# data[].attributes.body
(#2) Regina Sofía Dieck Nava (2170932)

(#3) Roberto Jonathan García Medina (2170933)

(#4) Gabriela Gómez González (2170934)

Activity: ILP

Stage 4

Portfolio Activity

Delivery date: May 2nd, 2023.

Teacher: Mrs. Nallely Salais

Character Trait: Reverent

“Therefore, since we are receiving

a kingdom that cannot be

shaken, let us be thankful, and so

worship God acceptably with

reverence and awe.” Hebrews 12:28

# data[].attributes.body
Have you thought about how is related the chemistry with our entire life? Well, chemistry is related with everything or viceversa. For example, math formulate equations and calculations that explain matter behavior or medicine that collaborates in the developement of chemical compounds for treatement diseases. Also we will see how the temperature and other circumstances allow the physical and chemical changes. In addition, we will explain some of the atomic theories and models. Finally we will explain the classifications given in the periodic table and give information of chemical bonds.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Mathematics is one of the sciences that has relationship with chemistry.

# data[].attributes.headline
What is  the relationship between chemistry and other sciences? How it influences daily life?

# data[].attributes.subject
What is  the relationship between chemistry and other sciences? How it influences daily life?

# data[].attributes.body
Some examples of other sciences that have relationship with chemistry are:

Mathematics: Formulates equations and calculations to explain matter behavior.

Physics: Provides laws an concepts that are the base for chemistry principles.

Biology: Determine what substances live in living beings and the involvement of chemical compounds in biological processes.

Agriculture: Requires and uses substances to protect the crop yields.

Engineering: Contributes to the research and production of materials. Transforms discoveries into devices that benefit society.

Medicine: Develop chemical compounds fot the treatment of diseases.

All this sounds very good, but if we say that chemistry is not relevant for live, that's wrong because it is important since:

Everything is made of chemicals.

Many world changes are caused by chemical reactions.

It helps you make decisions that affect your life.

# data[].attributes.headline
How matter can experiment physical and chemical changes? How the aggregation states of matter and energy are involved?

# data[].attributes.subject
How matter can experiment physical and chemical changes? How the aggregation states of matter and energy are involved?

# data[].attributes.body
First is important to stay that a physical change is the one that don't invlove an alteration in the intarnal structure, and a chemical change involves a change in matter internal composition, forming new substances.
Physical changes can occur by bending, freezin, breaking or melting a substance. There is another form, that is by changes of aggregation state that absorb energy (endothermic) or release it (exothermic). The changes that can occur are:

Endothermic:

Fusion: Temperatures increases, it goes from solid to liquid.

Evaporation: Increases temperature, goes from liquid to gas.

Sublimation: Solid turns to gas by increasing temperature and pressure.

Exothermic:

Solidification: Goes from liquid to solid when temperature decreases.

Condensation: Gas turns to liquid when temperature decreases.

Deposition: Transforms gas to liquid when temperature decreases.

As we saw, transformations that occurs in matter are accompanied by changes in energy; this is captured or generated when a chemical change occurs.

# data[].attributes.body
There were many important people that contributed in the development of the atomic model, some of them are:

John Dalton: Described atoms as small spherical, solid, indestructible with a fixed weight. Stated the law of multiple proportions which argues that the elements can be combined in more than one proportion.

J.J. Thmoson: Carried out experiments with cathode rays. Discovered that the atom has charges. He called negative particles "electrons". Stated atom is neutral sin negative charges are compensated by the positive charge. Finally que conceived that atoms as a compact and indivisible particle.

Ernest Rutherford: Used rays from radiactive source to determine the atomic structure. He stablished that atoms are made up of a shell and a nucleus. In addition, he said that the nucleus contains all the atom's mass, and atom's volume is mostly empty space.

Niels Bohr: His atomic model is known as the planetary model. He assumed that electrons revolve in definite orbits and all have a certain amount of energy. He argued that electrons in the ground state revolve around their energy level. Finally he said that electrons emit or absorb energy in the jumps between orbits.

Erwin Schrödinger: Developed the Wave Equation that describes that the probability (atomic orbitals) function of finding an electron at a given point in space.

Louis de Broglie: Propsed the Principle of Duality with an  analogy where matter, like light and in particles like the electron, also complies with wave and particle dualism.

Werner Heisenberg: Enunciated the Uncertainty Principle. This postulates that it's impossible to know simultaneously the speed an the position of an electron.

# data[].attributes.body
First, we have to say that radioativity is defined as a phenomenon of spontaneous emission of particles and high-energy radiation. The radiations produced during radioactive decay are of three types:

Alpha (α): Flow of positive particles made up of two protons and two neutrons.

Beta (β): Small and fast particles of negative electrical charge that have mass.

Gamma (γ): Similar to visible light, but have much higher energy. They are packets of energy without mass or energy, photons.

# data[].attributes.body
Uses:
1.- Nuclear destilation: Desalination plants around the world produce freshwater from seawater through distillation. These processes require energy in the form of heat to remove salt from saline water, which in turns make it drinkable.
2.- Clean Hydrogen Production: Nuclear power plants could be used to generate clean hydrogen to create ammonia and nitrogen for fertilizers. The hydrogen could also be used for steel refining or to develop synthetic fuels for cargo ships to drastically reduce its carbon footprint.
3.- Process Heating for Industry: Process heat is energy in the form of heat used mainly by the industrial sector for processes such as drying, manufacturing, refining, warming, and cooling.
Advantages:

Is clean and it provides pollution-free power with no greenhouse gas emissions.

May be clean and its production emission-free. The highly radioactive and toxic byproduct from nuclear reactors can remain radioactive for tens of thousands of years.

It is much safer than fossil fuels from a public health perspective.

Disadvantages:

The first and currently most talked about disadvantage of nuclear energy is the nuclear weapon proliferation.

Nuclear waste contains highly poisonous chemicals like plutonium and the uranium pellets used as fuel.

Is one of the most expensive and time-consuming forms of energy.

# data[].attributes.headline
Classifications given in the periodic table

# data[].attributes.subject
Classifications given in the periodic table

# data[].attributes.body
The periodic table can be classified in periods and families:

Periods:  Seven horizontal rows and are presen by Arabic numbers. Is characterize by the principal quantum number "n".

Groups: 18 vertical columns, where the numbering from 1 to 18 is officially stablished by the IUPAC. They are named with Roman numerals I to VIII, and divided into subgroups, A and B.

Also can be according to the behavioral trends:

Atomic size.

Electronegativity: Useful concept to understand the behavior of elements when forming a compound.

Ionization energy: Energy used to form a positive ion.

Electron affinity: Energy released when a gaseous atom accepts an electron to form a negative ion.

And finally by:

Metals: Shiny, electricity and heat conductors, and are solids at room temperature.

Nonmetals: Gases at room temperature, don't conduct heat, and melting and boiling points are lower than metals.

Metalloids: Solids bu not malleable, not high melting point, and can react with metals and nonmetals.

The types of bond are:

Ionic: Occurs between a metal and a non-metallic atom. Their electronegativity difference is >1.8.

Covalent: Occurs between nonmetallic atoms. Can be classified into:

Polar: One of the two atoms involved has a greater ability to attract the bond's electrons and the electron cloud is larger in one of the elements. Their electronegativity difference is from 0.4-1.7.

Nonpolar: Means that the ability of both atoms to attract each other's electrons and complete their octet is very similar. Their electronegativity difference is from 0.0-0.4.

# data[].attributes.body
The quemical compounds can be classified according to their:

Composition:

Organic: Characterized for having a carbon element in their formula.

Inorganic: Are those that don't have carbon in their formula.

Type of chemical bond:

Ionic: A metal with a nonmetal. Transfer valance electros. Solid with crystalline structure.

Molecular or covalent: A metal and nonmetal. Shares valance electrons. They vary between solids (sucrose), liquids (ethyl alcohol and gases (methane).

Amount of chemical elements:

Binary: Of two elements.

Ternary: Of three elements.

Polyatomic: Of four or more elements.

Chemical function:

Acids: Capable of increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. The first element is usually hydrogen.

Bases: Capable of increasing the concentration of hydroxide ions when dissolved. Their formula is formed with a cation and a hydroxide ion as anion.

Salts: Are ionic compounds between a cation and an anion. They result from the chemical reaction between an acid and a base.

Oxides: Binary compounds that are made up of two elements: one is oxygen and the other can be a metal or a nonmetal.

Peroxides: They are formed when two oxygen atoms combine through a covalent bond.

# data[].attributes.body
With this activity we could see the importance of chemistry in our daily, some of the reasons are that everything is made of chemicals, many world changes are caused by chemical reactions, and it helps you make decisions that affect your life.
In addtion, this changed our point of view about the nuclear energy and it is much safer than fossil fuels from a public health perspective. Finally, it was interesting to see how chemistry is related with many subjects such as medicine, physics, mathematics, biology, etc.

# data[].attributes.body
- Medina, E., Vera, P. & Zarate, R. (2023). Matter and its Transformations . Monterrey, Nuevo León, México: Ediciones De Laurel.

- Helmenstine, A. (2019). Why Is Chemistry Important in Everyday Life?. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/importance-of-chemistry-in-everyday-life-606807
- Office of Nuclear Energy. (2022). 3 Surprising Ways to Use Nuclear Energy. Office of Nuclear Energy. https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/3-surprising-ways-use-nuclear-energy#:~:text=Commercial%20reactors%20offer%20various%20applications,burning%20alternative%20fuel%20for%20vehicles.
- Igni, M. (2023). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy. Earth.Org. https://earth.org/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-nuclear-energy/