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https://www.healio.com/news/cardiology/20210709/more-than-1-in-3-cardiology-professionals-reported-burnout-during-covid19-pandemic

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More than 1 in 3 cardiology professionals reported burnout during COVID-19 pandemic

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Cardiology Today | The COVID-19 pandemic has increased burnout among CV professionals, with many surveyed citing their basic, emotional and safety needs were not well supported by health care organizations, which, for some, led to a desire to change careers.The prevalence of burnout among all CV professionals nearly doubled after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, from 20% in 2019 to 38% during the pandemic,

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https://www.acc.org/about-acc/press-releases/2020/03/28/09/02/burnout-a-major-and-growing-issue

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Contact: Nicole Napoli, nnapoli@acc.org, 202-375-6523

WASHINGTON (Mar 28, 2020) -

More than 1 out of 3 heart doctors in the U.S. report feeling burned out, according to results of a new survey presented at the American College of Cardiology's Annual Scientific Session Together with World Congress of Cardiology (ACC.20/WCC).

"More than a third of cardiologists reported being burned out and nearly 44% were stressed, and this is alarming," said Laxmi Mehta, MD, director of preventative cardiology and women's cardiovascular health at Ohio State University and the study's lead author. "Not only can burnout affect the quality of care they provide to patients, it also has many other negative personal and professional ramifications."

Supporting clinician wellness by providing potential solutions to alleviate some of the job pressures associated with burnout has become a strategic priority for the American College of Cardiology (ACC) Mehta, who serves as chair of the ACC Membership Committee's Clinician Well-being Workgroup, said. The current survey was developed after several add-on questions specific to burnout were included on the ACC's most recent Professional Life Survey and revealed that roughly one-quarter of cardiologists reported burnout in 2015. Mehta and her team wanted to dig deeper and launched a survey focused solely on this issue to gauge how common stress and burnout are, explore whether certain cardiologists are more likely to experience symptoms and identify what might be exacerbating these feelings.

"These data give us a baseline of where we are, as well as insights into the associated practice factors that are affecting cardiologists," Mehta said.

The mini-Z survey was sent via email to 19,348 cardiologists, fellows-in-training and cardiovascular team members. Of the 2,025 cardiologists who responded to the survey (1,652 men, 362 women, 11 declined), 35.4% reported burnout and 43.9% said they are stressed. While it was up to the respondents to define what "burnout" meant to them, they were given prompts to assess the degree to which they felt overloaded. Of those who did report burnout, 23.9% said they were experiencing one or more symptoms, such as emotional exhaustion, 9.9% said they had chronic symptoms of burnout and 1.6% said they felt completely burned out to the point of needing to seek outside help.

Mid-career cardiologists who had between eight and 21 years of experience most often reported being burnt out (45.3%) when compared with early or late-career cardiologists (35.4% and 31.5%, respectively), which Mehta said was surprising given that these cardiologists tend to be more established and likely more productive at this stage. Burnout was also more common in women than men, occurring in 45.3% vs. 33.5%, respectively, and may be due to the pressures women feel juggling a career while trying to raise a family, though Mehta said there may be other factors that play a role and should be explored.

Not surprisingly, how much time cardiologists clock each week was directly associated with burnout-those working more than 60 hours a week reporting higher rates of exhaustion and other symptoms of burnout (41.5%), followed by those working 40-60 hours a week (29.5%); cardiologists who work less than 40 hours a week were least likely to experience symptoms of burnout (17.9%).

Cardiologists who are burnt out and stressed were more likely to report a hectic work environment, lack of control over workload and insufficient time for documentation. It also seems that doctors aren't immune to 24-hour work cycles given remote access to work emails and other technology. Those who report being burned out or more stressed tended to have higher electronic medical record usage at home. Cardiologists who felt burned out more frequently spent less than an hour a week on personal time.

"Cardiology remains a highly desirable medical specialty to pursue, but adverse work environments are consistently associated with burn out," Mehta said. "We need to remember work-life balance is important and to take care of our patients and ourselves."

This study is limited in that it relied on self-reported symptoms and participants' own interpretation of burnout, which is popularly defined as "the loss of passion for work, depersonalization and dissatisfaction with personal accomplishments while working in a stressful environment."

As a natural extension of this work, Mehta and her team plan to examine how stress and burnout affect the full care team and identify factors that can predict burnout and then work with the ACC on addressing potential solutions.

ACC.20/WCC will take place March 28-30, bringing together cardiologists and cardiovascular specialists from around the world to share the newest discoveries in treatment and prevention. Follow @ACCinTouch, @ACCMediaCenter and #ACC20/#WCCardio for the latest news from the meeting.

The American College of Cardiology envisions a world where innovation and knowledge optimize cardiovascular care and outcomes. As the professional home for the entire cardiovascular care team, the mission of the College and its 54,000 members is to transform cardiovascular care and to improve heart health. The ACC bestows credentials upon cardiovascular professionals who meet stringent qualifications and leads in the formation of health policy, standards and guidelines. The College also provides professional medical education, disseminates cardiovascular research through its world-renowned JACC Journals, operates national registries to measure and improve care and offers cardiovascular accreditation to hospitals and institutions. For more, visit acc.org.
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Burnout a Major and Growing Issue Among Nation's Cardiologists - American College of Cardiology

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Contact: Nicole Napoli, nnapoli@acc.org, 202-375-6523 WASHINGTON (Mar 28, 2020) - More than 1 out of 3 heart doctors in the U.S. report feeling burned out, according to results of a new survey presented at the American College of Cardiology's Annual Scientific Session Together with World Congress of Cardiology (ACC.20/WCC).

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burnout

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https://work.chron.com/benefits-being-cardiologist-2362.html

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A cardiologist specializes in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of heart conditions and other health issues related to arteries and blood vessels. Some work in private practice while others work in group medical facilities. Like many of the patients they help, cardiologists commonly work under stressful conditions. However, the work they do is critical to the overall success of the health care industry.

Some might say the stress and hours involved in cardiology work are not worth it, but a cardiologist salary is quite high. The 2019 Medscape Physician Compensation Report shows an annual median income of $430,000 for cardiologists. They trailed orthopedic surgeons, who netted $482,000, plastic surgeons, whose earnings average $471,000 and otolaryngologists, who earn an average of $461,000 a year. Top cardiologists in major metropolitan areas can make significantly more than average.

The benefits of being a cardiologist include plentiful job opportunities, as well, with a projected growth rate for all physicians of 7 percent through 2028, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Cardiologists are expected to be more in demand than most physicians, the BLS states, because many aging baby boomers will face heart problems as they age.

Being a cardiologist is one of the most prestigious occupations in the health care industry. To achieve this professional status, you not only need a doctoral degree in medicine, but you also must complete internship and residency work, and pass multiple certification exams.

Top performing cardiologists can earn a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology (FACC) designation based on longevity in the field, notable accomplishments and a reputation for high moral integrity, according to CardioSmart. These cardiologists are chosen by their peers and by medical school faculty.

Cardiologists provide health care services that significantly affect patient care and treatment success. However, they do not perform surgical procedures like cardiac surgeons and other surgeons do.

They spend significant time analyzing heart tests and making treatment plans. This makes their role, while impacting, slightly less pressure-filled. For a medical professional that prefers to assess patient needs and make treatment decisions, cardiology provides an effective career option.

The diagnoses, prevention and treatment cardiologists offer commonly affect quality of life of their patients. In emergency situations, they can make the difference between life and death.

Cardiologists also regularly earn subspecialty certifications in areas like pediatrics or cardiothoracic surgery. This provides an even greater opportunity to focus on the work for which you have a true passion. Some cardiologists prefer to use their talents to help kids, while others would rather work with a diverse group of patients.

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A cardiologist specializes in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of heart conditions and other health issues related to arteries and blood vessels. Some work in private practice while others work in group medical facilities. Like many of the patients they help, cardiologists commonly work under stressful conditions.

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https://www.princetonreview.com/medical/mcat-sections#:~:text=The%20MCAT%20is%20a%207.5,Critical%20Analysis%20and%20Reasoning%20Skills.

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The MCAT is a 7.5-hour exam that consists of four sections: Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems; Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems; Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior; and Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills.

Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems

59 multiple-choice questions

95-minute section

Tests basic biology, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, and biochemistry

Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems

59 multiple-choice questions

95-minute section

Tests basic biochemistry, biology, general chemistry, organic chemistry, and physics

Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

59 multiple-choice questions

95-minute section

Tests introductory psychology, sociology, and biology

Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills

53 multiple-choice questions

90-minute section

Similar to reading comprehension sections on other standardized tests

Passages come from a variety of humanities and social sciences disciplines

Need to brush up on a tough topic? You need MedFlix .

With MedFlix you can review the topics you need help with and skip the ones you don't with 500+ hours of on-demand video lessons. These videos were created by our content directors-our best and most experienced teachers. Simply log on and start watching, 24/7.

MedFlix is included in our MCAT 513+, MCAT LiveOnline, MCAT 515+ Immersion, Online prep courses, as well as select MCAT tutoring packages.
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Check out a sample MedFlix below.

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The MCAT is a 7.5-hour exam that consists of four sections: Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems; Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems; Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior; and Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills.

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Non-invasive cardiologists focus on the detection and treatment of heart disease, using external tests—rather than instruments inserted into the body—to evaluate and diagnose cardiac disorders.

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https://medicalaid.org/why-the-best-pre-med-major-isnt-biology/

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Why the Best Pre-Med Major Isn't Biology | International Medical Aid

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According to the data, the best pre-med major isn't biology. Three major groups-Humanities, Math and Statistics, and Physical Sciences-have higher medical school admissions rates...

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https://medicalaid.org/how-to-become-a-cardiologist-training-licensing-and-certification-requirements/

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How To Become A Cardiologist: Training, Licensing, and Certification Requirements | International Medical Aid

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International Medical Aid provides the definitive guide to how to become an cardiologist including in-depth information on the training...]

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https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/23258-preventive-cardiology#:~:text=Primary%20prevention%3A%20Primary%20prevention%20helps,let%20it%20get%20any%20worse.

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What is preventive cardiology?

Preventive cardiology is a specialty of cardiology that helps you manage heart disease risk factors before they get worse. Cardiology is a branch of internal medicine that focuses on your heart and blood vessels. So, preventive cardiology focuses on early prevention to keep your heart and blood vessels healthy. It's a form of preventive medicine that can make a big impact on your health and well-being.

You may already see a cardiologist for heart checkups. You'd keep seeing your cardiologist if you join a preventive cardiology program. But you'd also receive care and advice from providers in many different specialties.

That's because preventive cardiology takes a whole-body approach to caring for your heart. Your heart and blood vessels are team players. They work with your kidneys, endocrine system and many other "players" to keep your body going strong. But when one of the players gets injured, the whole team has to step in to help. So, a heart problem might put more work on your kidneys. Or a hormonal imbalance might lead to high blood pressure and more stress on your arteries.

Since your internal body parts work as a team, it makes sense for your healthcare providers to also work as a team. That's the logic behind this innovative and collaborative form of care. Your preventive cardiology team includes providers from a range of specialties. They all receive additional training and certifications.

Care across specialties

Preventive cardiology programs are interdisciplinary. This means healthcare providers from different specialties work together with cardiologists. Your preventive care team could include:

Preventive cardiology teams are made of experts who share their knowledge with each other and with you. They have expertise in areas like:

How your metabolism works.

The anatomy and function of your heart.

Functional stress testing.

Cardiac rehab.

Drugs and treatments for a range of conditions.

Natural therapies.

Lifestyle factors that impact your health.

Plus, your preventive cardiology team reaches out to other departments and programs to arrange care as you need it.

What do preventive cardiologists do?

The cardiologists on your preventive cardiology team support all aspects of your heart health. They collaborate with other specialists on your team. Preventive cardiology programs can help you with two types of heart disease prevention:

Primary prevention: Primary prevention helps you prevent heart or blood vessel problems before you have an event like a heart attack, stroke or surgery.

Secondary prevention: Secondary prevention helps you after you've had a heart event. The goal is to stop heart disease in its tracks and not let it get any worse.

Both types of prevention involve risk assessment, medical management and lifestyle management. Your preventive cardiology team provides care in each area.

Risk management

Prevention starts with learning your risks. Your team will personalize your care plan based on your medical history, health status and goals. Your first appointment will involve a complete risk assessment. This will show you and your team any risk factors you have right now. Your risk assessment includes:

The blood test goes above and beyond the usual one you may have at appointments with your primary care provider. Your team will run extra tests that check for nontraditional and newly discovered heart disease risk factors. These may include: specific proteins, lipoproteins and other substances linked with heart disease risk.

This risk assessment guides your treatment plan. Your team will review the results and talk with you about what they mean. You may need other tests like an EKG or echocardiogram. These imaging tests show more details about your heart function.

You'll go back for follow-up appointments every three months. You may go more often or less often depending on your risks and needs.

Medical management

Knowing your risks is the first step. Next, you'll work with your team to lower those risks. Many people have more than one heart disease risk factor. Sometimes treatment for one helps the others too. Your team will discuss treatment options and help you manage risks like:

Your team will discuss how your risks and medical conditions are affected by your:

Lifestyle management

Lifestyle management is an important part of preventive cardiology programs. In other words, what can you do in your daily life to lower your heart disease risks? You'll talk with your team about factors like:

Talking about your lifestyle can be complex and might feel overwhelming. It's OK to take things slow and tell your team when you're feeling confused, upset or unsure of something. Most people can recall a time when someone judged them in some way about their health or made them feel "less than."

Your preventive cardiology team is here to support you, not judge you. You can be open and honest. You can expect compassionate support and practical advice in return.

What can a preventive cardiology program help me do?

A preventive cardiology program can help you learn your risk factors for heart disease and how to manage them. Preventive cardiology can also help you manage existing heart disease so it doesn't get worse.

Preventive cardiology is individualized. That means your plan is custom designed for you based on your background, needs and risks. You and a friend could both join the same program but have completely different plans. Cookie-cutter plans don't work because everyone has a unique heart health profile. Your preventive cardiology team designs your plan with you, helps you set goals and helps you achieve those goals every step of the way.

Your preventive cardiology program could help you reach goals like:

Getting your blood pressure under control.

Lowering your "bad" cholesterol (LDL).

Lowering your blood sugar.

Adding 15 minutes of planned physical activity to each day.

Quitting smoking.

Making a list of go-to healthy snacks and meals for busy days.

Should I see a preventive cardiologist?

Preventive cardiology is designed to support people at all stages of life. Anyone can benefit from joining a preventive cardiology program. But it's especially helpful if you:

Want to lower your risk of developing heart disease.

Have been diagnosed with heart disease risk factors.

Have medical conditions that raise your risk of developing heart disease. These include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, among others.

Had a heart attack, stroke or surgery and want to prevent problems from happening again.

Even if you don't have any risk factors right now, you could benefit from a preventive cardiology program. Your team will help you learn how to keep your risks low as you get older and help you manage any changes in your health status.

Like the saying goes, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Luckily, your preventive cardiology team can help with prevention and treatment. The sooner you start preventing problems, the less treatment you may need down the road.
A note from Cleveland Clinic
Heart disease is a complex journey no matter what stage you're at. Every small change you make to lower your risks can make a big difference later on.

Preventive cardiology programs are designed to meet your individual needs. Talk with your healthcare provider to learn about program options. Your preventive cardiology team can make each change feel manageable. And together, you'll celebrate every success along the way.

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Preventive cardiology is a specialty of cardiology that helps you manage heart disease risk factors before they get worse. Cardiology is a branch of internal medicine that focuses on your heart and blood vessels. So, preventive cardiology focuses on early prevention to keep your heart and blood vessels healthy.

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https://cvgcares.com/hospital-vs-private-practice-which-is-better-for-cardiologists/
non-invasive cardiologist can work private practice or through big healthcare organization such as hospitals:
Hospitals:
-no headache of budgeting
-possibility of partnership between physicians and hospital administration
-not much competition because the hospital provides most patients
-don't have to worry about pay, often times it is contract
-hospital support (in cases of being sued for malpractice)
Private Practice:
-The restrictions and policies enforced by hospitals make it extremely difficult for employees to do their jobs efficiently
- lack of support (in cases of being sued for malpractice)
-more flexibility in patient cases
-more personal, smaller working environment
-the cost of a test is based on direct overhead and therefore vastly reduced in comparison

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I have been working as a cardiologist for almost 25 years - both in the hospital as an employed physician and in the private practice world. I have truly valued the time I spent in each setting, and I feel very fortunate to have been given the opportunity to experience both. There are definite similarities, such as the patients, procedures, number of hours worked, and the technology used. However, there are also many differences one must keep in mind when choosing which path to take.

Hospitals Have Their Advantages

Depending on which physician you ask, you will get a different response to the question, "What is the best thing about working for a hospital?" Make no mistake, being employed by a big healthcare organization has its advantages. In my opinion, the major benefit to the physicians is the current payment model and not directly having to deal with the headache of a budget and overhead. I, on the other hand, thought this approach would be excellent for doctors to better coordinate healthcare. In this circumstance, it means providing cardiac care, controlling costs and practicing evidence-based, state of the art cardiology as a team. The primary focus is creating a trusted, true partnership between physicians and hospital administration. This would lead to major improvement in value-based medicine for the patients. The major components of this partnership are trust, commitment on both sides and transparency. If any of these components fail, the partnership is doomed, and it becomes all about a competition between the parties and no one wins.

I believe doctors should be rewarded by a combination of productivity, quality and value. As a hospital employee, income, under most circumstances, is not determined by the patients' ability to pay. The hospital ensures all staff paychecks regardless of the financial position of the patient. I believe everyone should have "skin in the game." It should not be all about the bottom line and dollar sign.

Perks of a Private Practice

I'm sure most medical professionals would agree that the primary reason to work independently is for the autonomy. The restrictions and policies enforced by hospitals make it extremely difficult for employees to do their jobs efficiently at times. When it comes to hiring a new employee or implementing new protocols, hospital bureaucracy tends to make all of these processes remarkably slow and more complicated than necessary. Private practices are not subject to the same scrutiny as non-profit hospital organizations. Physicians are used to making decisions regarding patient's lives in split seconds and don't usually respond with much patience to the multiple layers of bureaucracy to reach the same decision that was suggested in the first five minutes of a discussion.

Two other definite advantages to private practice is the ability to affect patient care and work flow without the delay of going through various committees. The staff also seem to take more ownership in the more personal, smaller working environment. Secondly, and of significant importance, is virtually all testing can be done at tremendously less cost in the private world as the overhead required by the hospital is taken into account regardless of the procedure or test. In private practice, the cost of a test is based on direct overhead and therefore vastly reduced in comparison.

How to Choose

My caution to any physician or group regardless of specialty when considering the option of independence versus employment, is know the organization's impression towards physician partnerships and leadership roles in as much detail as possible. Remember the best judge of future behavior is past behavior. If there is any doubt regarding trust, commitment and transparency, think twice before you sign on the dotted line. The grass is not always greener on the other side.

If you have any questions for Dr. Sandler or any other CVG team member, please visit our website at: www.cvgcares.com.

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Hospital vs Private Practice: Which is Better for Cardiologists? - CVG Cares

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I have been working as a cardiologist for almost 25 years - both in the hospital as an employed physician and in the private practice world. I have truly valued the time I spent in each setting, and I feel very fortunate to have been given the opportunity to experience both.

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Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and in the U.S. Almost half of adults in the U.S. have some form of cardiovascular disease. It affects people of all ages, sexes, ethnicities and socioeconomic levels.

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716237/

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Prevention of cardiovascular diseases: Role of exercise, dietary interventions, obesity and smoking cessation

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Hypertension, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, arrhythmias and valvular heart disease, coagulopathies and stroke, collectively known as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), contribute greatly to the mortality, morbidity and economic burden of illness…

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Prevention of cardiovascular diseases: Role of exercise, dietary interventions, obesity and smoking cessation

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new and more effective ways to improve cardiovascular health and to treat CVD

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Effects of prevention on premature mortality attributable to cardiovascular disease risk factors. 

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Effects of prevention on premature mortality attributable to cardiovascular disease risk factors. 

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deaths in thousands:
high blood pressure
overweight-obesity
physical inactivity
smoking
high LDL cholesterol
high blood glucose
high dietary sodium
low dietary omega-3 fatty acids
high dietary trans fatty acids
low intake of fruits and vegetables
low PUFA (in place of SFA)
Alcohol usage

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579718/

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A Problem-Solving Intervention for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction in Veterans: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

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Health behaviors related to diet, tobacco usage, physical activity, medication adherence, and alcohol use are highly determinative of risk for developing cardiovascular disease. This paper describes a study protocol to evaluate a problem-solving intervention…

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https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000652

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cardiovascular disease

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https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/heart-rate-during-heart-attack#effect-on-blood-pressure

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Someone's heart rate can increase or stay the same during a heart attack. An elevated heart rate is not a specific sign or symptom of a heart attack.

Heart attacks involve a restriction or stoppage of blood flowing to the heart. A person's heart rate during a heart attack will vary based on their overall health, medication use, and other medical conditions.

Some people will experience an increased heart rate during a heart attack, but others will not. More common signs of a heart attack include severe chest pain, shortness of breath, and tightness in the chest.

This article discusses what happens during a heart attack, how it affects the heart rate, and what to do.

A heart attack occurs when the heart loses all or some blood flow to the organ. The blood flowing to the heart provides oxygen. Without oxygen, the heart cannot function normally.

According to the American Heart Association, the heart becomes damaged during a heart attack. The amount and severity of damage will depend on:

how much of the blood flow to the heart is blocked

what the oxygen demand of the heart muscle is

the speed of treatment

Following a heart attack, the heart will begin to heal, sometimes creating scar tissue over the damaged area. In some cases, the heart will become permanently weakened and pump less blood.

A person's heart rate may increase or stay the same during a heart attack.

The heart rate at the time of treatment can sometimes predict recovery success. According to one 2018 study across 58 hospitals, a heart rate above 80 beats per minute had the highest risk of mortality following a heart attack.

Is a high heart rate a sign of a heart attack?

An elevated heart rate is not a reliable sign of a heart attack.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American Heart Association do not recognize heart rate elevation as a sign or symptom of a heart attack.

There are three types of heart attack, each of which affect heart rate differently. The three types are:

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)

non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)

coronary artery spasm

STEMI can be the most severe form of heart attack. It typically causes an elevated heart rate during the event but certain types of STEMIs can cause damage to the electrical system of the heart and slow the heart rate. NSTEMI heart attacks are usually less damaging to the heart, but may also increase the heart rate. Sometimes the NSTEMI (Type II) is a result of fast heart rate as a result of some other underlying issue (fever, bleeding) with a fixed blockage of the coronary arteries.

Coronary artery spasms occur when the artery walls tighten and restrict blood flow to the heart. They can also affect the heart rate.

Heart attacks cause damage to part of the heart. The damage occurs in any area that the blocked artery usually supplies with blood.

According to the American Heart Association, a damaged heart will keep pumping blood through the body, but the effort may weaken it. During the event, a person's heart rate can increase.

A doctor or emergency room team may use a beta-blocker to slow the heart rate, reducing the oxygen demand of the heart. This can help prevent further damage to the organ.

According to the American Heart Association, tachycardia is where a person's heart rate is too fast for their age and overall physical condition. During a heart attack, their heart rate will likely remain elevated.

Bradycardia causes a slower heart rate. People with bradycardia or other diseases of the electrical system may not experience an increased heart rate during a heart attack.

The American Heart Association states that during a heart attack, the heart muscle will suffer damage due to a lack of oxygen. This can weaken the heart, which can cause blood pressure to drop during or following a heart attack. Low blood pressure can compromise the blood flow to the heart.

Stress during a heart attack can also increase blood pressure. Once treatment has begun, healthcare professionals will monitor blood pressure and stabilize it as needed. Higher blood pressure can increase the oxygen demand of the heart.

There are several potential signs of a heart attack to look out for, including:

discomfort in different areas of the body, such as in one or both arms, the neck, back, or stomach

pressure or fullness in the chest

chest discomfort or shortness of breath

lightheadedness

nausea

cold sweat

Symptoms can vary based on whether a person is male or female. Everyone may have chest pain or fullness. Females are more likely to experience some of the other atypical symptoms, such as discomfort around the body.

About 50% of all Americans have at least one risk factor for a heart attack. According to the , some common risk factors include:

family history of heart disease

smoking

high blood pressure

high cholesterol

older age

Anyone experiencing symptoms of a heart attack should contact emergency services immediately. The states that early treatment reduces the chances of permanent damage or fatality.

Following the emergency, a person should follow up with their doctor for steps to support a full recovery. Doctors will typically help develop a follow-up treatment plan that may include preventive medicine and lifestyle changes.

A person's heart rate during a heart attack may increase or stay the same, although an elevated heart rate may be associated with a worse outcome. Doctors may provide medication during a heart attack to lower the heart rate, such as beta-blockers.

An elevated heart rate is not a reliable sign of a heart attack. Pay attention to other signs, such as chest pain, pressure, or discomfort. A person should contact emergency services immediately if they are experiencing any signs of a heart attack.

Read this article in Spanish.

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Heart rate during a heart attack: What to know

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Someone's heart rate can increase or stay the same during a heart attack. An elevated heart rate is not a specific sign or symptom of a heart attack. Heart attacks involve a restriction or stoppage of blood flowing to the heart.

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Opportunity to change career before going into residency and fellowship, depending on interests in medical school, most students find themselves changing opinions on what interests them. Considering most students go into medical school not knowing what field they want to go into, they change. Medical school is the time and place to find out what field of medicine you want to go into. Residency and fellowship are where a doctor begins studying and only working in one field.

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https://medicalaid.org/how-to-become-a-cardiologist-training-licensing-and-certification-requirements/

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How To Become A Cardiologist: Training, Licensing, and Certification Requirements | International Medical Aid

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International Medical Aid provides the definitive guide to how to become an cardiologist including in-depth information on the training...]

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Earn a bachelor's degree.

Take the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT)

Attend medical school.

Take the United States Medical Licensing Exams (USMLE).

Complete a residency program.

Get board-certified in cardiology specialty.

Complete a fellowship program.

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https://work.chron.com/disadvantages-being-cardiologist-25186.html

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The heart is so absolutely vital to life that it feels redundant to enumerate its importance. It is no surprise that the doctors trained and trusted to care for and cure our hearts are highly respected and well-compensated, but that path is not suited for everyone. The cardiologist lifestyle can be stressful and exhausting.

Many students are tempted to pursue a medical career due to the high pay and prestige. Often, the most highly regarded position in medicine is that of a heart surgeon. The path to those positions is not easy, however. Furthermore, not everyone who can successfully become a heart surgeon or cardiologist would necessarily enjoy the lifestyle and burdens that come with it.

There are many pros and cons of becoming a cardiologist. First and foremost, the role does come with a generous salary. You would work to save lives, each and every day. In addition, you would have the respect of your patients and your community, thanks to your life-saving work.

There are drawbacks to working as a cardiologist, however. These include a significant investment in time and money for education and training. In addition, cardiologists have a high-stress job, with long hours at work and on call. The risk of malpractice is high. Furthermore, it is often the job of a cardiologist to deliver bad news to patients and their families, which can take an emotional toll.

Looking more deeply at the advantages of work as a cardiologist can be helpful. Cardiologist salary is correctly assumed to be high. Experts at Weatherby Healthcare list a cardiologist's salary as among the five highest-paid physician specialties. They average ​$438,000​ annually, and on the upper end can earn as much as ​$800,000 ​ per year.

While the thrill and impact of surgery is undeniable, non-invasive cardiologists work to prevent the need for surgery and help save lives in a way that is hugely impactful. Whether by repairing a damaged aorta or guiding a patient through new medicines and lifestyle changes, you will be helping people in need and improving their lives.

The team at ValueWalk ranks doctors as the most respected profession in the world today. Simply by being a physician, you will garner better treatment and be treated as a higher priority by those around you.

There are significant disadvantages to preparing for a career as a cardiologist and then working as one. On top of the assumed four years of undergraduate study, you can expect at least four to six years of medical school, followed by at least three years of residency and another three to four years of fellowship. You can expect at least 15 years of preparation before being able to practice as a fully licensed cardiologist.

The team at Education Data states that a bachelor's degree can result in upwards of $400,000 in debt. The costs of school aren't the end of the financial difficulties, as you now have to complete a residency to gain hands-on experience and a fellowship if you want to pursue a specialty, such as cardiology. Both residencies and fellowships require hours of overtime by the day and by the week.

While you do get paid for this work, you don't get overtime pay for most of it. The University of Tennessee states that it pays residents and fellows between ​$55,000​ and ​$69,000​ annually. The Allegheny Health Network offers a similar ​$58,000​ to ​$70,000 ​ per year.

When you have the chance to save lives, you also have the chance to fail to save lives. Most doctors will have to deliver the crushing news to a family that a loved one has passed. While it's hard to imagine a family taking this news positively, some take it extremely badly and attempt to blame the doctor for what may have been an unavoidable condition or circumstance. The writers for Market Business News indicate that 10 percent of doctors spend their entire career with a malpractice suit against them and 60 percent of cardiologists, in particular, are the targets of malpractice suits.

More than half of all cardiologists log 50 hours a week with patients, and at least 10 percent log up to 65 hours. Then there's the office time required to file paperwork, go to meetings and so on. Then there are the days or weeks you spend on call, which means that even your free time isn't all that free.

Given all of this, the amount of stress doctors must face, and the impact of cardiologists, in particular, is significant. A cardiologist lifestyle is one of constantly working until you can establish your own practice and control not only your hours but your rates.

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The heart is so absolutely vital to life that it feels redundant to enumerate its importance. It is no surprise that the doctors trained and trusted to care for and cure our hearts are highly respected and well-compensated, but that path is not suited for everyone. The cardiologist lifestyle can be stressful and exhausting.

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stress, debt after school, long hours, paperwork, possible risks of being sued (malpractice suits), spending time on call (more stress), paperwork, giving bad news, challenging negotiating for pay

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The average Cardiologist - Non-Invasive salary in California is $464,800, the range typically falls between $376,800 and $562,700, depending on the years of experience, location, and demand.

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around 13 years to become a cardiologist

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https://www.signature-healthcare.org/medical-services/heart-care-(cardiology)/non-invasive-cardiology#:~:text=Non%2Dinvasive%20cardiologists%20focus%20on,evaluate%20and%20diagnose%20cardiac%20disorders.

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non invasive cardiologist- do not participate in surgeries but still need the proper education to know how to treat and care for patients with heart problems.