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Behaviorism focuses on how people learn through their environment. People respond to a stimulus in their environment and then they learn from those experiences (National University, n.d.).

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Have you ever wondered how people learn and behave? Why do some students excel in certain subjects while others struggle? How can teachers positively influence their students' behavior and motivation? These are some of the questions that behavioral learning theory tries to answer.

Behaviorism in education, or behavioral learning theory is a branch of psychology that focuses on how people learn through their interactions with the environment. It is based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning, which is a process of reinforcement and punishment. According to this theory, learning is a change in observable behavior that results from experience.

This article will explore the history, concepts, and applications of behavioral learning theory in education. We will also discuss the benefits and drawbacks of working with a behavioral learning model and how to balance it with other learning models.

Overview of Behavioral Learning Theory

Behavioral learning theory emerged in the early 20th century as a reaction against introspective psychology, which relied on subjective reports of mental states and processes. Behaviorists such as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner argued that psychology should be a science of observable and measurable events and behaviors, and that mental states and cognitive processes were irrelevant or inaccessible.

Behaviorists proposed that environmental stimuli and consequences shape behavior and that learning occurs through a process of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning involves reinforcing or punishing behaviors based on their outcomes. For example, if a student gets praised for answering a question correctly, they are more likely to repeat that behavior in the future. On the other hand, if a student gets scolded for talking out of turn, they are less likely to repeat that behavior in the future.

Behavioral learning theory has been influential in many fields, such as education, therapy, animal training, and artificial intelligence ( AI). However, it has also been criticized for being too simplistic, deterministic, and neglecting the role of cognition, emotion, and social factors in human behavior.

Behavioral vs. Social Learning Theory

While both behavioral and social learning theories focus on the study of human behavior, there are notable differences between the two. Behavioral learning theory primarily emphasizes the role of external stimuli and consequences in shaping behavior.

By contrast, social learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, highlights the significance of observational learning and the influence of cognitive processes on behavior. Social learning theory suggests that individuals learn by observing others and imitating their actions. It also considers the role of internal mental processes in learning.

Social learning theory differs from behavioral learning theory in several ways:

Social learning theory acknowledges that people can learn without direct reinforcement or punishment.

Social learning theory recognizes that people can learn from observing others as well as from their own experiences.

Social learning theory incorporates cognitive factors as well as environmental factors in explaining behavior.

Benefits of Working with a Behavioral Learning Model

Implementing a behavioral learning model in education offers several advantages. Firstly, it provides a systematic and structured approach to teaching, enabling educators to set clear expectations and establish consistent routines in the classroom. The use of positive reinforcement encourages desirable behaviors, fostering a positive learning environment. Additionally, behaviorism emphasizes measurable outcomes, allowing educators to assess student progress and tailor instruction accordingly. By focusing on observable behaviors, behaviorism provides a practical framework for effective teaching and learning.

Working with a behavioral learning model can have several benefits for educators and students alike. Some of these benefits are:

It provides a clear and objective way of measuring and evaluating student performance and progress.

It allows teachers to tailor instruction and feedback according to each student's needs and abilities.

It helps teachers manage classroom behavior and discipline by using positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement strategies.

It motivates students to learn by rewarding them for their achievements and efforts.

It helps students develop self-regulation skills by teaching them how to monitor and control their own behavior.

Application of Behaviorism in the Classroom

There are many ways that teachers can apply behaviorism in the classroom to enhance student learning and behavior. Here are some examples of behaviorist teaching strategies:

Positive Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement entails offering rewards or incentives to strengthen desired behaviors. This can include verbal praise, stickers, tokens, or other tangible rewards. By positively reinforcing desired behaviors, educators can motivate students and increase the likelihood of those behaviors being repeated. For example, a teacher can praise a student for completing their homework, give them a sticker for raising their hand, or reward them with extra recess time for being cooperative.
Positive reinforcement can have several benefits, such as:
Negative Reinforcement

Negative reinforcement is the removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior to increase its frequency. For example, a teacher can reduce the amount of homework for a student who performs well on a test, allow them to skip a quiz if they score high on a pre-test, or exempt them from a penalty if they correct their mistake.
Negative reinforcement can have several benefits, such as:
Punishment

Punishment involves applying negative consequences to discourage undesirable behaviors. It can take the form of reprimands, time-outs, or loss of privileges. For example, a teacher can scold a student for talking out of turn, take away their privileges for breaking a rule, or give them extra work for not paying attention. However, it is important to use punishment judiciously and consider its potential impact on the student's motivation and self-esteem.
Punishment can have several drawbacks, such as:
Modeling

Modeling involves demonstrating desired behaviors for students to observe and imitate. Educators can act as positive role models by displaying appropriate behavior and providing examples of how to perform certain tasks or handle specific situations. For example, a teacher can show students how to solve a math problem, how to write an essay, or how to behave in a group project.
Modeling can have several benefits, such as:
Shaping

Shaping is the process of gradually reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior until it is mastered. This technique breaks down complex behaviors into smaller, manageable steps, allowing students to develop the desired skills or behaviors gradually. For example, a teacher can reward a student for writing one sentence, then two sentences, then a paragraph, until they can write a full essay.
Shaping can have several benefits, such as:
Cueing

Cueing is the process of providing hints or prompts to steer a student's behavior or performance. For example, to facilitate students' memory recall, problem-solving, and task completion, educators have the option to employ different cues. These cues may include verbal cues-like asking questions or offering reminders, visual cues-such as gestures or pictures, and physical cues-like touch or movement.
Cueing can have several benefits, such as:

Behaviorist Teaching Strategies

Incorporating behaviorist teaching strategies can enhance student engagement and learning. There are many teaching strategies that are based on behavioral learning theory. Some of these strategies are:

Direct Instruction: This method involves clear and structured teaching, with a focus on repetition and practice. It ensures that students receive consistent and explicit information.

Token Economy: In a token economy system, students earn tokens or points for exhibiting appropriate behavior. These tokens can be exchanged for rewards or privileges, providing students with a tangible incentive to stay on task.

Prompting and Fading: Educators can use prompts to guide students toward the correct response. As the student becomes proficient, prompts are gradually reduced, allowing them to respond independently.

Behavior Contracts: Behavior contracts outline specific goals and rewards for meeting them. Students and teachers both sign the contract, making the expectations clear and encouraging students to take responsibility for their actions.

Time-Out: Time-out is a temporary removal of a student from a reinforcing environment due to disruptive behavior. It provides an opportunity for the student to calm down and reflect on their actions.

Task Analysis: Complex tasks can be broken down into smaller, manageable steps. By teaching one step at a time and gradually building on the skills, students can achieve success more easily.

For more information focusing on other categories of learning theories, be sure to explore other National University resources.

Drawbacks of Working with a Behavioral Learning Model

While behaviorism has its advantages, there are also drawbacks to consider. Critics argue that behaviorism focuses solely on external behavior and overlooks the influence of internal cognitive processes. It may not fully address complex learning, creativity, and critical thinking skills, which are essential in today's education.

Additionally, excessive reliance on behaviorist techniques may lead to a rigid and overly controlled learning environment, limiting students' autonomy and creativity.

Working with a behavioral learning model can also have some drawbacks for educators and students alike.

Some of these drawbacks are:

Lack of Focus on Cognitive Skills: The behavioral model primarily emphasizes observable behaviors and external stimuli. It may overlook the development of critical thinking, problem-solving, and higher-order cognitive skills, which are essential for long-term learning and academic success.

Limited Application to Complex Learning: The behavioral approach is most suitable for simple and rote learning tasks. However, it may not fully address the complexities of real-world problem-solving and creative thinking, which require deeper understanding and analysis.

Narrow Assessment of Learning Outcomes: Behavioral learning often relies on measurable outcomes, such as correct responses or completion of tasks. This narrow focus might neglect other valuable aspects of learning, such as creativity, emotional intelligence, and social skills.

Possible Overemphasis on Rewards and Punishments: A heavy reliance on rewards and punishments may lead to extrinsic motivation, where students perform for the sake of rewards rather than a genuine interest in learning. This could hinder intrinsic motivation and long-term engagement.

Limited Individualization: The behavioral model might not fully accommodate individual differences in learning styles, strengths, and challenges. Some students may require personalized approaches that consider their unique needs.

Potential for Negative Emotional Impact: Punishments and negative reinforcement can sometimes lead to stress, anxiety, and fear of failure among students. This negative emotional impact may hinder their overall learning experience.

Short-Term Focus: Behaviorist techniques often yield quick results in terms of behavior change. However, their effects may not be long-lasting, and students might revert to previous behaviors once the external incentives are removed.

Less Autonomy and Creativity: The behavioral approach may limit students' autonomy and creativity since they are encouraged to follow specific instructions and predefined behavioral expectations.

Despite these drawbacks, it's essential to acknowledge that behaviorist techniques can still be valuable tools when used in moderation and in conjunction with other educational approaches. By combining various teaching methods, educators can create a more balanced and effective learning environment that addresses the diverse needs of students.

Balancing Learning Models

It is important to recognize that one learning model is unlikely to work for all situations and all students. Educators should consider a balanced approach that incorporates various learning theories, including behaviorism, constructivism, and social learning theory. By blending different instructional strategies and considering individual student needs, educators can create a dynamic and inclusive learning environment that supports diverse learning styles and promotes holistic development.

Conclusion

Behaviorism in education offers valuable insights into the ways external stimuli and consequences shape behavior and learning. By understanding and applying the principles of behavioral learning theory, educators can create effective teaching strategies, foster positive learning environments, and enhance student engagement. While behaviorism has its limitations, a balanced approach that incorporates multiple learning models can cater to the diverse needs of students and promote comprehensive learning outcomes.

National University's Master of Arts in Social Emotional Learning can prepare you for an educational career that focuses on emotional learning to empower educational communities. A BA Degree in Early Childhood Education (BAECE) could be the first step in your career as an educator, where you'll master all variations of behavioral learning in the classroom. Take the first steps towards a rewarding and fascinating career as an educator with National University today.

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Behaviorism in Education: What Is Behavioral Learning Theory?

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Uncover the principles of behaviorism in education. Learn how behavioral learning theory shapes classroom dynamics.

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Instructional Design Models and Frameworks

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Instructional Design Models and Frameworks

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Direct instruction and prompting and fading are two instructional design models that align with behaviorism learning theory. In direct instruction students receive information in an organized manner then the student uses the information to practice new knowledge (National University, n.d.). The teacher provides feedback to the  student on how they are acquiring the new information. In prompting and fading the teacher models how to apply the new information. The student then tries to apply the new knowledge with the teacher's support getting less each time.

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Two instructional strategies that are aligned with behaviorism are drill and practice and token economy. In drill and practice students are given a set of similar problems and students practice solving the problems. The teacher provides feedback to the student. The second instructional strategy is token economy. Students receive a token like a ticket or voucher when they practice positive behavior. The students can use the tokens for prizes or special privileges. Both of these strategies give students feedback when they complete the task.

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The first technology enhanced activity that aligns with behaviorism is online learning platforms like Khan Academy. Students can watch math videos to learn new information and then solve practice problems. Khan Academy provides students with feedback if the student is correctly applying the new information. The second technology enhanced activity that aligns with behaviorism is an online behavior track system like ClassDojo. Teachers can give students points when students exhibit positive behaviors like turn in assignments.

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Cognitivism is a learning theory that focuses on how the mind receives, organizes and stores information. People receive information from a presentation. The order and sequence of the information helps the mind learn this new information.

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"No problem can withstand the assault of sustained thinking." -Voltaire

Think back to your time in school. Was there a concept or subject that just clicked for you? You understood it clearly, and it made sense. Now, think about a time at school when you couldn't understand a concept or subject no matter how hard you tried. Teachers face both of these situations with learners every single day. Some learners struggle with more things than others, and it's a teacher's role to work to help students understand and learn. That can be a lot of pressure on a teacher. One way current and aspiring teachers can be prepared to help learners who struggle is to consider different theories and tactics that could be helpful. As teachers work to understand more cognitive theories, they will have more tools at their disposal to create an environment full of knowledge and strategies for each unique student. If you're working to get a teaching degree, it's important to get knowledge about these different learning theories that could be important in helping you be the best teacher possible.

Cognitive understanding is an interesting learning theory that focuses on thought. Cognition encourages students to "think about their thinking" as a means to help them unlock a concept or subject they struggle with. Cognitive learning can help boost learner engagement and motivation as it gives them a new way to look at themselves and their brain. Cognition is the key to unlocking impactful knowledge and brain power for learners, increasing their skills. This guide will dive deeper into this theory and help teachers learn how to utilize it in their classroom.

To understand cognitive learning theory, it's important to learn the term "metacognition." Metacognition is the awareness of your brain's thoughts and thought processes. This concept of knowing how you think is the basis for cognitive learning theory.

This theory on cognition asks learners to look at thinking and mental processes, and how cognitive thinking can be influenced by external and internal factors. If your cognitive processes are working normally, it's easier to learn. But if something is off with a cognitive process, difficulties can ensue. Cognitive learning can be broken down into social cognitive theory and cognitive behavioral theory.

The cognitive theory has an interesting and unique history. Plato and Descartes are two of the first philosophers to dive deeply into the theory of cognitive behavior and knowledge. Their ideas about knowledge and behavior spurred further thoughts on cognition. Researchers and psychologists like Wilhelm Wundt, William James, John Dewey, John Watson, and many others all researched and explored how the mind and thought works. Jean Piaget is highly looked to in the field of cognitive psychology for his research and insight on internal structures, knowledge, and the environment. Piaget is also known for his development levels that break down ages and comprehension abilities. More psychologists have come over time, and things like the invention of the computer have dramatically impacted how we understand the brain. As we're able to actively look at the brain, we have a much better comprehension of it. Cognitive learning theory has adjusted and adapted as we learn over time, and every step in learning about this process is impactful in helping people every single day.

Social cognitive theory is the idea that learning happens in a social context and is impacted by the person, environment, and behavior. In social cognitive theory it is suggested that there are several factors that impact a person's ability to perform and learn. Their internal thoughts, and external forces around them can both play an important role in their cognitive process. Social interactions, things they see around them, observed behavior, and how they interpret these things all impact behavior and learning. For example, a teacher can help students see the outcome of a certain behavior. They can show students that when they listen to instructions and follow quickly, there is more time at the end of the day for a reward. This gives students the motivation to follow that social behavior.

Behavioral cognitive theory is the idea that how we think, how we feel, and how we behave are all directly connected together. Simply put, this means that our thoughts determine our feelings and behavior. All of these cognitive elements can directly impact how students learn in a classroom setting. If a student believes they aren't good at math, that it doesn't come naturally to them for some reason, that they are dumb and won't understand, they are likely to feel frustration and anger during a math lesson and perform poorly. The cognitive behavioral theory is closely connected to social cognitive theory-social cognitive theory identifies how external forces AND internal forces, your thoughts, impact your learning. Social cognitive theory utilizes behavior cognitive theory to explain learning.

While you may now have a basic understanding of what cognitive learning theory is, it's even more important to understand how to apply it in everyday life or the classroom. There are many types of cognitive learning and a wide variety of strategies you can utilize to help you maximize student achievement. Some of these strategies include:

Asking questions. When students are asked questions it gives them an opportunity to dive deeper into meaning. Questions based on a student's response can help them dissect their learning and understanding in a certain area, getting deeper into their own thought process and understanding.

Having opportunities to make errors. Giving students a simulation or hands-on problem gives them the opportunity to make mistakes, and then learn from them. A simulation that shows them where they went wrong can then help them correct. This helps them understand where in their thought process they were off, and they can go and reroute their thinking to get to the correct answer.

Fostering self-reflection/self-questioning. Giving students opportunities for self reflection can be huge in helping them understand their mental process. Journal questions, quiet time, and self-analysis discussions can be great ways to encourage students to think about their thinking.

Thinking aloud. Teachers can themselves think aloud, showing students how they rationalize or work out problems. They can then give students that same opportunity. In group projects, in one-on-one interactions, and in presentations teachers can ask questions or make suggestions that can help students think aloud.

All of these strategies can be crucial in helping students improve their writing skills, analytic skills, comprehension, retention, self-regulation, and more.

While it may feel like psychology and experiments are extremely regulated and hard to implement, cognitive learning theory and real classroom learning go hand-in-hand. The findings that psychologists make in experiments can have direct impacts on how teachers work to help students learn.

How to Use Cognitive Learning Strategies as an Educator

Teachers can use cognitive learning strategies to create a great learning environment for their students. You can create behavioral systems that rely on cognitive learning to encourage improved behavior. You can create a peaceful and informative classroom environment that helps make students feel confident in learning. You can help create an environment that relies on positive thoughts that can lead to better learning. It's also valuable for teachers to work with parents to encourage positive learning environments that extend past the classroom doors.
Cognitive Learning Activities:
Teachers can try some cognitive learning activities to increase learning opportunities for their students. Some activities teachers can try are:

Make a game of memorizing poetry or facts

Write a journal entry that asks students to think about what they learned that day or week

Students can demonstrate work in front of the class

Have students create their own learning game as they work to master facts or a subject

Ask students to explain a problem to other students and teach it to them

Put a list of questions on the board and have students answer them to learn about their thought process

Teachers have a lot of pressure on them to help students learn the things they are supposed to. Focusing on learning theories can give teachers additional resources and strategies to help reach students and increase their understanding. If you're pursuing a teaching degree, it's a great idea to learn more about teaching and learning strategies to help you be a great teacher.

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As an aspiring or current teacher it's important to understand different learning styles and how they impact your students. Recognizing how different students may learn best will help you be an effective teacher. Discover what cognitive learning is and how it can help teachers reach their students.

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Constructivism is a learning theory that states that knowledge is made from experiences that the learner has gone through. As the learner tries to make sense of those experiences they will add  new knowledge to their existing knowledge (University of Buffalo, n.d.).

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office of curriculum assessment and teaching transformation

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Creating experiences that facilitate the construction of knowledge.

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Connectivism is a learning theory that states that technology plays a major role in learning new information (Anonymouse, 2017). New knowledge is acquired by connecting to networks of information.

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Instructional Design Models and Frameworks

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Instructional Design Models and Frameworks

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Asking students questions and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) two instructional design models that align with cognitivism learning theory. Asking students questions makes the student think about how they are processing their knowledge. Teachers asking the right questions can add to the student’s current knowledge. Key concept of UDL is presenting new information to students in multiple ways to best help students understand the new material (Bacon, 2014).

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Two Instructional Strategies that are aligned with cognitivism are graphic organizers and metacognitive strategies like self reflection. Graphic organizers can be diagrams and charts that give students the opportunity to process new information in different ways. The second strategy that aligns with cognitivism is metacognitive strategies like reflections. Giving time for students to write in a journal about their learning allows students to organize their new knowledge.

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The first technology enhanced activity that aligns with cognitivism is creating an infographic using a program like Canva. Students can use many different visuals to demonstrate their understanding of the material. The second technology enhanced activity that aligns with cognitivism is using an online simulation like Amplify Science simulations. Students use their current understanding of the science concept and change key factors in the simulation to see how that will change their understanding of the science concept.

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Canva is a free-to-use online graphic design tool. Use it to create social media posts, presentations, posters, videos, logos and more.

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Instructional Design Models and Frameworks

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Instructional Design Models and Frameworks

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Eliciting prior knowledge and 5E Instructional Model are two instructional design models that align with constructivism learning theory. Eliciting prior knowledge is important to help students add to their existing knowledge. Knowledge is seen as dynamic and changing with new experiences (University of Buffalo, n.d.). A key component to the 5E Instructional Model is to evaluate their learning. Students reflect on their new knowledge and apply to their existing experiences and knowledge.

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Two instructional strategies aligned with constructivism are Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and authentic assessments. PBLs give the students the opportunity to use their current knowledge and experience to find a problem that they try to solve. In PBLs students are getting new information and applying to the current problem to find a solution. The second strategy that aligns with constructivism is authentic assessments. In authentic assessments students can create a presentation that displays their current understanding of a topic. A part of their presentation can include what could be the next information that can increase their understanding of the material.

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The first technology enhanced activity that aligns with constructivism is creating a digital presentation using Google Slides. Google slides allows students to present their solutions to PLBs. In their presentations students apply the knowledge they gain to solve the problem. These presentations reinforced that knowledge is dynamic. The second technology enhanced activity that aligns with constructivism is using a program like Code.org. Code.org is a website that gives the students the opportunity to code to create online video games. Code.org coding projects are  between 10 to 15 levels. Each level teaches the students a coding skill that they will need to apply for the next level.

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Learn computer science. Change the world.

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Every student in every school deserves the opportunity to study computer science.

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Instructional Design Models and Frameworks

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Instructional Design Models and Frameworks

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Learning Circle Model and Concept Mapping are two instructional design models that align with  connectivism learning theory. A key component of the Learning Circle Model is students sharing their knowledge with a small group. This model encourages participation in a network of information. Concept mapping instructional model that helps students create a visual representation of information. Concept mapping creates a network of knowledge and allows students to connect their network to existing networks that can be online.

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Two instructional strategies aligned with connectivism are networked learning platforms and online resource curation. Networked learning platforms allow students to connect with other students that have different information. These platforms make it possible for students to participate in information networks that can include students, teachers and database systems like online libraries. The second strategy aligned with connectivism is online resource curation. Students can become experts in a subject by researching and creating a list of important information on the student. The students can create a Padlet to share their information.

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The first technology enhanced activity that aligns with connectivism is using Google classroom to create an online discussion forum. Students can use the Google Stream feature to share and ask other students information about the class material. Students and teachers can also post Google Doc and Google Presentations to share information. The second technology enhanced activity that aligns with connectivism is using social media learning networks. For example twitter allows students to search key ideas to find posts and people that have information. Students can become part of these information networks.

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1) Adaptive learning platforms use data that the student enters to personalize the student's learning experience (Montclair State University, n.d.). A key feature of adaptive learning platforms is providing the learner with immediate feedback. Adaptive learning platforms provides learners with the opportunity to deepen their understanding because it uses an algorithm to identify the next step in the students’ learning progression.

2) Gamification of learning takes game elements like earning points, prizes and competition to increase student engagement and student outcomes. A key feature of gamification of learning is to reward students that complete desired tasks. Gamification of learning fosters student agency because the students keep track of their own learning by seeing how many rewards they have achieved.

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1) Microlearning involves condensing the lessons into smaller key concepts and delivering the information in short presentations like a video (Loveless, 2024). A key feature of microlearning is being able to break down a traditional lesson into several smaller concepts, allowing students to review or move forward at their own pace. The students will foster their own learning because they will be able progress and return to concepts as they need.

2) Augmented reality creates immersive experiences to create new ways to present students with information. A key feature of augmented reality is to allow students to engage virtual objects with multiple senses. Giving the students to explore virtual environments will develop active learning experiences.

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1) Social learning platforms and online communities are platforms like Facebook that students can use to learn from other people (eLearning Company, 2024). A key feature of social learning platforms and online communities is that students can collaborate with other students from different places and have different perspectives. Using social learning platforms help students to create authentic learning experiences because they will be learning and teaching others.

2) Robotics and coding provide students to solve problems using tools like robots and coding. A key feature of robotics and coding is presenting students a problem that needs to be solved that has constraints. For example, many robots can only do one task, students must solve problems within the robot’s limits.

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1) Personal Learning Networks are online environments where students create their own learning environment. A key feature of personal learning networks is that they are connected to other networks. These networks can be online forms, social media and podcasts. Personal learning networks foster student engagement because students regularly visit and update their networks.

2) Cloud computing allows for students to be connected to more networks. Students using cloud computing increase the devices that can be used to connect to the internet.