation. And if you made it through all of that only to find yourself aboard the sinking HMHS Britannic just four years later, you might start wondering if you were the angel of death. This is the story of Violet Constance Jessop.

Even before her days as an ocean liner stewardess, Jessop was no stranger to cheating death. Six of her eight siblings died young, and she was nearly number seven-she managed to survive a bout of tuberculosis that doctors said would kill her.

Jessop was 23 when she got a job on the RMS Olympic, the largest civilian liner of the day. She had served for just three months when she experienced her first maritime crash: The Olympic collided with the HMS Hawke. Neither ship sank; in fact, both were later repaired and put back into service.

Such was not the case with Jessop's next wreck. She was falling asleep when the RMS Titanic met its infamous iceberg, but quickly found her place on deck to help guide confused passengers. She was eventually placed on lifeboat #16, where someone thrust a baby into her arms just before the boat launched. The baby was reunited with its mother aboard the RMS Carpathia, which came to the aid of the Titanic.

It was the HMHS Britannic crash of 1916 that nearly killed Jessop, who was serving on the ship as a stewardess for the British Red Cross. After hitting a mine, the HMHS Britannic started sinking. Jessop jumped overboard and was nearly sucked into the boat's propellers, which were sticking up out of the water and still running. She hit her head on the ship's keel and would have died, had the passengers of another lifeboat not been able to pull her in.

There was, however, one silver lining to this crash: In the days after the RMS Titanic sunk, Jessop vividly remembered desperately missing her toothbrush. This time, she had remembered to grab it before her leap overboard.

Despite her many mishaps, Jessop continued to serve at sea until 1950. Upon her retirement, the 63-year-old wrote her rather remarkable memoir. And though she had more brushes with a watery grave than any one person should have to endure, her death at the age of 84 was due to congestive heart failure-not shipwreck.

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If you survived an ocean liner crash, you'd consider yourself extremely lucky. If you survived that crash and the 1912 RMS disaster, you'd probably start thinking about avoiding water-based transportation. And if you made it through all of that only to find yourself aboard the sinking HMHS Britannic just four years later, you might start wondering if you were the angel of death.

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Post #8 Reason for Belief: Emotional Connection (website)

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Post #8 Reason for Belief: Emotional Connection (website)

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Definition:
The reason for belief Emotional Connection is the influence  emotion can have on our beliefs.

Connection:
This article discuses the use of psychic mediums during the pandemic and is a big example of the Emotional Connection red flag. The pandemic was hard for a lot of people and using that vulnerability psychics were able to use that to gain clientele. Psychics are known for feeding off the emotion, especially grief, of there believers and this happens to be another example of that. Two pseudoscience watchlist items are shown: it involves monetary gain (whether for an event of a one on one session, the psychic is paid for their work), and uses ideology (they rely on the belief in otherworldly forces to guide their work).

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Credit... Illustration by The New York Times; Pamela Colman Smith

A woo-woo profession is getting a boost from the wellness industrial complex. Seems ... intuitive.

Credit... Illustration by The New York Times; Pamela Colman Smith

"Intuition is magical, but it's not reserved for a couple of people," said Laura Lynne Jackson, 46.

She's from Commack, N.Y., and makes her living as a psychic medium, and she was talking to hundreds who attended this year's In Goop Health Summit in New York City (tickets start at $1,000) who were there to learn how to tap into their inner intuition. "It's for all of you," she said.

Ms. Jackson, who was joined by four other professional "intuitives" at the event (which also featured speakers like medical doctors, nutritionists and C.E.O.s), is one of several new mediums entering the growing industry of self-care.

While psychics have traditionally profited from claiming to predict the future or communicating with deceased relatives, many are now working in the general field of wellness, calling themselves "intuitives" or "intuitive healers," who channel "energy" that helps people discover what they want out of life.

"A majority of the mediums that we work with are less interested in the party trick of showing off their psychic abilities and more focused on teaching people, women in particular, how to trust their guts and lean into their intuition," Noora Raj Brown, the senior vice president of communications at Goop, wrote in an email.

In a so-called Spirit Studio, Joe Perreta, 29, and Kim Russo, 54, both psychic mediums, hosted group readings where believers seemed to significantly outnumber skeptics, with teary attendees reaching for tissue boxes placed around the room.

During one session, Ms. Russo approached Lauren Lamb, 38, and said her mother, who had died, wanted to pass on advice related to redecorating a room. Ms. Lamb said she was redoing her house, and some of the details Ms. Russo provided felt inexplicably specific to her.

"How would she possibly know that? I'm a believer now," Ms. Lamb said. "I also think she was saying some stuff where she wasn't just channeling people, she was like, 'Here's my advice, and I was like, 'That's useful advice for people.'"

This exchange is a gift to critics looking for examples of how Gwyneth Paltrow's wellness media empire peddles expensive quackery in the name of self-care. But, spirit visitations aside, Ms. Lamb is far from alone. A recent survey by the Pew Research Center found that 62 percent of Americans believe in at least one of four spiritual concepts identified as "New Age" (like reincarnation and astrology) and 41 percent believe in psychics.

One market analysis found that the "psychic services" industry grew steadily over the past five years, reaching over $2 billion in revenue in 2018 from activities like readings and public talks.

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Laura Lynne Jackson, in her office. Credit... Molly Matalon for The New York Times

Celebrities, many of whom - like Ms. Paltrow - have extended their brands to content (if only on their personal social-media accounts), increasingly include mediums in their self-care entourage. Rosanna Arquette and Kathy Hilton (mother of Paris and Nicky) plugged Ms. Jackson. Erika Gabriel, another medium, boasts that her clients include Minka Kelly and Tory Burch.

Lifetime promotes its show "Seatbelt Psychic" by declaring that the star, the medium Thomas John, is "a trusted adviser to influencers and celebrities" including Courteney Cox and Goldie Hawn.

Handily, dead celebrities can also be invoked: At In Goop Health, Deganit Nuur, a "clairvoyant intuitive," said John Lennon was "totally" one of her spirit guides. "I call him in all the time, and he's always like, 'Do this, do that,' and I'm like, 'Thanks, John!'" (Supposedly clairvoyant healing sessions with Ms. Nuur are available at the Four Seasons hotel's spas in New York City and Los Angeles.)

This is, of course, one of the planet's oldest professions.

In various ancient cultures, shamans were considered a link to the spirit world. Haitian Voodoo, Puerto Rican Brujeria, and Wiccan traditions all focus heavily on communing with spirits. In the United States in the late 1800s, Spiritualism, a religious movement in which séances to communicate with the dead were a central practice, was incredibly popular.

While the language is different, communicating with spirits on the so-called other side is also an accepted practice in Christianity. Angels are central characters in biblical stories, and when human beings die, telling believers that loved ones will "always be with them" as spiritual guides is common practice.

Media-savvy mediums are nothing new, either. In the 1990s Miss Cleo advertised her pay-by-the-minute services on late-night infomercials with the catchphrase "You have questions, I have the answers."

Today, in New York, turban-clad psychics, many with crystal balls and tarot cards, regularly lure Times Square tourists for $10 readings, and sandwich-board signs advertising psychic readings dot sidewalks all over the city. It is a self-regulated industry, with professional associations like the Windbridge Research Center in Tucson and the Forever Family Foundation in Oceanside, N.Y., offering certification, based on their own protocols, like psychological tests.

Sometimes duped-feeling clients call foul: in May 2015, a psychic named Priscilla Kelly Delmaro, 26, was charged with grand larceny after Niall Rice, a 33-year-old British consultant, accused her of taking thousands of his dollars. Ms. Delmaro was charged and spent eight months in jail.

A reading can be harmless fun, like reading horoscopes, but the incursion of psychics into health care might raise eyebrows. Anthony William, the self-proclaimed "medical medium," a.k.a., @medicalmedium, whose website includes praise from Pharrell Williams, Miranda Kerr and Robert De Niro, is behind a recent Instagram-fueled celery juice craze.

Mr. William advocates drinking a strict regimen of 16 ounces of celery juice every morning on an empty stomach. There is no science to substantiate his claim that this will solve all sorts of issues, only his citation of messages from "Spirit of Compassion."

Ms. Brown, of Goop, said content from mediums on the site is minimal albeit popular and is labeled "fascinating but inexplicable," as opposed to "supported by science." Mediums are screened by a phone call, sometimes by a Goop staff member, sometimes by a "trusted friend of Goop." According to Ms. Brown, the mediums do not know who they are speaking with.

The internet, with its troves of personal data, can be a boon to people claiming they are psychics - or a trap. A New York Times Magazine story published last month followed a sting operation in which a group created fake Facebook profiles and then attended an event with Thomas John, where he quoted details from the made-up lives they had created.

At the end of February, John Oliver ran a scathing segment on psychics, which focused on mediums, many of whom were caught making predictions that were wrong.

In the segment, Mr. Oliver explained the two ways mediums defraud people into believing they communicate with lost loved ones: cold reading and hot reading. Cold reading is a technique in which mediums ask a serious of general questions and then rely on verbal and physical cues to glean increasingly personal information from an individual. Hot reading involves researching the people who are going to be in the room beforehand and using details from their online lives to fabricate readings.

MaryAnn DiMarco, in her office. Credit... Molly Matalon for The New York Times

"If we look at the big question that mediumship is fundamentally exploring, it's really: Is there life after death? And why are we here? Is there a connection between us? What is the meaning of all this?" said Ms. Jackson, whose first book, "The Light Between Us," appeared briefly on the New York Times best-seller lists. (She will publish a second in June.)

A weekend retreat she is conducting at the Omega in June costs $355. She would not disclose how much she charges for individual sessions, adding that she is booked for a decade.

MaryAnn DiMarco, 48, a mediumand the author of "Believe, Ask, Act," said that her clients are increasingly not looking for predictions. "They're coming to me and saying, 'I have so much going on in my life. Can you teach me how to make connection so that I can make transformation happen in my life for the better?'" she said.

Joshua Agan, 33, turned to Ms. DiMarco after contemplating suicide; he had weighed 400 pounds, altered his diet and started going to the gym, but wanted more changes. "Once my body was taken care of, then it kind of naturally went into me kind of chasing the spiritual component," he said.

Mr. Agan, who owns a salon in Carmel, Ind., discovered Ms. DiMarco while attending a 2017 event hosted by Gabrielle Bernstein, a popular motivational speaker. He later flew to New York City with friends to attend a group reading and then, after Ms. DiMarco reached out to him personally with a message she said she felt she had to deliver to him, went back again for a one-on-one session, which she offered to him free of charge.

Ms. DiMarco, he said, allowed him to "step into my power and calmly let go of my existing experience," he said. "And trust my spiritual side to lead me in the right direction. It doesn't come with total assurance, right?"

Lisa Levine, 42, is the founder of Maha Rose, a wellness center in the Greenpoint section of Brooklyn that also operates a retreat center near the Catskill Mountains. She regularly hosts workshops with Ms. Nuur, the "clairvoyant intuitive" at In Goop Health, and said she believes there are people who can connect with the "other side" and bring back valuable information, but that the medium's intention is crucial.

"Is their intention to be a conduit for the spirits and to be of service to their clients, or is their intention to make a lot of money?" Ms. Levine said. "Telling somebody something that you think they want to hear, although not necessarily damaging, is maybe just like putting a Band-Aid on something. And maybe that is all the person wants, a Band-Aid, or some type of 'it's O.K., your deceased mother forgives you or your passed father does love you.'"

"Our desire to believe will take a message a long way," she said.
Valeriya Safronova contributed reporting.

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Psychic Mediums Are the New Wellness Coaches (Published 2019)

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A woo-woo profession is getting a boost from the wellness industrial complex. Seems ... intuitive. Credit... Illustration by The New York Times; Pamela Colman Smith "Intuition is magical, but it's not reserved for a couple of people," said Laura Lynne Jackson, 46.

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Post #9 Reason for Belief: Unexplained (image)

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Post #9 Reason for Belief: Unexplained (image)

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Definition:
The reason for belief Unexplained is our minds attempt at explaining events that are unexplainable or yet to be explained.

Connection:
The image above of the Bermuda Triangle, and with the reason of belief Unexplained has been the topic of many conspiracy theories over the years. Because of the amount of ships and planes that have gotten lost and were never found in this triangle, there are many who believe it's is home to everything from sea monsters to holes in space-time. with no real explanation our minds have come up with outlandish possibilities as to what's out there. This could also be an example simplicity, there tends to be extreme weather in that region, if ships and airplanes go missing its possible they could crash and the remains be blown halfway across the world.

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Post #10 Critical Thinking Process Responses

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Post #10 Critical Thinking Process Responses

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I chose to evaluate the video shown above.

Define The Problem:
Is gender is a factor in whether someone is funny?

Gather Information:
This man is asking women on the street to tell him a joke in order to prove women are funny. He is essentially arguing that women are not funny because the women he bothered couldn't make up a joke on the spot.

Evaluate Evidence:
Ryan Long is in fact not a journalist, he is a comedian known for making videos where he interviews people on the street and asks them questions, usually pertaining to controversial topics. He didn't bother with any sort of scientific method as he came to the conclusion that women weren't funny. There are plenty of articles the fact that women are just as funny as men but tend to be ignored due to misogyny.

Recognize Assumptions, Emotions, Biases:
He interviewed only women, there was no comparison to how men would react in this situation, could they make jokes on the spot? We only see a three interviews, this is not enough data to come to a conclusion, furthermore we have no way of knowing whether or not any of the interviews were edited out. It was in no way a controlled environment, many of the people interviewed look visibly uncomfortable and makes me assume he was just harassing random women on the street. This entire video can be disregarded in terms of any evidence.

Synthesize Evidence, Identify Alternatives:
Alternative solution 1:  Gender is a factor in whether someone is funny, supported by this video and the interviews conducted.
Alternative solution 2: Gender is not a factor in whether someone is funny, supported by multiple studies that follow proper scientific method.

Select Best Alternative:
I conclude that gender is not a factor in whether someone is funny.

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GuysI’m just trying to do my part out here for progress #comedy #funny  #standupfunny  #hilarious

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@ryanlongcomedy
GuysI’m just trying to do my part out here for progress #comedy #funny #standupfunny #hilarious
♬ original sound - Ryan Long