# data[].attributes.headline
1686 Marcello Malpighi, a professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna, noted fingerprint characteristics. However, he made no mention of their value as a tool for individual identification.

# data[].attributes.subject
1686 Marcello Malpighi, a professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna, noted fingerprint characteristics. However, he made no mention of their value as a tool for individual identification.

# data[].attributes.body
This is important because it introduced the idea of fingerprints. He laid the foundation for modern histology and helped us advance understanding of the human body.

# data[].attributes.headline
1784 In Lancaster, England, John Toms was convicted of murder on the basis of the torn edge of wad of newspaper in a pistol matching a remaining piece in his pocket. This was one of the first documented uses of physical matching

# data[].attributes.subject
1784 In Lancaster, England, John Toms was convicted of murder on the basis of the torn edge of wad of newspaper in a pistol matching a remaining piece in his pocket. This was one of the first documented uses of physical matching

# data[].attributes.body
John Toms physical matching case demonstrated the importance of preserving and examining physical evidence in investigation. Methods in forensic science have evolved thanks to this event, since then.

# data[].attributes.headline
Mathiew Orfila, a Spaniard who became professor of medicinal/forensic chemistry at University of Paris, published Traite des Poisons Tires des Regnes Mineral, Vegetal et Animal, ou Toxicologie General l. Orfila is considered the father of modern toxicology. He also made significant contributions to the development of tests for the presence of blood in a forensic context and is credited as the first to attempt the use of a microscope in the assessment of blood and semen stains.

# data[].attributes.subject
Mathiew Orfila, a Spaniard who became professor of medicinal/forensic chemistry at University of Paris, published Traite des Poisons Tires des Regnes Mineral, Vegetal et Animal, ou Toxicologie General l. Orfila is considered the father of modern toxicology. He also made significant contributions to the development of tests for the presence of blood in a forensic context and is credited as the first to attempt the use of a microscope in the assessment of blood and semen stains.

# data[].attributes.body
His research and methods formed the basis of forensic toxicology. Today, his work is still used in crime labs and forensic investigations worldwide.

# data[].attributes.headline
1856 Sir William Herschel, a British officer working for the Indian Civil service, began to use thumbprints on documents both as a substitute for written signatures for illiterates and to verify document signatures

# data[].attributes.subject
1856 Sir William Herschel, a British officer working for the Indian Civil service, began to use thumbprints on documents both as a substitute for written signatures for illiterates and to verify document signatures

# data[].attributes.body
This fingerprint discovery is especially important due to their unique and unchanging nature. It has helped develop a system to better document and identify a person.

# data[].attributes.headline
1864 Odelbrecht first advocated the use of photography for the identification of criminals and the documentation of evidence and crime scenes.

# data[].attributes.subject
1864 Odelbrecht first advocated the use of photography for the identification of criminals and the documentation of evidence and crime scenes.

# data[].attributes.body
Photography has helped investigations immensely. It is used as tangible evidence as well as capturing details for an investigation.

# data[].attributes.headline
1889 Alexandre Lacassagne, professor of forensic medicine at the University of Lyons, France, was the first to try to individualize bullets to a gun barrel. His comparisons at the time were based simply on the number of lands and grooves.

# data[].attributes.subject
1889 Alexandre Lacassagne, professor of forensic medicine at the University of Lyons, France, was the first to try to individualize bullets to a gun barrel. His comparisons at the time were based simply on the number of lands and grooves.

# data[].attributes.body
He emphasized the importance of examining the unique characteristics of bullets. These marks can help identify the specific firearm that was used for a crime. This method is crucial to today.

# data[].attributes.headline
1900 Karl Landsteiner first discovered human blood groups and was awarded the Nobel prize for his work in 1930. MaxRichter adapted the technique to type stains. This is one of the first instances of performing validation experiments specifically to adapt a method for forensic science. Landsteiner's continued work on the detection of blood, its species, and its type formed the basis of practically all subsequent work.

# data[].attributes.subject
1900 Karl Landsteiner first discovered human blood groups and was awarded the Nobel prize for his work in 1930. MaxRichter adapted the technique to type stains. This is one of the first instances of performing validation experiments specifically to adapt a method for forensic science. Landsteiner's continued work on the detection of blood, its species, and its type formed the basis of practically all subsequent work.

# data[].attributes.body
Karls discoveries in blood have made safe blood transfusions possible, people are now able to match and compare blood types. Not only that, but knowing about the types of blood is important for medicine and public health in general.

# data[].attributes.headline
1910 Edmund Locard, successor to Lacassagne as professor of forensic medicine at the University of Lyons, France, established the first police crime laboratory.

# data[].attributes.subject
1910 Edmund Locard, successor to Lacassagne as professor of forensic medicine at the University of Lyons, France, established the first police crime laboratory.

# data[].attributes.body
Edmunds emphasis on the systematic collection and analysis of evidence remains important to forensic investigations. Without him, case solving and credibility of forensic science would not be as merited as it is today.

# data[].attributes.headline
1920 Charles E. Waite was the first to catalog manufacturing data about weapons

# data[].attributes.subject
1920 Charles E. Waite was the first to catalog manufacturing data about weapons

# data[].attributes.body
Chalres allowed investigators to trace back weapons and allow them to identify what is what in a simpler way. This also helped with tracking down criminals and gaining more crucial details.

# data[].attributes.headline
1924 August Vollmer, as chief of police in Los Angeles, California, implemented the first U.S. police crime laboratory.

# data[].attributes.subject
1924 August Vollmer, as chief of police in Los Angeles, California, implemented the first U.S. police crime laboratory.

# data[].attributes.body
Augusts crime laboratory emphasizes importance of trained and educated officers. He also encouraged use of scientific methods and research in policing, overall better professionalism skills.

# data[].attributes.headline
1935 Frits Zernike, a Dutch physicist, invented the first interference contrast microscope, a phase contrast microscope, an achievement for which he won the Nobel prize in 1953.

# data[].attributes.subject
1935 Frits Zernike, a Dutch physicist, invented the first interference contrast microscope, a phase contrast microscope, an achievement for which he won the Nobel prize in 1953.

# data[].attributes.body
Better technology allowed for better visualization of specimens and the study of living organisms. His use of phase-contrast microscopy allowed for a non staining approach to observing organisms, and helped research in many other fields of science.

# data[].attributes.headline
1941 Murray Hill of Bell Labs initiated the study voiceprint identification. The technique was refined by L.G. Kersta.

# data[].attributes.subject
1941 Murray Hill of Bell Labs initiated the study voiceprint identification. The technique was refined by L.G. Kersta.

# data[].attributes.body
Voice identification is another amazing way of capturing and observing evidence. It can be used in several circumstances, and is still used today in modern technology.

# data[].attributes.headline
1954 R. F. Borkenstein, captain of the Indiana State Police, invented the Breathalyzer for field sobriety testing.

# data[].attributes.subject
1954 R. F. Borkenstein, captain of the Indiana State Police, invented the Breathalyzer for field sobriety testing.

# data[].attributes.body
Sobriety testing is used on thousands of people to this day. It has prevented so many tragedies, and could have also been used in investigation regarding substance use.

# data[].attributes.headline
1960s Maurice Muller, a Swiss scientist, adapted the Ouchterlony antibody-antigen diffusion test for precipiten testing to determine species.

# data[].attributes.subject
1960s Maurice Muller, a Swiss scientist, adapted the Ouchterlony antibody-antigen diffusion test for precipiten testing to determine species.

# data[].attributes.body
Mullers testing has had a huge impact not only in the forensic science world, but in a world of pandemic. Without this kind of testing being introduce, at home kits, or other antigen testing would not be possible. Results would not be at our fingertips.

# data[].attributes.headline
1986 In the first use of DNA to solve a crime, Jeffreys used DNA profiling to identify Colin Pitchfork as the murderer of two young girls in the English Midlands. Significantly, in the course of the investigation, DNA was first used to exonerate an innocent suspect.

# data[].attributes.subject
1986 In the first use of DNA to solve a crime, Jeffreys used DNA profiling to identify Colin Pitchfork as the murderer of two young girls in the English Midlands. Significantly, in the course of the investigation, DNA was first used to exonerate an innocent suspect.

# data[].attributes.body
The use of DNA investigation has saved many from being wrongly accused, as well as capturing a criminal even if a case hasn't begun. Today, its as simple as getting DNA from an item and having it tested for individuality.

# data[].attributes.headline
1987 DNA profiling was introduced for the first time in a U.S. criminal court. Based on RFLP analysis performed by Lifecodes, Tommy Lee Andrews was convicted of a series of sexual assaults in Orlando, Florida.

# data[].attributes.subject
1987 DNA profiling was introduced for the first time in a U.S. criminal court. Based on RFLP analysis performed by Lifecodes, Tommy Lee Andrews was convicted of a series of sexual assaults in Orlando, Florida.

# data[].attributes.body
Another great example of how DNA testing and evidence is used in various situations. Sexual predators and other crime seekers are accurately being considered to this day.

# data[].attributes.headline
1991 Walsh Automation Inc., in Montreal, launched development of an automated imaging system called the IntegratedBallistics Identification System, or IBIS, for comparison of the marks left on fired bullets, cartridge cases, and shell casings. This system was subsequently developed for the U.S. market in collaboration with the Bureau of Alcohol,Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF).

# data[].attributes.subject
1991 Walsh Automation Inc., in Montreal, launched development of an automated imaging system called the IntegratedBallistics Identification System, or IBIS, for comparison of the marks left on fired bullets, cartridge cases, and shell casings. This system was subsequently developed for the U.S. market in collaboration with the Bureau of Alcohol,Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF).

# data[].attributes.body
The imaging system is especially important in regards to identification. Without this, people would not be found with Accuracy.

# data[].attributes.headline
1996 The FBI introduced computerized searches of the AFIS fingerprint database. Live scan and card scan devices allowedi nterdepartmental submissions.

# data[].attributes.subject
1996 The FBI introduced computerized searches of the AFIS fingerprint database. Live scan and card scan devices allowedi nterdepartmental submissions.

# data[].attributes.body
A database made it so much easier to find and identify people. Searches can filter out unneeded things in investigation.

# data[].attributes.headline
1999 A Memorandum of Understanding is signed between the FBI and ATF, allowing the use of the National IntegratedBallistics Network (NIBIN), to facilitate exchange of firearms data between Drugfire and IBIS.

# data[].attributes.subject
1999 A Memorandum of Understanding is signed between the FBI and ATF, allowing the use of the National IntegratedBallistics Network (NIBIN), to facilitate exchange of firearms data between Drugfire and IBIS.

# data[].attributes.body
The NIBIN has allowed for protected information to be observed between many departments of defense . These systems are being used and updated to this day.

# data[].attributes.headline
2023 Improving bloodstain pattern analysis with fluid dynamics. Secondary atomization can redirect blood droplets, misleading crime scene investigators

# data[].attributes.subject
2023 Improving bloodstain pattern analysis with fluid dynamics. Secondary atomization can redirect blood droplets, misleading crime scene investigators

# data[].attributes.body
Size of drops could help see who and what caused a crime. This helps with distinguishing patterns and further investigation.