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This agreement introduced Missouri to the United States as a slave state and Maine as a non slave state. The compromise also established that any state above the 36'30” line was a free state and any below it were slave states. Ultimately the compromise would fail as more states were admitted.
https://www.history.com/topics/slavery/missouri-compromise#:~:text=Though%20the%20Missouri%20Compromise%20managed,place%20in%20the%20nation's%20future.

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In 1831 Virginia a a slave rebellion led by Nat Turner took place. The rebellion killed 55 caucasian Americans and caused a massacre once the rebellion was contained. The rebellion had severe repercussions and 56 of the rebels were killed with another 200 beaten. However the Rebellion did get attention and caused talk of ending slavery.
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/nat-turner

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Nathanial "Nat" Turner (1800-1831) was an enslaved man who led a rebellion of enslaved people on August 21, 1831. His action set off a massacre of up to 200 Black people and a new wave of oppressive legislation prohibiting the education, movement, and assembly of enslaved people. The rebellion also stiffened pro-slavery, anti-abolitionist convictions that persisted in that region until the American Civil War (1861-65).

Early Life

Turner was born on the Virginia plantation of Benjamin Turner, who allowed him to be instructed in reading, writing, and religion. Sold three times in his childhood and hired out to John Travis (1820s), he became a fiery preacher and leader of enslaved Africans on Benjamin Turner's plantation and in his Southampton County neighborhood, claiming that he was chosen by God to lead them from bondage.

Did you know? Fifty-six Black people accused of participating in Nat Turner's rebellion were executed, and more than 200 others were beaten by angry mobs or white militias.

Insurrection

Believing in signs and hearing divine voices, Turner was convinced by an eclipse of the sun (1831) that the time to rise up had come, and he enlisted the help of four other enslaved men in the area. An insurrection was planned, aborted, and rescheduled for August 21,1831, when he and six others killed the Travis family, managed to secure arms and horses, and enlisted about 75 other enslaved people in a large but disorganized insurrection that resulted in the murder of an estimated 55 white people.

Afterwards, Turner hid nearby successfully for six weeks until his discovery, conviction, and hanging at Jerusalem, Virginia, along with 16 of his followers. The incident put fear in the heart of Southerners, ended the organized emancipation movement in that region, resulted in even harsher laws against enslaved people, and deepened the schism between slave-holders and free-soilers (an anti-slavery political party whose slogan was 'free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men') that would culminate in the Civil War.

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Nathanial "Nat" Turner (1800-1831) was a black American slave who led the only effective, sustained slave rebellion (August 1831) in U.S. history.

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A representative named David Wilmot proposed that the lands gained in the Mexican-American War should not be permitted to allow slavery. Southern slave owners protested this because the new territories could prove invaluable land for agriculture which in the south relied on slave labor.
https://www.ushistory.org/us/30a.asp

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A political party that opposed the further expansion of slavery  into the Western United States. They managed to plant the idea that slavery was a vice into several state legislatures.
https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1852

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The Compromise of 1850 established that California would be a state free of slavery and abolished slavery in Washington DC. It also set up boundaries for Utah and New Mexico as well as amending the Fugitive Act. However many challenges were faced with passing this act. The senate which had a 50% divide on pro-slavery and anti-slavery senators took 7 months to consider the bill and the different amendments. They were also very pressured to find a solution because the nation was divided on the issue of slavery and tensions between the north and south were rising.
https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/compromise-of-1850#:~:text=The%20acts%20called%20for%20the,amended%20the%20Fugitive%20Slave%20Act.

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An act that was apart of the Compromise of 1850 that stated that slaves must be returned to their owners even if they were in northern territory and paid northerners for returning runaway slaves. However several defied the act like Henry Thoreau and continued to help escaped slaves with the underground railroad as well as gave speeches.
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fugitive-slave-acts#section_4
Thoreau on Slavery | Henry David Thoreau and His Admirers

Pennsylvania State University

https://sites.psu.edu › henrydavid › 2015/04/30 › thor...

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The Kansas-Nebraska act created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska as well as repealed the Missouri Compromise. The act allowed for whether or not Kansas was a slave state to be decided by the people living there  which led to "Bleeding Kansas." The organizer of the bill Stephan Douglas wished for a railroad that led into the western United States, yet he needed a way to satisfy the North and South. The south wanted to repeal the Missouri Compromise to spread slavery so he proposed a bill that included repealing the compromise.
https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Kansas_Nebraska_Act.htm

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After the Kansas-Nebraska Act political parties flocked to Kansas to vote on whether or no the territory should allow slavery. The tension between pro-slavery advocates and abolitionists sparked the sack of Lawrence when pro-slavers stormed Lawrence and violently raided the city.  The  Pottawatomie Creek Massacre happened in response when John Brown and a group of anti-slavers killed 5 slavery advocates near Pottawatomie Creek. The Missouri Compromise not having been repealed would have held off violence for a little longer, but tensions between the slavery supporters and abolitionists were reaching high levels.
https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/bleeding-kansas

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Bleeding Kansas - Summary, Causes & John Brown’s Role | HISTORY

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Bleeding Kansas describes the period of repeated outbreaks of violent guerrilla warfare between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces following the creation of the new territory of Kansas in 1854.

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In this supreme court case the Supreme Court ruled that enslaved people were not United States citizens and that Congress could not ban slavery in a United States territory. The court ruled against Dred Scott an enslaved person who argued that he should be free after living in a northern free state for a period of time. The case shows that even those who are supposed to be of the highest authority and morality can be corrupt.
https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/dred-scott-v-sandford

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These were 7 debates between Stephan Douglas who proposed the Kansas- Nebraska Act and Abraham Lincoln. They debated over the morality of slavery as well as the others stance on slavery. During a Freeport debate Lioncoln questioned how to solve the growing issue of violent tensions in Kansas. Douglas came up with the idea to not enforce a law to protect slave owners rights to their slaves. This decision called the Freeport Doctrine gained him popularity in the North, but angered the southern slave owners.
https://www.britannica.com/event/Lincoln-Douglas-debates

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John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry 1859

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John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry 1859

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In 1859 radical and abolitionist John Brown raided the Harpers Ferry armory to supply enslaved people with weapons to incite a revolt. This event took place after the Massacre of Pottawatomie which he also led. The revolt was ultimately unsuccessful when his men were overrun before they could act. John was tried and sentenced to death on November 2 of the same year. John's actions spurred a response from many groups by highlighting the tensions between the north and the south. The raid pushed the territories further from each other and heightened awareness of the presidential election. I do not believe John was justified however he did push the bounds of the limits of the fight for slavery.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/john-browns-raid-on-harpers-ferry

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This presidential election was critical in determining the future of slavery. Abraham Lincoln won the election with less than 40% popularity, but 180 electoral college votes. The divided political parties worked in his favor with most of the north rallying to his side.
https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1860

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Who were the candidates in the United States presidential election of 1860?

Why was the U.S. presidential election of 1860 important?

What was the outcome of the U.S. presidential election of 1860?

What was the "Team of Rivals"?

United States presidential election of 1860, American presidential election held on November 6, 1860, in which Republican Abraham Lincoln defeated Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge, Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, and Constitutional Union candidate John Bell. The electoral split between Northern and Southern Democrats was emblematic of the severe sectional split, particularly over slavery, and in the months following Lincoln's election (and before his inauguration in March 1861) seven Southern states, led by South Carolina on December 20, 1860, seceded, setting the stage for the American Civil War (1861-65).

The conventions

Following on the heels of the Dred Scott decision of 1857, in which the U.S. Supreme Court voided the Missouri Compromise (1820), thus making slavery legal in all U.S. territories, the election of 1860 was sure to further expose sectional differences between those, especially (but not solely) in the North, who wanted to abolish slavery and those who sought to protect the institution. The Democratic Party held its convention in April-May 1860 in Charleston, S.C., where a disagreement over the official party policy on slavery prompted dozens of delegates from Southern states to withdraw. Unable to nominate a candidate (Sen. Stephen A. Douglas received a majority of the delegates' support but could not amass the required two-thirds majority needed for nomination), Democrats held a second convention in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 18-23, though many of the Southern delegates failed to attend. At Baltimore the Democrats nominated Douglas, who easily defeated Kentuckian John C. Breckinridge, the sitting vice president of the United States. Trying to unite Northern and Southern Democrats, the convention then turned for vice president first to Sen. Benjamin Fitzpatrick of Alabama, who declined nomination, and eventually to Herschel V. Johnson, a former U.S. senator and former governor of Georgia, who was chosen as Douglas's running mate. Disaffected Democrats, largely Southerners, then nominated Breckinridge, with Sen. Joseph Lane of Oregon as his running mate. Both Douglas and Breckinridge claimed to be the official Democratic candidates.

The Republican convention was held in Chicago on May 16-18. The party, which had formed only in the 1850s, was largely opposed to the extension of slavery in the U.S. territories. Though many party members favoured the total abolition of slavery, the party pragmatically did not call for abolition in those states that already had slavery. Entering the convention, Sen. William H. Seward of New York was considered the favourite for the nomination, and on the first ballot he led Abraham Lincoln, who had been defeated in Illinois in 1858 for the U.S. Senate by Douglas, as well as a host of other candidates. On a second ballot the gap between Seward and Lincoln narrowed, and Lincoln was subsequently nominated on the third ballot. Sen. Hannibal Hamlin of Maine was nominated as Lincoln's running mate.

Trying to transcend the sectional divide was the Constitutional Union Party, which was formed in 1859 by former Whigs and members of the Know-Nothing Party. The Constitutional Unionists named former senators John Bell of Tennessee and Edward Everett of Massachusetts as their presidential and vice presidential nominees, respectively. The party's platform particularly appealed to border states in its attempt to ignore the slavery issue and focus instead on fealty to the U.S. Constitution:

U.S. Presidential History Quiz

Resolved, that it is both the part of patriotism and of duty to recognize no political principles other than the Constitution of the country, the Union of the states, and the enforcement of the laws; and that, as representatives of the Constitutional Union men of the country in national convention assembled, we hereby pledge ourselves to maintain, protect, and defend, separately and unitedly, these great principles of public liberty and national safety against all enemies, at home and abroad, believing that thereby peace may once more be restored to the country, the rights of the people and of the states reestablished, and the government again placed in that condition of justice, fraternity, and equality which, under the example and Constitution of our fathers, has solemnly bound every citizen of the United States to maintain a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity.

The campaign

After his nomination, Lincoln put aside his law practice and ran a stay-at-home campaign, in which he made no stump speeches, though he did give full time to the direction of his campaign. His "main object," he had written, was to "hedge against divisions in the Republican ranks," and he counseled party workers to "say nothing on points where it is probable we shall disagree." With Republicans united, and with division within the Democratic Party and surrounding Bell's candidacy, the primary fear that Republicans had was that some disunity might appear and hamper their chances. Breckinridge also did little campaigning, giving only one speech. Douglas, however, was an active campaigner, in both the North and the South, where he gave a passionate defense of the Union and strenuously opposed secession. Still, much of the campaigning that did follow consisted of parades and rallies that boosted interest in the election (on election day some four-fifths of eligible voters turned out).

Despite four main candidates (and Douglas's forays into the South), the contests in the states were sectionally fought, with Douglas and Lincoln dominant in the North and Breckinridge and Bell dueling for support in the South. On election day Lincoln captured slightly less than 40 percent of the vote, but he won a majority in the electoral college, with 180 electoral votes, by sweeping the North (with the exception of New Jersey, which he split with Douglas) and also winning the Pacific Coast states of California and Oregon. Douglas won nearly 30 percent of the vote but won only Missouri's 12 electoral votes. Breckinridge, with 18 percent of the national vote, garnered 72 electoral votes, winning most of the states in the South as well as Delaware and Maryland. Bell, who won 12.6 percent of the vote, secured 39 electoral votes by winning Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. The results in the South are instructive in understanding the deep sectional divide. Lincoln did not win any votes in any state that would form the Confederacy, with the exception of Virginia, where he garnered only 1 percent of the total vote (Douglas won slightly less than 10 percent). By the time of Lincoln's inauguration in March, seven Southern states had seceded, and barely a month after Lincoln became president, the country became engaged in civil war.

The 1860 election is regarded by most political observers as the first of three "critical" elections in the United States-contests that produced sharp and enduring changes in party loyalties across the country (although some analysts consider the election of 1824 to have been the first critical election). After 1860 the Democratic and Republican parties became the major parties in a largely two-party system. In federal elections from the 1870s to the 1890s, the parties were in rough balance-except in the South, which became solidly Democratic. The two parties controlled Congress for almost equal periods, though the Democrats held the presidency only during the two terms of Grover Cleveland (1885-89 and 1893-97).

For the results of the previous election, see United States presidential election of 1856. For the results of the subsequent election, see United States presidential election of 1864.
Michael Levy

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united states presidential election of 1860

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U.S. Presidential Election of 1860 | Candidates & Results

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U.S. presidential election of 1860, American election in which Republican Abraham Lincoln defeated Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge, Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, and Constitutional Union candidate John Bell. After Lincoln's election seven Southern states seceded, setting the stage for the American Civil War.

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As a result of the various factors the states divided into the confederacy and the union. This arrangement allowed slavery in the confederacy and not in the union with both being individual governing bodies. This arrangement left weaknesses in the divided country.

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Forces from the Confederate States (south) attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina. South Carolina who had joined the confederacy not long ago informed Lincoln to evacuate troops. The Confederacy won the battle and no one died, but Lincoln deployed 75,000 person militia to flush out the rebellion.
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/battle-fort-sumter/

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On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces attacked the military garrison at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, starting the United States Civil War.

Subjects

Social Studies, U.S. History

On April 12, 1861, forces from the Confederate States of America attacked the United States military garrison at Fort Sumter, South Carolina. Less than two days later, the fort surrendered. No one was killed. The battle, however, started the Civil War, the bloodiest conflict in American history. Seven states, including South Carolina, had seceded from the U.S. months earlier. Attempts by President James Buchanan to supply U.S. troops at Fort Sumter had failed. When new President Abraham Lincoln (in office just over a month) told South Carolina's governor that he, too, would try to supply U.S. troops at the fort, South Carolina demanded all U.S. troops evacuate Fort Sumter immediately. U.S. troops did not evacuate, but, met with overwhelming force, surrendered on April 13. The Confederate victory at the Battle of Fort Sumter resulted in enormous support for military action from both the North and South. President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion, while four more states joined the Confederacy.

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On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces attacked the military garrison at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, starting the United States Civil War.