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*DNA is found in chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.

Each chromosome consists of a single molecule of DNA, which is made up of billions of subunits

The part of the cell cycle that DNA is replicated or copied is the S(synthesis) phase.

Changes in DNA result in mutations

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A physical characteristic or attribute that an organism inherits from its parents or develops during its lifetime. Examples include eye color, height, or blood type.

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A characteristic that can be passed down from parent to offspring through genetic material. These traits are encoded in DNA and can be inherited by future generations.

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The scientific study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. This field explores how traits are passed from parents to offspring and how genes influence characteristics.

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A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or functional RNA molecule. Genes are the basic units of heredity that carry information for particular traits.

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material present in all living organisms. It's a double-helix structure containing genetic instructions for development and functioning.

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The building block of DNA and RNA. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases (A, T, C, G in DNA).

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The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division. This ensures that each new cell has an identical set of genetic instructions.

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An enzyme that unwinds and separates the DNA double helix during replication by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs.

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An enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides that complement the template strand during DNA replication.

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The fundamental principle that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. This process involves transcription (DNA → RNA) and translation (RNA → protein).

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The first step of gene expression where DNA is used as a template to create messenger RNA (mRNA). This occurs in the cell nucleus.

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The process where the genetic code in mRNA is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids that form a protein. This occurs at ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

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A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or signals the start/stop of protein synthesis.

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The entire process of creating proteins using genetic information, including both transcription and translation steps.

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A cellular structure where protein synthesis occurs. It reads the genetic code from mRNA and assembles amino acids into proteins.

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A permanent change in the DNA sequence. Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect on the organism.