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Is a body of knowledge , it is a science . Linguistic is a cultural phenomenon an activity practised im some cultures.

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On the first millenium BC , it was stimulated by changes in Sanskrit (Indo-European, India), Grammarian are the sacred language of religious texts. It createdfrom this is tradition panini 500 BC . Ritual  the exact verbal performance of the religious texts, they wrote a  set rules for the ancient language.

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BABYLONIAN TRADITION         On the second milleniun Bc found writen on clay tables in southern it was tradition where people do lists of nouns in Sumerian 

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BABYLONIAN TRADITION         On the second milleniun Bc found writen on clay tables in southern it was tradition where people do lists of nouns in Sumerian 

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It was develop slightly later tha hindu tradition . It focus in areas of intellectual  endeavour , philosophical and theoretical questions. Themes of importance in greek tradition  include the origin of language , the relation between language and thoughts

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The Roman tradition in linguistics primarily focused on morphology, particularly the analysis of parts of speech and the forms of nouns and verbs, while syntax received less attention.

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The Roman tradition in linguistics primarily focused on morphology, particularly the analysis of parts of speech and the forms of nouns and verbs, while syntax received less attention.

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Arabic linguistics is interested in morphology and is also characterized by precise phonetic descriptions.

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Arabic linguistics is interested in morphology and is also characterized by precise phonetic descriptions.

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The Arabic tradition emphasized the formal structure of the language, particularly due to the need to preserve the Quran's linguistic purity as vernacular dialects emerged​ 

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The Arabic tradition emphasized the formal structure of the language, particularly due to the need to preserve the Quran's linguistic purity as vernacular dialects emerged​ 

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The philosopher Saadia ben Joseph al-Fayumi produced the first grammar and dictionary of Hebrew

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The philosopher Saadia ben Joseph al-Fayumi produced the first grammar and dictionary of Hebrew

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The tradition was characterized by its focus on morphology and the precise description of phonetic aspects. Influenced by Arabic grammar, Hebrew linguistics during this period sought to understand and preserve the language of religious texts​ 

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The tradition was characterized by its focus on morphology and the precise description of phonetic aspects. Influenced by Arabic grammar, Hebrew linguistics during this period sought to understand and preserve the language of religious texts​ 

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Gradually interest in the vernacular languages.

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Gradually interest in the vernacular languages.

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Pedagogic grammars of Latin for native speaker of other languages.

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Pedagogic grammars of Latin for native speaker of other languages.

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.In about 1000 an about in Britain wrote a grammar of Latin for Anglo-Saxon speaking children

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.In about 1000 an about in Britain wrote a grammar of Latin for Anglo-Saxon speaking children

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Bacon held that grammar was fundamentally the same in all languags, differences being incidental and shallow.

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The twelfth century saw the emergence of the notion of the universal nature of grammar, which was later refined and developed by scholars such us Roger Bacon

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The twelfth century saw the emergence of the notion of the universal nature of grammar, which was later refined and developed by scholars such us Roger Bacon

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Its main concern was spelling reform, to correct inadequacies of the Latin-based writing system of Iceland.                                                                                                                                                                  

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The first grammatical treatise was penned sometime in the twelfth century by an unknown author in Iceland

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The first grammatical treatise was penned sometime in the twelfth century by an unknown author in Iceland

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15th-19th Centuries: Colonizers study and document non-European languages

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15th-19th Centuries: Colonizers study and document non-European languages

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18th Century: Comparative studies of African and Asian languages.

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18th Century: Comparative studies of African and Asian languages.

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19th Century: Comparative linguistics grows.

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19th Century: Comparative linguistics grows.

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16th Century: Spanish missionaries document Native American languages.

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16th Century: Spanish missionaries document Native American languages.

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1820s: Franz Bopp and Rasmus Rask create comparative methods.

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1820s: Franz Bopp and Rasmus Rask create comparative methods.

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1861: Max Müller’s lectures promote comparative linguistics.

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1861: Max Müller’s lectures promote comparative linguistics.

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The Modern Age was a crucial period of transition for linguistics. From the revitalization of classical studies and the creation of grammars to the establishment of foundations for comparative linguistics and universal grammar.

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This approach analyzes language at different levels (phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic) and seeks to understand how these levels are interrelated. The goal is to identify the underlying structures that govern language use.

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Roman scholars like Varro made significant contributions to linguistic thought, including his multi-volume grammar of Latin. Influenced by Greek linguistic ideas, this tradition helped establish foundational concepts that would influence later linguistic studies.

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Roman scholars like Varro made significant contributions to linguistic thought, including his multi-volume grammar of Latin. Influenced by Greek linguistic ideas, this tradition helped establish foundational concepts that would influence later linguistic studies.

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Louis Hjelmslev (1899 - 1965) developed an approach called Glossematics. It's about the relations between linguistics entities and entities themselves. It's an algebraic theory of language. It was influenced between 1930 and 1960.

Glossematics defines the glosseme as the most basic unit of language. It's an expansion of Saussure's concept of language as a dual system of meaning and form. According to Hjelmslev, the linguistics' task is analyze texts of different languages.

The glosseme is nearly identical to the phoneme, a unit of speech which can be used to make a word different from another and it's the same in every other way (E.g.: /b/ in "big" and /p/ in "pig"). About glosseme is  the distribution of small meaningful signals and units of a language.
E.g.: a word, stem, intonation, grammatical element.

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Franz Boas (1858 - 1942) and Edward Sapir (1884 - 1939) were concerned about the disappearance of the languages and cultures of native Americans. So, they proposed language should be described in their own terms rather than being forced into the mould of European languages because they're connected with the life and thoughts of speakers.

Leonard Bloomfield (1887 - 1949) was concerned about establish linguistics as a science. His methodology is discover procedures and facilitate the analysis of information of languages which were not spoken.

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The schools of linguistics continued their studies about languages using the previous researches through the twentieth century and think about new ones.

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Neo-Bloomfieldian structuralism became algebraic in orientation form the end of Second World War in America. Although, Its rejection started with the use of Noam Chomsky's Syntactic Structures (1928). Grammar is considered to be a formal system making explicit the mechanics (rules/meaning) which grammatical sentences of a language can be generated. Its called Generative grammar.

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Generative grammar is a theorical approach in linguistics which grammar as a specific system of rules that defines sentences of a language. It provides instructions for the production of an infinite number of sentences.

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Chomsky's thought quickly became dominant both in America and Europe.
Also, alternative generative theories were developed by linguists working withing the paradigm, including:

-Structural Grammar: A general description of language as a set of rules. It describes how language is used through main verbs, clauses (Independants - Dependants) and types of sentences (Simple; Compounds; Compound-Complex).

-Lexical Functional Grammar: Analysis of certain phenomena such as noun phrases and verb phrases.

-Semantics: Philosophical and scientific study of meanings in natural or artificial languages.

-Phonology: Study of speech sounds of language and how they are organized. Also, it includes the combination of sounds, the interaction with each other and their rules.

-Syntax: Patters of a word arrangement in sentences, clauses and phrases and their relationship. E.g.: "The girl loves the boy" (The subject is in the initial position and next is the verb).

-Morphology: System of word formation and its construction. E.g.: "Replacement" (Re - "place" - ment); "Walked" ("Walk" - ed)

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Dick (1940-1995) In the functional paradigm, a language is the first place conceptualized as an instrument of social interaction among humans beings, used with the intention of establishing communicative relationships…

CHARACTERISTICS

·   It focuses on the use of language rather than its structure.

·   Its structures are best analyzed and understood with reference to the functions they carry out. These include the tasks of conveying meaning  and contextual information.

·   It considers all aspects of the language, including its history, development and social function.

·   It views language as a system that is constantly changing and evolving.

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“A linguistic sign is not a link between a thing and a name, but between a concept and a sound pattern”.

ARBITRARINESS

LINEAR NATURE

MUTABILITY

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1.       Sociolinguistics The study of the interrelationships between language and social structure, it is concerned with how language function in society

2.       Applied linguistics Is using what we know about language, how it is learned and how it is used, in order to achieve some purpose or solve some problem in the real world.

3.       Computational linguistic Computational linguistics focuses on the system or concept that machines can be computed to understand, learn, or output languages

4.       Psycholinguistics The study of how language is acquired and produce by users, how the brain works on languages and language development.

5.       Stylistic Is the science which explores how readers interact with the language of texts in order to explain how we understand, and are affected by texts when we read them.

6.       Historical linguistic It studies the ways in which languages are changes from period to period and the causes and effects of that changes.

7.       Comparative linguistic studies language from comparative point of view. Language can be compared according to three different principles: genetic, typological and areal.

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Mostly of them in apposition to Chomskian linguistics.

Functional grammar (Simon Dik)

Cognitive grammar (Roland Langacker)

Constructional grammar (Charles Fillmore)