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a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

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A camera obscura is a darkened room with a small hole or lens at one side through which an image is projected onto a wall or table opposite the hole.

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The standard photographic film format for analog single lens reflex (SLR) still cameras and motion picture cameras.

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A twin-lens reflex camera (TLR) is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. One of the lenses is the photographic objective

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The gelatin silver process is the most commonly used chemical process in black-and-white photography, and is the fundamental chemical process for modern analog color photography.

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Photo curators collect, exhibit, research and maintain the photo collection at a museum.

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a public display of works of art or items of interest, held in an art gallery or museum or at a trade fair.

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a room or building for the display or sale of works of art.

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a building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited.

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A photographic studio is often a business owned and represented by one or more photographers, possibly accompanied by assistants and pupils, who create and sell their own and sometimes others’ photographs.

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a long, narrow mark or band.

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the property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way the object reflects or emits light.

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a continuous area or expanse which is free, available, or unoccupied.

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alue in photography describes the range of light in your image. Altering the light in a photo is how you create contrast. Let's explore tonal value and how we can use it to change the feel and look of our photos.

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Form refers to when shape takes on three dimensions. Form is created by shadows and highlights on an object in the photograph

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texture is the visual depiction of variations in the color, shape, and depth of an object's surface

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Balance is a composition technique that arranges elements within the frame to achieve equal visual weight across the image

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Pattern in Photography is a regularity within a scene. It's elements of the scene that repeat themselves in a predictable way.

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Variety is the principle of art that adds interest to an artwork. Variety works through juxtaposition and contrast.

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Radial balance is a form of symmetrical balance where elements within an image radiate outwards from a central point

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symmetry is achieved when both sides of the image hold equal weight

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When a photo is asymmetrical, it has unequal visual weight on either side.

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For the purposes of a 'juxtaposition in photography' definition, we can say that juxtaposition photography involves combining two or more elements in the same picture, highlighting the interesting contrast between them, to create an eye-catching and thought-provoking image

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Abstract photography consists of images created using photography materials and equipment that don't have an immediate association with the physical world.

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cool colors include green, blue, and violet.

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Warm colors include red, orange, and yellow

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Neutral colors are muted shades that appear to lack color but often have underlying hues that change with different lighting

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Complementary colors are pairs of colors which, when combined or mixed, cancel each other out by producing a grayscale color like white or black

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Constructive criticism focuses on providing constructive feedback, supported by specific examples, to help you improve in some area.

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the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

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relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.

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objective=not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts.
subjective=based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions.

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copyright=the exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same.
trademark=a symbol, word, or words legally registered or established by use as representing a company or product.

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a type of composition in which an image is divided evenly into thirds, both horizontally and vertically

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Leading lines are a compositional technique where human-made or natural lines lead the viewer's eyes through a photograph to the subject or the heart of the image,

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The golden ratio is a guide to where to place a subject (a tree, person, building, etc.) or element in a photo (like the horizon) where it will be most pleasing to the eye.

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Negative space photography is related to minimalist photography. It emphasizes not just the subject, but the empty space around the subject.

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Simply put, positive space is the actual subject

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Backlight in photography involves positioning the main light source for a photograph behind the primary subject.

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Diffused light, or soft light, is light that's filtered by something. Sunlight through a sheer curtain is diffused.

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Ambient light is any light a photographer or cinematographer did not bring to the shoot.

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Chiaroscuro is a renaissance painting technique which literally means “light-dark” in Italian

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A silhouette is a solid, dark image of a subject against a brighter background

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Diptychs are a set of two photos you can use to tell a story and emphasize contrast.

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A photographic triptych is a common style used in modern commercial artwork. The photographs are usually arranged with a plain border between them.

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ISO is your camera's sensitivity to light as it pertains to either film or a digital sensor.

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The ASA (American Standards Association) scale is an arbitrary rating of film speed; that is, the sensitivity of the film to light.

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An image sensor is a device that allows the camera to convert photons – that is, light – into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the device.

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Film grain is the visible silver crystals in a film negative's emulsion.

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Image noise is random variation of brightness or color information in images, and is usually an aspect of electronic noise.

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Aperture refers to the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes. It is calibrated in f/stops and is generally written as numbers such as 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11 and 16.

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The “f” in f-stop stands for the focal length of the lens. While focal length itself refers to the field of view of a lens, f-stop is about how much light you allow to hit the sensor via the aperture opening.

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Lens focal length tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be.

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Depth of field is the distance between the closest and farthest objects in a photo that appears acceptably sharp.

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Bokeh has also been defined as "the way the lens renders out-of-focus points of light". Differences in lens aberrations and aperture shape cause very different bokeh effects

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Automatic Exposure is when the camera chooses the optimum shutter speed, aperture, ISO and flash settings for your shot

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In program mode the camera selects and sets both the shutter speed and the aperture.

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Manual mode requires the photographer to make all the decisions

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a setting on cameras that allows the user to choose a specific shutter speed while the camera adjusts the aperture to ensure correct exposure.

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Aperture priority, often abbreviated A or Av on a camera mode dial, is a mode on some cameras that allows the user to set a specific aperture value while the camera selects a shutter speed to match it

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Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements.

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Time-lapse photography is a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence.

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Light painting is a photographic technique where light is “painted” or “drawn” into the photograph using a hand held light source during a long exposure.

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Panning photography freezes objects in motion in a still frame. Explore ways to pan your camera, what shutter speed to use, and other ways to add action to your shots.

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Burst mode, also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode, continuous mode, or burst shot, is a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down

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shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light when taking a photograph.

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The Bulb setting on camera shutters is a momentary-action mode that holds shutters open for as long as a photographer depresses the shutter-release button.

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Motion blur is a long exposure photography technique that lets you convey the feeling of movement or action in a still image.

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Both a tripod and monopod are accessories designed to support a camera — where the two differ are the legs. A tripod has three legs (that's the “tri”). A monopod is a camera support that has one leg (that's the “mono”). Much of the rest of the design is similar across both accessories.

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup.

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Spot metering allows the camera to measure the light reflected from the person's face and expose properly for that, instead of adjusting exposure for the much brighter light around the hairline.

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The centre-weighted mode is a halfway between matrix and partial metering. It measures the exposure of a pretty big metering spot in the viewfinder of the camera. Most people take photographs in which the subject is in the metering centre of the image.

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject.

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Evaluative metering is the default metering mode on most cameras. It ensures that the camera will automatically adjust to the right exposure setting even when the ambient lighting shows greater contrast.

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By definition 18% gray is the “mid-point between black and white on a logarithmic or exponential curve.” Think of it this way; it is simply halfway between black and white

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Shadows change shape, intensity, and even color along with the angle, direction, and temperature of light. Any photo that uses shadows as a prominent part of the composition — to enhance the contrast of a subject or as the subject itself

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A medium tone, one that is neither very dark nor very light.

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Highlights are the lightest elements in an image, whereas shadows are the darkest areas.

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A vignette is a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos.

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Technically speaking, sepia toning is a chemical process that converts the metallic silver in the emulsion of a photographic print into a silver sulfide compound.

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An AF point is a specific part of the frame where the camera is able to focus on something. When looking through the viewfinder, these points are denoted by small squares clustered around the centre of the frame.

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Bracketing is the process of shooting the same image, shot, or scene multiple times using different camera settings resulting in different exposures. Cinematographers and photographers either bracket the camera's aperture, ISO, or shutter speed for varying exposures.

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In photography, exposure value (EV) is a number that represents a combination of a camera's shutter speed and f-number, such that all combinations that yield the same exposure have the same EV (for any fixed scene luminance).

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Exposure compensation basically helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure. It lets you take control of your image's brightness by manually increasing or decreasing exposure.

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White balance (WB) is the process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo. Proper camera white balance has to take into account the "color temperature" of a light source, which refers to the relative warmth or coolness of white light.

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A workspace is a preset layout for the various elements that make up Photoshop's interface. Workspaces determine which of Photoshop's panels are displayed on your screen and how those panels are arranged

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The toolbar is where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with. There are tools for making selections, for cropping and retouching images, for adding shapes and type, and many more!

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Palettes [shown right] are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image.

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Menu Bar. This is where you'll access different commands to use in Photoshop. For example, from the File menu, you can open and save files.

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Essentially, an Options bar is a horizontal menu at the top of the main Photoshop window that lets you customize a tool.

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Cropping is the removal of unwanted outer areas from a photographic or illustrated ima

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A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file.

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A RAW file is the uncompressed and unprocessed image data captured by a digital camera or scanner's sensors.

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PNG (Portable Network Graphics) is a file format used for lossless image compression.

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a format for compressing image files.

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In photography and videography, multi-exposure HDR capture is a technique that creates extended or high dynamic range images by taking and combining multiple exposures of the same subject matter at different exposure levels.

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In photography and cinematography, a multiple exposure is the superimposition of two or more exposures to create a single image, and double exposure has a corresponding meaning in respect of two images.

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A triadic color scheme uses three colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel.

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So, what exactly is the blue hour? It is that moment just before sunrise or after sunset when the sun dips below the horizon.

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In photography, the golden hour is the period of daytime shortly after sunrise or before sunset, during which daylight is redder and softer than when the sun is higher in the sky