# data[].attributes.body
A rebellion that was led by Nathaniel Bacon on the Virginia- Maryland border in the fall of 1675. Poor people including black and white rose against rich demanding "land from the tribes and power from Berkeley".(How Americans invented race)

# data[].attributes.body
Slavery was the tug of war for the American Union. New elected president, Abraham Lincoln was an opponent of slavery, that scared south states. In that way the secession of South Carolina entailed the secession of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. South Union created their own government - very similar to what the US had and sent troops to the north.

This war ended with "some 620,000 of 2.4 million soldiers killed, millions more injured and much of the South left in ruin"

(https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/american-civil-war-history).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
1. July 1861

First Battle of Bull Run

Public demand pushed General-in-Chief Winfield Scott to advance on the South before adequately training his untried troops. Scott ordered General Irvin McDowell to advance on Confederate troops stationed at Manassas Junction, Virginia. McDowell attacked on July 21, and was initially successful, but the introduction of Confederate reinforcements resulted in a Southern victory and a chaotic retreat toward Washington by federal troops.

None of the included photographs of First Bull Run were made at the time of battle (July 21); the photographers had to wait until the Confederate Army evacuated Centreville and Manassas in March 1862. Their views of various landmarks of the previous summer are arranged according to the direction of the federal advance, a long flanking movement by Sudley's Ford.

2. July 1861

A Blockade of the South

To blockade the coast of the Confederacy effectively, the federal navy had to be improved. By July, the effort at improvement had made a difference and an effective blockade had begun. The South responded by building small, fast ships that could outmaneuver Union vessels.

Port Royal, South Carolina-1861-1862

On November 7, 1861, Captain Samuel F. Dupont's warships silenced Confederate guns in Fort Walker and Fort Beauregard. This victory enabled General Thomas W. Sherman's troops to occupy first Port Royal and then all the famous Sea Islands of South Carolina, where Timothy H. O'Sullivan recorded them making themselves at home.

Confederate Winter Quarters-1861-1862

These photographs show Confederate winter quarters at Manassas, Centreville, Fairfax Court House, and Falls Church, Virginia.

This time line was compiled by Joanne Freeman and owes a special debt to the Encyclopedia of American History by Richard B. Morris.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
1861 | Time Line of the Civil War | Articles and Essays | Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints | Digital Collections | Library of Congress

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
example: http://localhost:8000/programs/national-recording-preservation-plan/tools-and-resources/history/timeline/ */ .timeline-title { margin: 0; background: #F6F6F6; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: 16px; top: 0; left: 0; } .timeline-new { padding-left: 0; list-style: none; height: 100%; padding-left: 200px; margin-bottom: 2rem; padding-top: 3.5rem; position: relative;

# data[].attributes.body
The cotton industry provided most of the revenues that the United States received and every year covered more and more territory.

# data[].attributes.headline
Agencies to free black people (Abolitionism)

# data[].attributes.subject
Agencies to free black people (Abolitionism)

# data[].attributes.body
As slavery progressed, in free states abolitionism started to exist. Their main purpose was to free black people and make them free by recording in the book of civil people. So after that they were free by law. They had meetings about their goals in Philadelphia that were secret.

Underground railroad.

# data[].attributes.body
Belief that some races are better than others; being humiliated and bullied because of skin color.

Even nowadays people are struggling with racism.

# data[].attributes.headline
Compromises to slavery in the U.S. Constitution

# data[].attributes.subject
Compromises to slavery in the U.S. Constitution

# data[].attributes.body
delegates who were writing the constitution didn't know how to include slaves in that document. So because of it, they came up with 3/5 compromise that meant slaves were counted as 3/5 of a person.

Because of slavery were raised many issues that come with it: "the slave trade; how to count slaves in apportioning the legislature; import and export taxes on slave-produced staple crops; the protection provided by fugitive slave laws; and assistance for putting down a possible slave insurrection"(From Cotton and race in the making of America - The human costs of economic power p.9.

# data[].attributes.body
Fugitive slave act(1793) - says that every slave that ran away to a free state must be returned to their master and denied free slaves to constitutional rights.

Missouri Compromise(1820) - says that if a new state comes to the Union, the state can decide is it want to be a free state or a slave state. Missouri became a new state. To keep things balances Missouri came as a slave state an Maine as a free state.

Second Missouri Compromise(1821) - Missouri was admitted as a state, excluding all mulattoes and free slaves from it.

"Gag rule" in Congress(1831-1844) - rule that allows pro-slavery representatives forbid antislavery laws from discussions.

Compromise of 1850 - California is a free state, territory of New-Mexico allows slavery, district of Columbia forbids slave trade.

Kansas-Nebraska Act(1854) - allows these states to determine if they allow or not allow slavery in their states by themselves.

Crittenden Compromise(1860) - unsuccessful compromise that proposed permanent slavery in the slave states, guaranteed by constitution.

# data[].attributes.body
1790 slaves population: 640, 000 - cotton in South produced: 1.5 million pounds.

1860 slaves population 3.45 million - cotton in South produced: 2.228 billion pounds, 57% of the US' export revenue.

Cotton production was more profitable than tobacco, especially in the states of upper south.

# data[].attributes.body
Indian removal act (1830) - law signed by Andrew Jackson, which exchanged western territories of the US for the west of the river Mississippi, and removed native Americans from their territories without major conflicts.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1619 three ships came to Virginia with the first African captives. It probably started the chain of usage black people as slaves.

America needed a lot of new labor at that time to have good revenues that will increase an economy, "Without profit or the expectation of profit, slavery could not be maintained exclusively as a social system"(From cotton and race in the making of America - The Human costs)

# data[].attributes.headline
Law of banning marriage people different races

# data[].attributes.subject
Law of banning marriage people different races

# data[].attributes.body
1681 - Virginia signs the law of banning black and white of marrying with each other.

This law was made in 1681, but it stayed at least till 1924, and nothing changed. International marriages were still forbidden. And still, a lot of years later, the theme of international marriage affects it nowadays.

# data[].attributes.body
Pope Nickolas V signed a document that allowed and support Portuguese to enslave African people.

(from poster in the classroom)

He sent a letter to the Portuguese king saying "...to invade, search out, capture, vanquish, and subdue all Saracens and pagans whatsoever... [and] to reduce their persons to perpetual slavery..."

# data[].attributes.body
Tobacco production was the main one that was used to make money for colonists. But because tobacco depleted the land - it was not that beneficial as expected, though tobacco was expensive. Colonists used native Americans to grow tobacco, but native Americans didn't want to be servants. Colonists had to leave the idea of rising tobacco as a main money resource.

# data[].attributes.body
Northern and Southern states had their own point of view about slavery. South didn't want to abolish slavery and North didn't want further slave trade. Moreover, before Fugitive slave Act free states welcomed runaways, that even sophisticated relationships between people and states overall. So, slavery jeopardized the union and further existence of The US in their full territory.

# data[].attributes.body
Famous person in history that helped black people to escape slavery was Harriet Tubman.

She was anti-slavery social activist, abolitionist and a person who helped 70 black people to escape. Harriet is also famous by being a spy, soldier and nurse during civil war.

# data[].attributes.body
"They grow tobacco; the sweet leaf is gold. America's first roads to riches... To grow the crop, they kidnap and capture men" - How America invented race

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How America Invented Race | The History of White People in America