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Hitner, . Pharmacology: An Introduction with Additional Material. Available from: Yuzu Reader, (8th Edition). McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions, 2021.

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Sympathomimetics (Agonists)

Alpha-adrenergic drugs:
phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)
Selective beta-2 adrenergic drugs: albuterol (Proventil®, Ventolin®), formoterol (Foradil®), terbutaline (Brethine®)

Sympatholytics (Antagonists)

Alpha-1 adrenergic blockers: prazosin (Minipress®), terazosin (Hytrin®), doxazosin (Cardura®)
Nonselective beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic blockers: nadolol (Corgard®), propranolol (Inderal®), timolol (Blocadren®)
Selective beta-1 adrenergic blockers: atenolol (Tenormin®), metoprolol (Lopressor®)

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Is divided into two classes: Sympathomimetic and Sympatholytic.

Sympathomimetic
alpha-adrenergic drugs
receptors interacted with: alpha-1 adrenergic receptors
organ response: causes contraction of smooth muscle organs

nonselective beta-adrenergic drugs
receptors interacted with: beta-1 and beta-2 receptors
organ response: The heart is stimulated and causes relaxation of smooth muscles.

selective beta-2 adrenergic drugs
receptors interacted with: beta-2 receptors
organ response: Lungs, for bronchodilators

Sympatholytic
alpha-adrenergic blockers
receptors interacted with: block the alpha-1 receptor
organ response: relaxation of smooth muscle organs

nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers
receptors interacted with: beta-1 and beta-2
selective beta-1 adrenergic blockers
receptors interacted with: beta-1
organ response: decreases sympathetic activity in the cardiovascular system

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It is made up of two divisions: the parasympathetic division and the sympathetic division.

Alternate name for parasympathetic is craniosacral division.
Alternate name for sympathetic is thoracolumbar division.

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Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonist drugs: pilocarpine (Pilocar®), bethanechol (Urecholine®)

Indirect-acting Cholinergic drugs: neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

Anticholinergics drugs: (Antiparasympathetic): atropine (generic), dicyclomine (Bentyl®)

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Is divided into two classes: direct-acting and indirect-acting drugs.

Direct-acting
receptors interacted with: muscarinic
organ response: can increase GI secretions and motility, increase urination and cause pupillary constriction
heart: decreases heart rate
respiratory smooth muscle: bronchoconstriction

Indirect-acting
reversible inhibitors
receptors interacted with: all cholinergic receptor sites
organ response: increases the strength of muscular contraction
irreversible inhibitors
receptors interacted with: all cholinergic receptor sites
organ response: can cause respiratory paralysis and death.

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For the parasympathetic division:
The neurotransmitter that is released is acetylcholine (ACH).
Location: It is released at both the ganglia and postganglionic nerve endings.
Receptors: The cholinergic (muscarinic) receptors act at the cardiac and smooth muscle sites.

For the sympathetic division:
The neurotransmitter(s) that is released is ACH as well as norepinephrine (NE).
Location(s): ACH is released at the ganglia, and NE is released at the postganglionic nerve endings.
Receptors: The adrenergic receptors act at the cardiac and smooth muscle sites.

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End Organ Responses (Parasympathetic Division)

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End Organ Responses (Parasympathetic Division)

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Cholinergic Receptors: are composed of two cholinergic receptors, muscarinic and nicotinic.
Muscarinic receptors location: on the cell membranes of visceral organs and glands.
Organ responses: depend on the effects on the individual organ.
GI Tract: Actions are increased.
Heart: Actions are decreased.

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End Organ Responses (Sympathetic Division)

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End Organ Responses (Sympathetic Division)

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Adrenergic Receptors: are divided into two different types, Alpha and Beta receptors. (alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2).
alpha-1 receptors location: on smooth muscle membranes of arteries, veins, and sphincters of the urinary and gastrointestinal tract.
Organ response: receptors cause contraction which is, vasoconstriction of most blood vessels
GI and urinary tract: diverts blood away from these organs

beta-1 receptors location: on cardiac and some smooth muscle membranes.
Organ response: Heart- increases heart rate and force of contraction

beta-2 receptors location: in the smooth muscle of coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels and bronchiolar smooth muscle
Organ response: receptors cause vasodilation and bronchodilation, which is the relaxation of bronchiolar smooth muscle.
Heart: Increases blood flow
Lungs: delivers more oxygen