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Women are 2 to 3 times more likely to experience MS. While the reasons are not entirely known hormones and pregnancy seem to play a factor in the increased risk.

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MS can occur at any age but occurs most in people ages 20-40. It is unknown why people of these ages are dignosed more often.

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People of European descent is more likely to have MS. DNA in those of European descent seems to cause this increased risk.

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While the exact cause of MS is unknown, malfunctions in the immune system are the primary cause of the damage to neurons. Environmental factors can influence a person's risk of experiencing MS but exact conditions are unknown.

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Myelin is one of the main structures affected by MS. MS causes the immune system to attack the myelin sheath.

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When the myelin is destroyed by the immune system the function of the neurons are interrupted. Conduction can either slow down or become completely blocked which makes communication via the nervous system unreliable.

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Due to the destruction of myelin communication from the brain to the muscles becomes more difficult. Muscle experience increased tightness and cause the muscles to harden and clench up on their own.

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MS can increase emotional instability. Due to increased feelings of pain and fatigue as well as the frustration that accompanies the disease many suffering from the disease have increased negative emotions. Mood swings and uncontrollable emotions often accompany other symptoms.

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Due to MS's effects on neurons many patients experience numbness and tingling in their extremities. This is due to the disruption of nervous signaling by the neurons. Oral and injectable medications can be used to manage symptoms. Corticosteroids can offer a similar solution, but neither of the treatments offer permanent solutions.

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Difficulty walking is common in MS and can be caused by several different factors including muscle weakness and spasms as well as sensory disturbances. These disturbances are often cause by nervous tissue being damaged. Treatments include physical therapy and walking aids.

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MRIs can be used to diagnose MS by scanning the brain and creating a detailed image that can be analyzed for any damage.

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Nerve conduction tests can be conducted in order to see how well messages are transmitted between neurons. If conduction is low this can point to MS interfering with normal functions.

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Optic neurosis is when the optic nerve found in our eyes becomes inflamed. In MS, the myelin is attacked by our own bodies. The myelin is a protective coating around the optic nerve. When this is attacked vision changes will occur.

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People with Multiple Sclerosis often experience fatigue which patients feel overwhelming sense of tiredness especially after busy day or exercise and a sudden loss of energy.

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Over time damage to neurons can result in permanent brain damage. This can result in loss of the ability to properly think as well as coordination.

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As MS progresses patients effected by the disease can lose the ability to walk due to myelin damage. This can be fully debilitating with a full loss of function or only difficulty walking.

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Due to the degenerative nature of MS a person's lifespan can be greatly affected. The loss of optimal brain function as well as the lack of communication between the brain and other organs can result in significant damage to the body. This damage results in a shortened life span as communication continues to break down.

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One common treatment used for MS is injectable medications like corticosteroids. There are many factors that determine the cost and coverage, however. On average, the cost of this treatment by intravenous administration is $100 to $1000. This all just depends on the dosage and frequency. The higher the dosage and more frequent the treatment is performed would lead to this treatment being closer to the $1000 price. On a scale of 1-5. The likelihood of this treatment being fully covered is most likely a 1 or even a 2. Choosing not to seek this treatment could result in longer recovery time from relapses.

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One of the most common psychological problems that may occur as a result of Multiple Sclerosis is depression. A couple treatments for depression could be psychotherapy and oral medications (antidepressants). Psychotherapy is also known as talk therapy. This helps the client to identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to their depression. Antidepressants are an oral medication to suppress someone's depressive state. These are commonly prescribed to help balance a chemical imbalance in the brain. Both of these treatments could be long term solutions. However, antidepressants should be short term solutions if possible. They help with long term improvement and development of negative thoughts. The type of professional to see would be a psychiatrist or primary care physician.

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A common treatment for MS is plasmapheresis. This involves the patient's plasma being removed or replaced to help reduce the number of antibodies attacking the bodies nerve cells. On average plasmapheresis costs about 1,000-2,000$ per session. Some patients need around 5 sessions while others could need even more. On a scale of 1-5 the likely hood that this treatment being fully covered is most likely a 4 if you have decent insurance. Most medical insurance would cover a procedure due to its nature. Choosing not to seek out plasmapheresis treatment would result in more serious MS symptoms appearing sooner due to no action being taken to slow down the bodies' attacks against itself.

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1- The estimated cost of acupuncture that treats multiple sclerosis symptoms is approximately $100 dollars per session. 

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1- The estimated cost of acupuncture that treats multiple sclerosis symptoms is approximately $100 dollars per session. 

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On the scale of 1-5 that insurance will pay for that treatment is 3 depending on the restrictions of each insurance plans.

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1- Behavioral interventions is one of treatments of Multiple Sclerosis such as water aerobics, treadmill walking, and resistant training. It helps by reducing pain intensity.

2-The short term effects would include improved mood, better sleep and reduced stress. Long term effects would include disease modification by slowing the disease and improves quality of life.

3- The health care providers that can perform this treatment are neurologist, physiotherapist, and occupational therapist

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A psychological problem that often occurs due to MS is mood swings. People suffering from MS can experience extreme frustration and anger due to their neurons breaking down.

A treatment that is commonly used to combat these symptoms is phycological counseling. Counselors can help patients process their emotions and better cope with the frustration that accompanies MS. Counselors can be phycologists, but some are only counselors with no medical degree.

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Speach, Hearing and Cognitive Rehabilitation 1: Computerized Cognitive training

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Speach, Hearing and Cognitive Rehabilitation 1: Computerized Cognitive training

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Cognitive training exercises such as computerized cognitive training may be necessary to improve memory, attention, and problem-solving abilities. A neuropsychologist may be able to provide these treatments to a patient. Cognitive training exercises use a digital health application that uses specialized software to improve the cognitive function of patients with MS.

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One treatment that is considered unnecessary is aesthetic treatments. The Cosmetic procedures that do not address functional limitations caused by MS are generally not considered necessary rehabilitation. while Botox can be used therapeutically to manage specific muscle spasms related to MS, its primary use in aesthetics is for wrinkle reduction, which is not a relevant concern for MS patients.

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There are significant movement impairments that can occur from MS. Due to the neurons of patients with MS being destroyed, walking and running can become extremely difficult. Some patients lose the ability to walk without some kind of aid all together. Additionally, MS patients can suffer severe vision loss. This can lead to either blurred or double vision.

Physical therapy is the most utilized treatment for someone with MS symptoms. Specifically, pain management treatment can be used to help with the pain and numbness that comes with MS. Pain management treatments can be conducted using heat, cold, or electric stimulus to help alleviate pain.

A physical therapist would be most likely to give these treatments.

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Lifestyle change #2- Dietary modifications

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Lifestyle change #2- Dietary modifications

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Another lifestyle change to make to decrease the symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis is making changes to your diet. A well-balanced diet rich in nutrients may help manage inflammation, support immune function, and improve overall health in MS patients. It is recommended to eat plenty of fresh, colorful fruits and vegetables, more fish and plant-based protein than meats, omega-3 fatty acids, whole grains with natural fiber, non-caffeinated liquids, limited saturated fats, refined sugar, and salt. On a scale of 1-10, this would be at about a 7 because while it is achievable, many people do not want to go on a diet, especially if its long-term. A dietitian or nutritionist is required for this.

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1- The two rehabilitation treatments of multiple sclerosis are physical therapy and occupational therapy.

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1- The two rehabilitation treatments of multiple sclerosis are physical therapy and occupational therapy.

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2- Physical therapy includes walking and balance improvement through gait training, managing muscles stiffness into stretching exercises, and aquatic therapy activities in the water to improve mobility. Occupational therapy includes managing cognitive rehabilitation that addresses memory and attention issues due to multiple sclerosis, managing fatigue, and adaptive equipment techniques.

3- Both therapies offer short-term benefits like improved balance and coordination, while long-term advantages include maintaining functional independence and quality of life by adapting to changing MS symptoms.

4- Physical therapist would perform physical therapy activities and occupational therapist will perform the occupational therapy treatment.

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One crucial lifestyle altercation to help manage symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis is learning how to manage your stress. High stress levels elevate MS symptoms. Incorporating stress management techniques, such as mindfulness, yoga, meditation, or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), can be beneficial for treating MS. On a scale of 1-10, learning how to manage stress would be at about an 8 or 9. You just have to be really motivated to make that change. I rate it an 8 or 9 because while most stress is manageable, there is no way to eliminate every single stress factor from your life. A psychologist or mental health counselor is required for this.

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Special population #1- Women of childbearing age

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Special population #1- Women of childbearing age

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Women of childbearing age are affected because MS is more commonly diagnosed in women than men, with women of childbearing age being particularly vulnerable due to hormonal factors that influence immune system activity. They may also experience challenges and concerns regarding fertility and the potential for symptom flare-ups during pregnancy or postpartum.

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Adults over the age of 50 may be affected because older individuals can develop or experience a later onset of symptoms, presenting unique challenges in symptom management and progression. Older adults may face challenges with mobility and cognition, making MS harder to manage.

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Adopting a healthy diet can be helpful at slowing the progression of MS while also limiting fatigue (4).

Limiting drug and alcohol intake can also be helpful at reducing the progression of MS by keeping your body as healthy as possible and not introducing any other diseases (6).

A nutritionist may be able to help a patient with MS get the most out of their diet.

`An alcohol counselor could help someone who is dependent on alcohol limit their intake during other MS treatments.

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People of northern European descent are at a higher risk of MS. This is due to genetic factors. Can increase the likelihood of developing MS in life and earlier in life.

Women are more likely to develop MS. Not fully understood why women are more likely to develop but it may have something to do with sex hormones. Can increase the likelihood of developing MS in life and earlier in life.

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1-On average, women are 3 times more likely to develop relapsing forms of MS than men, whereas men and women more equally develop the primary progressive form of MS.³ The exact cause of this is not well understood. It could be the result of complex interactions between immunological responses to infections, direct effects of biological sex or hormones, or other unknown factors.

2- People with white skin, particularly those of Northern European descent, have the highest risk of developing MS. People of Asian, African or Native American descent have the lowest risk. A recent study suggests that the number of Black and Hispanic young adults with multiple sclerosis may be greater than previously thought.

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1- While the white population, particularly those of Northern European descent, are at a higher risk for developing multiple sclerosis (MS), they may still face challenges in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment due to potential misconceptions about the disease, including the belief that it primarily affects white individuals, leading to delayed diagnosis or inadequate treatment plans based on stereotypes about the disease presentation.

2- women with MS may face hormonal fluctuations during menstrual cycle, menopause, and pregnancy. Urological and bowl issues can be present and require pelvic floor exercises. Also, lower sex hormones.