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The lack of legal response to Simon’s actions is astonishing, especially with all the conversations and the public outcry his actions caused and the amount of media coverage this case has received. As of 2022 an article written by Cosmopolitan report that Simon is being sued by the Leviev family, for reportedly stealing and using their family name causing their reputation to go down. Besides this one lawsuit, there has not been any government intervention.

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‘Tinder Swindler’ Simon Leviev is in serious hot water with the family whose name he stole

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The ‘Tinder swindler’ case is a very prominent case that ties in perfectly with romance fraud as it proves that it can happen to anyone. This case also shows that the legal system has some work to do when it comes to protecting individuals from fraudsters such as Simon Leviev and when it comes to having justice served to the victims. This case also proves that there is a lot of grey areas when it comes to whether or not victims of romance scams are truly manipulated or are they just too gullible, Simons case opens up the discussion on how sites such as tinder, bumble and hinge often open up the platform to do more harm than good.

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Scamming as a whole is when a person devices or tricks another person for their own gain. There are many different types of scamming and fraud, this blog post will focus mainly on romance fraud. Romance fraud otherwise known as sweethear scams is when an individual is tricked into a false romantic relationship with a fraudster. The scammer typically does this for financial gain and will often use fake profiles which include fake information such as their name, date of birth and even fake images. In 2020 it was reported by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission that over 37 million AUD was lost by Australians due to being victims of romance fraud.

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The Tinder swindler is a well known documentary on Netflix based off of a real story about the victims of Simon Leviev. Simon Leviev used the well known dating sites such as tinder to find his victims and manipulate them into sending him money. Simon would pose as a wealthy business  man to gain the attention of women once he gained their attentions he would then create a romantic relationship with them in order to manipulate them into sending him money. There has been no legal action taken towards Simon Leviev he is currently a free man living in Israel.

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Due to the notority of the hacking the response was almost immediate, there was a call for investigaitons to be done. The FBI investigated and ultimately found the group in North Korea to be responsible.in2015 the FBI issues sanctions to those they believe to be involved. Sony also faced some legal backlash as lawsuits came their way for their lack of security surrounding their employees document. Most of the lawsuits were settled. All in all there was a major change when it came to companies as they cracked down on their security surrounding their databases of information.

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The 2014 hacking of Sony is a very public and eminent example of hacking and the long-lasting effects of hacking can cause. The hacker exploited the vulnerable state of sony entertainment more specifically the employees of sony entertainment. The motivation and type of the hacker could be described as a stereotypical hacker or a black hat hacker. These hackers have usually criminal intent or have a specific gain from hacking. In this case, it was believed that although their actions were criminal the Group's intentions for hacking were for political gain.

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Hacking can be described as when an unauthorised person/s gain access to documents and other private information without permission. There are many different types of hacking such as phishing, malware, website hacking as well as password cracking. There are also many different motivations for hacking, there are also different types of hackers, one of them being ethical hackers. These are hackers that have legal authorization to hack. Stereotypical hackers, they often hack with criminal intent and there are the grey hat hackers who hack just for their own findings.

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In 2014 a group of hackers who called them selves the guardians of peace hacked Sony Entertainment. Over time they leaked personal information of employees as well as unreleased footage and sensitive information that Sony was keeping. The Hackers claimed that they hacked in retaliation for Sony not releasing a film called ‘The Interview’. The film was a depiction of a CIA assassin who allegedly tried to kill Kim Jong-un.

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International cyber law: interactive toolkit

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From International cyber law: interactive toolkit

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Date

Sony Pictures was made aware of the hack on 24 November 2014. However, it is likely that the hackers had been granted physical access into Sony's networks months before the malicious act happened.

Suspected actor

A group of hackers called "Guardians of Peace" (GOP). Following an FBI investigation, the US Government blamed the North Korean government as being the supporters of the malicious group. Despite the FBI claimed to have several evidence linking the attack to the Northern Korean regime, no proof has been officially disclosed. Officially, North Korea denied any involvement in the attack.

Target

Sony Pictures Entertainment (SPE) in New York

Target systems

Microsoft Windows-based systems

Method

The wiping malware was spread after being physically introduced into the Company´s networks. An executable "dropper" installed itself as a windows service once executed. The malware used Microsoft Windows' own management and network file sharing features to propagate and shut down network services. Once propagated into the system, the Trojan-Wiper created a link between Sony's network and the hackers, who were able to steal protected information as well as destroy data on the infected systems.

Purpose

The hackers were taking retaliatory action for Sony's failure to meet a previous demand to halt the release of " The Interview ", a then-upcoming satirical movie published by Sony Pictures. The movie depicted a CIA assassination attempt against Kim Jong-un, the North Korean Supreme Leader.

Result

Leaking of not-yet-released films and scripts - theft of employees' personal information such as social security numbers, medical records; disclosure of salary lists and sensitive email correspondences. Moreover, Sony had to cease all online activity, severing their network's connection and going offline for days.

Aftermath

On 19 December 2014 President Obama claimed that the US would respond "proportionally" against these attacks and, in particular, against the North Korean government. The attack not only damaged the company's employees and families, but also undermined the economic and social prosperity of the US citizens. The US Government may have retaliated in response to the malicious activity against Sony. In particular, attacks on its own critical infrastructures were claimed by the People´s Republic of Korea to have been conducted by the US. On December 22 and 23, North Korea´s internet temporarily blacked out. If these events and attributions are true, this would mark the first time that the United States has been known to react against a cyber-attack on American soil.

Analysed in

Scenario 05: Criminal investigation

Collected by: Samuele De Tomas Colatin

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Sony Pictures Entertainment attack (2014)

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From International cyber law: interactive toolkit Jump to navigation Jump to search Date Sony Pictures was made aware of the hack on 24 November 2014. However, it is likely that the hackers had been granted physical access into Sony's networks months before the malicious act happened.

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This case as said earlier sparked debates and changes worldwide as the greater public started becoming more aware of the effect image-based abuse can leave on victims and their families. Although Hunter Moore's case did not directly cause changes to Australian legislation, there is legislation in Australia that deals with image-based abuse. For example, section 21P of the crimes act states that it is an offence to record an image of someone that can be seen as intimate. Scion 91Q makes it an offence to distribute an intimate image without consent and section 91R makes it an offence to threaten to record and distribute an image of someone without their consent. Globally the main change Hunters case caused was through tech, many social media platforms have stricter policies when it comes to the content that is allowed to be shared.

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Legal Guide to Image-Based Abuse Legislation in NSW - TechSafety

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DISCLAIMER: The use of technology-facilitated abuse is a developing area of the law. The legal information, examples and scenarios contained in the guide are intended to explain the law as it stands at publication in general terms only and are not legal advice. They cannot be relied upon or applie…

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There is a direct relation between image-based abuse and Hunter Moores's case as he played a major role in distributing non-consensual explicit images, he did so through his website. His website and what occurred to him later is an example of how imaged-based abuse can affect victims the effects being increased harassment, emotional distress and permanent damage to the victim's reputation. This case is one of the cases that victims received the justice they needed.

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Image-based abuse can otherwise be known as revenge porn or non-consensual pornography Is the non-consensual sharing of explicit videos and photos of another person. In a 2017 study done by Esaftey Commissioner Australia it was found that from the ages of 16-49, one in ten Australians had experienced some form of image-based abuse. They also report that thousands of Australian's seek help for image-based abuse yearly. Image-based abuse is a crime that is usually committed by someone close to the victim. The image below is a graph provided by the 2017 study done by Esaftey Commissioner Australia. The graph shows the percentage of those who experienced image base abuse and how close the perpetrator was to the victim.

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The case of Hunter Moore is one that sparked a lot of controversy and conversation. To summarise Hunter Moore created a website ‘isAnyoneup?’. The website was used by users to anonymously post explicit images and videos of others without their consent. In order for the victims to gain access to their images and remove them from the site Hunter would charge them a significant amount. As of June 2015, Hunter Moore was sent to serve 2 years in federal prison after being found guilty of aggravated identity theft and hacking. Although Hunter's actions were unethical and harmful he played a major role when it came to bringing awareness to Image-based abuse.

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As a response to the arrest of Ross Ulbricht and the shutting down of the silk road, in 2014 law enforcement around the world such as ICE, FBI, EUROJUST and  HIS started an operation that they named Onymous. With the main purpose being to expose and stop those using crypto markets to sell and buy illegal substances. Some of the results of this bust were that “410 of the services were taken down 17 vendors and administrators arrested 1 million USD worth in Bitcoins were recovered and 180.000 EUR in cash, drugs and gold and silver.”

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Law enforcement and judicial agencies around the globe undertook a joint action, coordinated by Europol's EC3, the FBI, ICE, HIS and Eurojust, against dark markets running as hidden services on the Tor network. The action aimed to stop the sale, distribution and promotion of illegal and harmful items, which were sold on online dark marketplaces.

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How does crypto markets tie in with the silk road 

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How does crypto markets tie in with the silk road 

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The silk road is one of the most prominent examples of a drug crypto market. It's a case that is known worldwide as it caused a lot of change in how authorities cracked down on crypto markets. The bust on the silk road case gave authorities more insight into how crypto markets are created and run.

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Online crypto markets can also be known as dark markets. They are websites or marketplaces that facilitate the selling of illegal substances and other illegal products. These dark markets often use cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin as payment to ensure that the buyers remain anonymous. The websites are often encrypted using networks like Tor to ensure that the authorities cannot track down the website as well. There is no specific legislation that addresses crypto markets however The Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 and the Customs Act 1901 indirectly address crypto markets by addressing some of the crimes that are simultaneous with crypto markets these are money laundering, drug offences as well as Australian Securities and Investments Commission now have regulatory guidance for the crypto assets.

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INFO 225 explains your obligations under the Corporations Act and the ASIC Act if your business is involved with crypto-assets such as cryptocurrency, tokens or stablecoins, of if you are considering raising funds through an initial coin offering (ICO)

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The silk road was a website created on the dark web by Ross Ulbrict, with the main purpose to sell illicit drugs and other illegal products. The name derived from the ancient silk road that linked the western road to the middle east and Asia the route was used to trade between Europe and China. Ross created his site in 2011 and in 2013 he was sentenced to life imprisonment after being charged with conspiracy to commit money laundering, computer hacking, trafficking narcotics and identity theft. In 2017  the site was finally shut down after begin re-made in 2013 and 2015. The youtube video above is a documentary about the Silk road, how it was created and how the bust was made.

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The Most Illegal Business In The World: Silk Road

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As a response to radicalization and performance crime, New Zealand has since chosen to tighten gun laws to ensure that firearms don't get into the wrong hands. The Reuters article details some of the changes which include “prohibiting high-risk firearms” and the length of a firearm license down going from 10 years to 5. In terms of social media sites such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter have cracked down on monitoring content that is being posted, as well as warning viewers that the post they are about to see is a sensitive one. New Zeland continues to show it’s seriousness when it comes to cracking down on performance crimes and radicalization by sentencing Phillip Ars to 21 months in prison for posting and sending copies of the live video that was taken by Brentant Tarrant.

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New Zealander jailed for sharing Christchurch mass shooting video

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how radicalisation ties in with the case 

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how radicalisation ties in with the case 

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The acts Brentant Tarrant committed are prime examples of radicalisation. Starting with his manifesto it shows he was in the second stage of radicalisation whereby he believes and accepts the views of white supremacist groups and xenophobic groups. He then goes on to shoot his victims he carries out his extremist views putting him on stage for radicalisation whereby the person feels the need to act out his terrorist thoughts.

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When it comes to criminological concepts The Christ church massacre is a prime example of Radicalisation as well as performance crime. Radicalization can be defined as “someone being encouraged to develop extreme views or beliefs in support of terrorist groups and activities.” Radicalization has 4 different stages,the first one  being Pre-radical which is when “The person joins or identifies with a group or organization” the second stage being Self-identify This is when “The person believes and accepts the beliefs and views held by the group or organization” and the third being Indoctrination”The person is groomed by the group or organization pulling them further down the pathway” and the last stage is  Terrorism which is when“The person becomes involved in committing terrorist acts”

Performance crime is as it sounds a crime done in order to get attention or otherwise spread their extremist views.

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Think about radicalisation as a process of change where a person undergoes a transformation over a period of time. This can be a gradual change or because of the increasing threat of online radicalisation, one that can also happen quite fast.

But because it is a process, it means there can be 'entry points' or times where it's possible to intervene and support the person to choose a more positive pathway. The earlier this happens the better, as it means the person can get the support they need to turn things around before it's too late.

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Think about radicalisation as a process of change where a person undergoes a transformation over a period of time. This can be a gradual change or because of the increasing threat of online radicalisation, one that can also happen quite fast.

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The Christchurch massacre is one that shocked many. On March 15, 2019, a man named Brenton Tarrant entered Al Noor Mosque and the Linwood Islamic Centre and killed 51 people. He broadcasted his heinous acts on Facebook Live, the video has since been taken down as well as other videos taken by bystanders. Brenton also released a manifesto titled ‘The Great Replacement’ which detailed his views on white supremacy, anti-immigration sentiments, and Islamophobia. His manifesto contained extremist ideas and his desire to incite a race war due to its context it has since been removed from the internet.