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The Racial Wealth Gap Explained: The story of Cory Booker's house

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The Racial Wealth Gap Explained: The story of Cory Booker's house

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In this clip, Cory Booker explains how when his family was trying to buy a house, real estate agents would only show them houses in African American neighborhoods if they knew what his parents looked like before showing the houses, and if they tried to buy or put an offer on a home in a white neighborhood, the real estate agent would say that it had already been sold. However, Booker's family had a white couple put in an offer on a house after they had been told it was sold, and the real estate agent accepted the bid from the white family. On the day of the closing, Booker's father and a lawyer showed up instead of the white family and the real estate agent was so upset that he punched the lawyer, sicced his dog on Booker's dad, and begged him not to buy the house because he was worried it would ruin his business having a black family in a white neighborhood. This is an example of institutionalized discrimination as the prevention of real estate sales is really a form of segregation and prevents black families from buying homes that will give them opportunity and help them accumlate wealth, which perpetrates the wealth gap between black and white people.

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Institutional racism is racism that is from instituions such as schools, the police, courts, or military. Because the racism is perpetrated by strong systems, it negatively affects most of those in the group that the racism is directed towards. Often these system put barriers in place that prevent targeted groups from having equal opportunity in areas such as education, criminal justice, health care, income, employment, housing, and many more, whether consciously or not.

Examples:
- Racial Profiling: The act of suspecting a person of an offense because of their race. such as Black and Latinx motorists being more likely to be pulled over and searched than white or Asian drivers. Even with these increased searches, the police have been more likely to find illegal drugs or weapons in the vehicles of white and Asian drivers, highlighting even more how the targeting of Black and Latinx drivers is driven by prejudice. This also happens in places of education, with black students more often being asked for their student ID or even having people call the cops on them simply because they "look out of place," which is really people saying that they don't assume that these black students belong on campus and must have a ulterior reason for being there.
- Racism in Medicine: There have been numerous cases of racism in the medical field directed at marginalized groups. Some include black veterans being denied disability pension, and the syphilis study conducted on black men without their consent and without being given proper treatment.

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What happened in the story was that the cops stopped a black man and white boy riding on a bike, saying it was because they weren't wearing helmets but that likely wasn't the real case as the cops separated the boy, Noah, and the man, Cleve, and were aggressive with Cleve as the other cop tried to get Noah to admit the Cleve was harming him in some way. They were eventually let go after calling Noah's mom and having her confirm that she had asked Cleve, who was their family friend, to pick Noah up, but even afterwards in the cop car, the cops were talking about how they still thought the scene was fishy, as they had been before they stopped Cleve and Noah. This racism is different from other examples we have looked at because I have heard of so many similar stories of black men being pulled over or stopped by the cops without good reason, often ending worse than this story did, and this pattern stems from a powerful system rather than just individuals.

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What stands out to you?
- people point out how more scholarships there are for POC, however this fails to acknowledge how POC people have been barred from higher education for much look, so this is more a move towards equality than discrimination
- people use the word discrimination without realizing that implies an active bias and history of oppression
- actually white students 40% more likely to get scholarship, get 69% of private scholarships, 62% attending colleges
- POC make up 30% of students, but only get 31% of private scholarships
- Possible feeling that because white students are used to getting scholarships that when they don't get all, they feel something has changed from normal and is unfair, however what was "normal" was unfair in the first place
- 21 million apply for financial aid, 76% go to white students,
- Race is possibly the most obvious factor, the one of the few things we can tell about someone just from looking at them, so people don't know all the other factors on someone's application

people don't do enough research
threw friend under the bus

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These examples show how white privilege, whether acknowledged or not, is still something prevalent today. One of the men in the video made a comment about living in a free society but not actually being free, and I think this also reflects some of the denial and misunderstanding of what discrimination and racism really are and how white privilege exists. White people may feel more like the United States truly is a free country because of their positive personal experiences, while other minorities like black people have likely not experienced all of the same positives. Because of white privilege and how they have never had to consider what its like to not experience the same feelings of freedom, there is a difference between how white people feel free in the country and believe that is true versus how black people feel that they aren't really free. White privilege includes not having to have tough conversations with your children about the police and feeling comfortable viewing the police as a safety rather than a potential threat. The tweet about George Floyd was impactful because of the stark contrast between the outcomes of the same situation, literally life and death, as a result of a privilege that some are afforded. White privilege also is very misunderstood as many white people believe they are discriminated against, as shown by the article. Facing difficulties in life is not discrimination, discrimination comes with a bias against someone, and there is a power imbalance. White people hold power in society and aren't facing centuries of racist attitudes and beliefs.

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#1: https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2013/11/25/when-jews-dominated-professional-basketball/

This article discusses stereotypes used to explain why many Jewish people played basketball, ignoring the fact that it was convenient based on the urban landscape of Jewish populated areas. Paul Gallico, sports editor of the NY Daily News, said that Jews had a  "scheming mind, flashy trickiness, artful dodging and general smart aleckness," and that they had "God-given better balance and speed" because he said they were mostly short. This statements are blatantly untrue, because it is just a stereotype that Jewish people are short, and even if they were, being short has no advantage in Basketball, so it was somewhat shocking how many ways someone will justify their bias.

#2: https://eji.org/news/report-documents-racial-bias-in-coverage-of-crime-by-media/

This article examines how the media potrays white people better than black people, even when a white person is guilty and a black person is innocent. I have heard of this before, so it wasn't as shocking, but some parts that particularly stood out to me was how media coverage is 50% more likely to use a white defendant's name than a black defendant's name, and how only 8% of cases involving white defendants had their mugshot shown, whereas with black defendants, mugshots were used in coverage of 45% of cases. By contrast in media coverage is dehumanizing to black people and paints them in a negative light compared to a white person who commits the same crimes.

#3: https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/minorities-who-whiten-job-resumes-get-more-interviews

This article shows the comparison between resumes that referenced race versus resumes that were "whitened." To have a better chance at getting called for an interview, minority people have "Americanized" their names, such as swapping Lei for Luke and adding common western culture activities to their areas of interest. Seeing this information, which has become more discussed, shows how despite having laws against discrimination in the workplace, it still exists, and more needs to be done to change the less obvious racism that is prevalent. What is also interesting is how companies who advertise "equality" as a brand for their company often attract applicants who feel it is ok to show their race in their application, but these applicants still get rejected for their honesty as these employers discriminate just as much as other companies who do not advertise for diversity.

#4: https://openpolicing.stanford.edu/findings/

This article shows the results of analyzing traffic stops and the people who are pulled over by cops more commonly. The results show that overall, the rate of stops and searches for hispanic and black drivers is much higher than for white drivers. Instead of recieving the benefit of the doubt as white people do, minorities recieve more doubt and are likely subject to more agression and negative assumptions because of it.

#5: https://www.fairfaxtimes.com/articles/study-suggests-ethnic-inequities-exist-in-fairfax-county-public-schools/article_961ade1e-4d44-11e7-b0b4-bfed1136cff6.html

This article discusses a study done in Fairfax County Public Schools regarding racial disparities for both faculty and students. The results of the study show that black applicants are less likely to be hired as educators in the county and showed that black and Hispanic students are more likely to recieve suspension for percieved infractions, such as classroom behavior and disrespect, and they are also less likely to be accepted into more rigorous academic courses like  Advanced Placement (AP) and International Baccalaureate programs. This is somewhat shocking to hear about for FCPS since the school system discusses inclusion so much, as is considering how this pattern of discrimination and racism continues to exist in our community.

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In collaboration with EJI, Global Strategy Group has published a report on the role of racial bias in the media as it pertains to coverage of people prosecuted in the criminal court system.

The report, Innocent Until Proven Guilty? A look at media coverage of criminal defendants in the U.S., uses data from 10 criminal cases to analyze differing portrayals of Black defendants and white defendants, resulting in unreliable court outcomes.

The data points to racial bias in over 20 different topics surrounding media coverage including the use of imagery, language choices, the framing of the accused and the victim, and reporter background.

"Racially biased media coverage has been a substantial factor contributing to unreliable and unjust outcomes in the criminal legal system," EJI director Bryan Stevenson said. "News media have often reinforced a presumption of guilt and dangerousness assigned to Black people when reporting on crime while devaluing the lives of Black people and the harm they suffer when victimized. American media can and should do better in eliminating racially biased coverage."

Some of the findings from the report include:

Mugshots were used in coverage of 45% of cases involving Black people accused of crimes compared to only 8% of cases involving white defendants

White victims were nearly four times more likely to be presented in photos with friends and family than Black people victimized by crime

Media coverage was 50% more likely to refer to white defendants by name as compared to Black defendants

Read the full report:

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Report Documents Racial Bias in Coverage of Crime by Media

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In collaboration with EJI, Global Strategy Group has published a report on the role of racial bias in the media as it pertains to coverage of people prosecuted in the criminal court system. The report, Innocent Until Proven Guilty? A look at media coverage of criminal defendants in the U.S.

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Thought process that you aren't aware of that holds judgment and bias against others, and makes associations with groups of people, often influenced by the media

white --> american
family --> female
poor --> lazy
disabled --> weak
black men --> violent

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For both white teens/young adults, people rode right by them, some even offering to help them steal the bike. Bystanders assumed the best of them, that maybe they lost their keys, or that they wouldn't be stealing because they are white, or they simply didn't care, as no one tried to call the police. However, for the black teen, who was wearing very similar clothes to the white teen boy, people tried to stop him immediately and called the police. The people that confronted him were much more outraged and raised their voices against him as opposed to those who talked to the white people.

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Definition of Explicit Racism: Outright(overt) and intentional, perpetuated by groups that embrace racial discrimination and their own prejudices towards racially-defined groups, and they assume their answers are supported by science and genetics. Not socially acceptable.
EX:
- Hate groups (KKK, Neo Nazi, Alt-Right, White Nationalist)
- Political groups that publicly attack non-white people (Trump, Tea Party)
- Using a racial slur against a non-white person
- Publicly and consciously supporting racism
- Racist jokes

Definition of Implicit Racism: Unconscious biases that affect judgement and treatment of different racial land ethnic groups. An automatic negative reaction to someone of a different race or ethnicity.
EX:
- Unconscious fear, mistrust or judgement of non-white people from both white people and non-white people (often children)
- Fear of black people that causes police to pullover, arrest and shoot unarmed black people more than white people
- Biasness towards black people that cause juries to acquit white police officers responsible for the murder of black people and convict non-white people more often
- Dismissing job and college applicants with non-white sounding names
- Ignoring the racist platform of a conservative political party while voting for them based on issues that effect you directly
- White Savior complex
- Stereotypes in media that portray non-white people in a negative way
- Refusing to date or fetishizing certain color of skins
- Microaggressions

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Prejudice: The beliefs, attitudes, thoughts, and feelings a person holds towards a group of people. It is not based on experience, rather it is a prejudegment, stemming from influences outside of personal experience.

Racism: A stronger prejudice that justifies a certain racial group being superior or inferior to other groups. Racism is also the practices that are used by majority racial groups to put down or disadvantage a minority group. An example of a racist group is the Klu Klux Klan whose belief in white supremecy has led to numerous hate crimes and speech since its founding.

Discrimination: Actions that stem from biased/prejudiced thinking. Discrimination can be based on age, religion, health, and other indicators; race-based laws against discrimination strive to address this set of social problems.

Stereotypes: Oversimplified generalizations about a group of people. They can be based on virtually any characteristic, such as on race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation.

Colorism: A different type of prejudice, the belief that a type of skin tone is superior or inferior to other types. For example, darker skinned African Americans face more discrimination that light skinned African Americans, and colorism may cause an employer to believe a darker skinned person is less capable than a lighter skinned person.

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Shared culture: language, religion, tradition

People often jump to country of origin but not always that --> could be religion or cultural

ex. ethnic groups that don't have a country --> Catalonia in Spain

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The social construction of race or racialization is the most common way to understand racial categories. In this way of thinking, race is not something that is biologically identifiable, but rather a specific group becomes racialized through a social process that marks them for unequal treatment based on percieved physiological differences.

Ex. Skin color - amount of melanin in skin just has to do with evolutionary adaption based on region you are from, but society associates "white" with higher status and "black" with lower status

- the superficial physical traits that make society group certain people together (often race)

Categories that make people identify others as of a certain race:
- shape of eyes
- nose
- mouth
- lips
- skin color
- hair type

African American vs. American when both have lived in country for same amount of time
or
being labeled as African American when you are from the Caribbean

Race is NOT biological - created by society
impact is very real because we live in a society that has set up arbitrary categories that do mean something to us

Not every society has same classifications for race:
ex. Brazil - associated with social class - determined by idea of colorism

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a group of people who because of physical or cultural feature(ascribed characteristic) are singled out and treated unequally in society - the term minority connotates discrimination

The following words are interchangeable in sociological context
minority = subordinate
majority = dominant (holds most power in society)

Does not have to be numerical minority!
Lack of power is predominant characteristic - (lack of representation in media, government... etc. )

In sociology...
minority = marginalized group

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1. unequal treatment and less power over their lives
2. distinguishing physical or cultural traits like skin colour or language
3. involuntary membership in the group
4. awareness of subordination
5. high rate of in-group marriage

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- LGBTQ+ community
- Religious practitioners whose faith is not widely practised where they live
- people with disabilities

Examples of nonnumerical minorities
- apartheid in South Africa, in which a numerical majority (the black inhabitants of the country) were exploited and oppressed by the white minority
- enslaved people during slavery (specifically compared to white enslavers)
- women

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At Woodson High School: Freshmen, Non-honors, ASL users, kids with disabilities(both physical & mental), low income students, people with rolling backpacks, english language learners, nonathletic students, theatre kids, LGBTQ+, religious minorities(Jewish, Muslim, Hindu(all non-Christian), Military students, students without phones

In Fairfax County: Black/African American, Lower income families, people who are homeless, (2 more)

In Virginia: People living in the country/farmers(those not living in NOVA), kids in foster care, (3 more)

In the United States: Indigenous people, women, immigrants, LGBTQ+ people, POC, people in poverty, Muslims, Jewish people, disabled people