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https://srebrenica.org.uk/what-happened/sexual-violence-bosnia#:~:text=It%20is%20estimated%20that%20somewhere,abandoned%20houses%2C%20and%20concentration%20camps

https://www.hmd.org.uk/learn-about-the-holocaust-and-genocides/bosnia/the-bosnian-war/

https://balkaninsight.com/2014/05/12/why-there-s-no-truth-about-the-bosnian-war/

https://balkaninsight.com/2021/02/25/600-bosnian-war-detention-sites-documented-in-new-research/

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Sexual Violence in Bosnia | Remembering Srebrenica

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It is estimated that somewhere between 20-50,000 women were raped during the war in Bosnia. Women were imprisoned in gyms, hotels, abandoned houses, and concentration camps.

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Bosnia and Herzegovina's draft national energy and climate plan until 2030 envisages the shutdown of a part of coal-fired power plant capacity and the addition of renewable electricity plants of more than 2,000 MW in total. The document foresees the introduction of the European Union's Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) model to avoid paying the EU's upcoming CO2 border tax.

The draft national energy and climate plan (NECP) of Bosnia and Herzegovina was presented for the first time at the Energy Summit 2023 in the country's only coastal town of Neum.

Admir Softić, Assistant Minister of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations, said the final proposal of NECP should be submitted to the Energy Community Secretariat by June.

The plan envisages a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 41.21% from the 1990 level to 15.65 million tons of CO2, a renewable energy share of 43.62%, primary energy consumption of 6.84 million tons of oil equivalent and final energy consumption of 4.34 million tons of oil equivalent. Measures to achieve the goals are also an integral part of NECP.

BiH needs to request from the EU to grant the country's coal regions the same status as in the EU to secure funds for decarbonization

If BiH does not implement the measures, including the establishment of a power exchange and the introduction of an EU ETS model, both firms and citizens will suffer, Softić warned.

He said all necessary decisions need to be made as soon as possible, such as the adoption of a roadmap for the transition of coal regions to enable access for BiH to funds for a coal phaseout.

BiH should ask EU institutions to treat the country's coal the same as their counterparts in the EU so that they can get the same decarbonization funding, Softić added and warned that BiH cannot be decarbonized without such funds and private capital.

He noted that BiH has accepted the obligation to prepare the NECP, reduce CO2 emissions and become climate neutral by 2050 by signing the Energy Community Treaty, the Sofia Declaration and the Paris Agreement.

No more coal power plants will be built

The energy sector is responsible for more than 70% of emissions in BiH, so it must be transformed, he said. NECP envisages the shutdown of coal power plants with a total capacity of 410 MW and no new projects while some of the existing ones would be switched to biomass.

The draft plan is to install over 2,000 MW of renewable electricity plants, of which 1,500 MW in solar power, Softić said.

He particularly stressed the plan to establish organized electricity and natural gas markets and argued that without a power exchange there is no energy transition.

BiH will soon be the only country in the region without an exchange, so the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations is working to change that, the official pointed out.

The introduction of an EU ETS model is envisaged by 2025

Among the foreseen measures is the introduction of systems for trading emissions and guarantees of origin. He pointed out that BiH intends to establish an EU ETS model to avoid paying taxes under the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).

According to the accompanying analysis, BiH would contribute EUR 220 million a year to the EU budget through CBAM. With an EU ETS model, the domestic budget would get EUR 440 million a year. The calculation was made for a CO2 price of EUR 50 per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent and only for electricity.

If the obligations are not meet, it will be a disaster for businesses in BiH

Highlighting that more than 70% of BiH's exports go to the EU, Softić stressed it would be a disaster if the country doesn't meet its obligations.

In the NECP, necessary investments are estimated at EUR 6.7 billion to EUR 8 billion. They include a just transition for the country's coal regions, for which between EUR 465 million to EUR 1.4 billion would be needed, the document shows.

The preparation of the plan began in 2019, led by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations and entity ministries in charge of energy and the environment. GIZ, USAID, UNDP, and the World Bank.

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BiH's NECP: coal power plants to be shut, 2 GW of renewables installed

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The draft national energy and climate plan of BiH was presented for the first time at the Energy Summit 2023 in Neum.

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Holocaust Memorial Day Trust | The Bosnian War

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The Bosnian war 1992-1995, resulted in the death of around 100,000 people, and the displacement of over two million men, women and children. A campaign of war crimes, ‘ethnic cleansing’ and genocide was perpetrated by Bosnian Serb troops under the orders of Slobodan Milošević, Radovan Karadzic, and…

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What kind of camps were the women kept in

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What kind of camps were the women kept in

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The prisoners got only one meal a day, and the camp officers were often very violent. The place they lived in was terrible, with too many people crammed together, and they could hardly breathe. In August 1992, some journalists from other countries came to visit, and because of that, they had to shut down the camp. There were about 1,500 prisoners left, and they were sent to different places.

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Were Christians' generally better off than Muslims

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Were Christians' generally better off than Muslims

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In the historical context, it could be observed that, on the whole, Christians tended to possess greater wealth compared to Muslims; however, contemporary circumstances suggest a more equitable distribution of wealth between the two groups.

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What state was the economy in during this event

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What state was the economy in during this event

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Between 1990 and 1995, more than €200 billion worth of stuff got damaged, and the money the country makes from selling things (GDP, but not including services) went down by a huge 90%.

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What was the economy like after the event

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What was the economy like after the event

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The economy is not very strong and depends mainly on people spending money. It can easily be affected by things happening in other countries. For example, in 2009 and 2012, there was a big worldwide economic problem, and it caused Bosnia and Herzegovina's economy to go down by 3% and 0.8% in those years. Then, in 2014, there were terrible floods, and they caused a lot of damage, about 15% of the country's money. Since 2015, the economy has been getting better, and the money the country makes has gone up by more than 3% every year. But in 2017, the country still spent more money on other countries than it earned, and that difference was 4.7% of all the money it made. That's less than in 2015 when it was 5.3%, but it's still pretty high.

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How were armies/organizations aided during this time (Bosnian or Serbian)?

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How were armies/organizations aided during this time (Bosnian or Serbian)?

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It is estimated that 2 million people took part in some way shape or form in the war efforts.

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What was the impact of the explosion caused

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What was the impact of the explosion caused

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The fuel depot didn’t leave that large of an economic effect besides the damage due to the depot being mainly used by the military.

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The Serbs would wear Army outfits with a red patch of the sleve.

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What religion did the Serbs practice since they aren't Muslim?

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What religion did the Serbs practice since they aren't Muslim?

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The Serbs practice Serbian Orthodoxy.

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- https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/bosnian-culture/bosnian-culture-religion

- https://balkandiskurs.com/en/2019/03/08/pursuit-for-equality-women-business/

- https://wedbuddy.com/bosnian-wedding-- ---traditions/#:~:text=In%20Bosnian%20culture%2C%20the%20groom,a%20symbol%20of%20their%20commitment.
- https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/bosnia-and-herzegovina
- https://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/bosnia/Bosnia-02.htm
- https://hmh.org/library/research/genocide-in-bosnia-
guide/#:~:text=Serbia%2C%20together%20with%20ethnic%20Bosnian,were%20tortured%2C%20starved%2
- https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-bosnia-and-herzegovina/#:~:text=The%201992%2D95%20war%20in,effort%20to%20ensure%20its%20implementation.
- https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1357&context=isp_collection

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Were the women forced to wear clothes other than their religious clothes?

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Were the women forced to wear clothes other than their religious clothes?

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If a woman fell out of line in the camp they were told to take off their religious clothing. If they refused then the soldiers would rip them off.

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Why was it so significant that Amina had to take off her dress? 

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Why was it so significant that Amina had to take off her dress? 

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Due to the rulings of islam showing skin was and still is looked down upon. Him threatening her to share skin pretty much was a tactic of degradation to Amina’s actions (lying) about her knowledge of the situation.

Violence is a common method used on women and is justified by gender roles and their traditionally patriotic ways (it is socially/culturally acceptable)

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What difficulty did the women go through knowing they were Muslim?

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What difficulty did the women go through knowing they were Muslim?

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While in the camps, the women are expected to be submissive to men and to do whatever they were told to do.

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Did the US ever do anything to try and help the bosnians?

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Did the US ever do anything to try and help the bosnians?

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Yes, The US is till this day trying to keep peace with a peace deal named the “Dayton Peace Agreement”. They also went into Serb territory to try and fight for peace during the conflict during the 1990s. The US is what ultimately helped create some form of peace. America has provided 2 billion in assistance in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the war even helping with more recent things like Covid-19.

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What cultures were involved in the Bosnian war?

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What cultures were involved in the Bosnian war?

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Bosnian serbs, Muslims. Orthodox Christians. The main groups were fighting for power, and survival.

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How much did the camps need in order to stay active. 

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How much did the camps need in order to stay active. 

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Each camp had officials in order to keep balance, with a higher- up over big groups of camps. Medical doctors were far and between usually one per camp. They were forced to pay fees for travel for ethnic cleansing. Women did chores and upkeep on camp.

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Yes , till this day there are still minor cases of gender discrimination, and homophobic propaganda. 91% of crimes are  hate crimes (religion, and ethnicity) from January to June of this year. Land mines are also a caution.

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Yes and No depending on the region. In most regions the groom will propose to the bride in front of the parents of the bride out of respect.

(Child marriage was arranged during the time period)

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Are men considered superior to women during the 1990s? 

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Are men considered superior to women during the 1990s? 

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In terms of dominance/submissive rules yes, however due to different roles not completely. Women had the housewife role, whilst men were the soldiers.

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If all the men and women are the same religion  why did the woman get treated as below the men? 

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If all the men and women are the same religion  why did the woman get treated as below the men? 

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The women within this age are Muslim, whilst the men were actually Christian. The reason why women were treated that way is due to Bosnia having a cultural/religious patriarchal tradition where women are expected to be submissive to men.

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The Bosnian vs. Serbian War that lasted from 1992-1995.

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Men were kept in separate detention camps and the treatment was still atrocious. Men were only given 1 meal per day (if that), experienced physical abuse, and many suffered from suffocation because it was so overcrowded in the camps.

This photo was taken at the Manjaca detention camp.

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Women were continuously raped, tortured and humiliated for simply being a Muslim. Rape was used as a tool for ethnic genocide and on many accounts, women have said they were told that it was “better to give birth to a Serbian child than Muslim filth.”

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Women were sent to and kept in these camps for the duration of the war. During this time it is estimated 20-50,000 women were raped and these camps are commonly known as “rape camps”. The only time women were released is when they were pregnant.

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It is still an ongoing battle for Bosnians to gain the recognition of these war crimes that were committed against them. For example, in 2021 seven men were tried for the rape crimes. Only one of them plead guilty.

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What was the immediate effect of this conflict?

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What was the immediate effect of this conflict?

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The death of 100,000 people and the displacement of many surviving men and women from liquidated camps. In the region, there were multiple effects on the public's health (infectious diseases caught from the unsanitary camps), stress levels and heart disease increased, violence had a sharp increase, and suicide rates doubled.

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Why don’t we learn about this as much as we should?

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Why don’t we learn about this as much as we should?

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It is a sad, and disturbing part of history. Also, there is still much debate on what actually resulted in the war in the first place, causing a lot of tension around the topic.

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This is the Srebrenica Genocide Memorial Center, established in 2003 to honor victims of the 1995 genocide.

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People over history have naturally looked down on people who are different from them. Causing a lot of wars.

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It was most likely in the town of Tuzla.

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Were the women allowed to practice their religion while being held?

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Were the women allowed to practice their religion while being held?

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No, the women were not allowed to practice their religion while being held. The Serbs practice a different religion then their prisoners.

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How many women were involved in fighting the christian serbs?

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How many women were involved in fighting the christian serbs?

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5360 women fought during the war.

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What was the political state of the country during the war?

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What was the political state of the country during the war?

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During the war, political figures didn’t support The Balkian women's beliefs.

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What was the political state of the country before the war?

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What was the political state of the country before the war?

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Before the war, Herzegovina was for the most part, at peace with Bosnia.

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Did the woman stay locked up all day or did they get to do other things?

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Did the woman stay locked up all day or did they get to do other things?

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No. Women weren't allowed free time when locked up.

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The women that were kept in the camps did not have any rights, if they wanted to do anything like use that bathroom they would have to ask the soldiers.

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To lighten the mood of this horrible war.

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To lighten the mood of this horrible war.

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Here's a hamster.