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1. One main keypoint they brought up is University teachers and Highschool teachers share the common goal of preparing us with the literacies we need beyond school.
2. Once equipped with the foundation literacies, it will increase us, the students retention rate.
3. They say it will also prepare us for different backgrounds to fit in and transition easier to tertiary study.

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1. The article of 32 million word gap was a study of how the Head Start Program helps kids of lower income families get a better vocabulary.
2.  The people that are well set financially are generally exposed to 8 million words per year compared to a child from a low income family. At the age of 4, that is 32 million words that they are exposed to more.
3. A child of a professional household also gets more feedback encouraging them to work on their vocabulary and everyday language. They went on to explain how genetics didn’t have as big a role as environmental factors.

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1. “You work to identify some of the choices the author made so that you can better understand how such choices the author made might arise in your own writing.
2. ”“...examine things you read, looking at the writerly techniques..”“
3. Instead of reading for content or to better understand the ideas in the writing, you are trying to understand how the piece of writing was put together by the author...”

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1. One of the author's main arguments is that he believes that we aren't doing the best we could do with writing. He believes that the reason behind that is that writing is holding us back since we learn about reading and writing in the same class instead of in separate classes.
2. A claim that captured my attention was Johnny, when he wouldn’t read his vocabulary slowly fell apart and he couldn’t write correctly.
3. An example that stood out to me was on page 39, where he states that they recognize that students are learning to see the elements of fiction in things they read then these students use them in their own writing. Which refers back to our other story reading like a writer. Proving that reading and writing are connected.

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The genius writers were enlightened, wise, and shrewd observers of the world and humanity. They wrote the truth as only they could, and that fount flowed freely and easily. But that’s not how writing works for us. Writing is hard.

Instead, these writers were certainly very much like ourselves—nervous, frustrated, harried, and tired, looking for help at 1:38 a.m. while trying to meet a deadline

Writing requires talking to friends, asking help from colleagues, finding answers and ideas in others’ writings, and indulging in those practices.

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skill is not a word we should fear if we define skill not as natural talent but as a set of habits of mind and practices that can be taught and learned.

a previously bad writer sees improvement, sees the value of persistence, and feels the satisfac- tion of the metacognitive recognition that they have gotten better, they will know that good writers are not born but come to fruition in the social act of writing itself.

research in writing studies shows that improved writ- ing can be taught to writers at all levels, but we must first debunk the deeply held idea in the collective psyche that only some lucky people are good writers.

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The importance of writing process  for writers

The pressure students have to write academic writing

Struggles of writers

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How digital technology has been beneficial to writing.

The context of the writing process

Science and progressivism influenced writing.

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A guide to explain what Read Like A writer means and how students can use it to become a better writer.

Important questions to ask yourself as to guide your writing

Analyze  author's choices to include in your writing

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How writing and reading being taught together benefit the students greatly.

Teaching Rhetorical reading will help students better prepare for difficult academic texts.

Writing transitions from being a kid to college.

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-How “genius” authors’ influenced our writing.

- the historical background of how we view authors are changing

-Modern Society should set apart new practices when it comes to writing.

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writers can improve their writing if they are dedicated

Writers can’t have high expectation because that will set them back

No one is born a good writer

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How literacies will help students succeed in college and life.

The different type of literacy and how they contribute to their academic journey

In depth explanation of the four multiliteracies framework of what they cover.

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How technology has impacted writing. Such as now most literacies are digital

How the writing process works

What influenced writing? (Science, Progressivism, etc.)

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- Those with lower income have more obstacles when it comes to education
- Environmental factors play a larger role then genetic factors when it comes to education.
-Kids with a better financially background have a broader vocabulary than those who don't.

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1. Struggles writers go through
2. How writers must follow the writing process
3. Writers should write before actually writing

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We are never finished or complete with literacy, so therefore we are never literate enough.

The literacy framework should help students world wide to make their transitions.

The education system share a common goal in helping us become better in literacy.

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You have to read in a particular way in order become a better writer

Every word and phrases that the author writes has so much thought into it

Reading in general can make you a better writer

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It is recommended to practice reading and writing at the same time

Use the techniques these authors use in their writing

Be your own guide sometimes by asking yourself questions

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There are a lot of unrealistic rules and ideas on writing

There being many rules can harm individuals

The Greats have a huge impact in writing

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The education system puts most of their energy and time in telling us what not to do rather than telling us what we should do.

Informs novice writers how to practice becoming great writers.

We can all be authors in different levels of writing

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You can fix blockages in your writing by training your brain to be able to search for these ideas subconsciously

Teachers should be more careful in how the writer starts their writing because it can intervene with their processes of perception.

Muttering and whispering while reading your writing can be very beneficial

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The first-year literacy framework will help students from any background transition into college literacy more smoothly.

Students must understand where the writer is coming from and try to identify his/her technique so that they can synthesize.

Some students are better than others in literacy, this could be due to many reasons, like the vocabulary spoken at home, time, etc… So this makes it unfair for people who don’t have these things, so having the FYLF will ensure fairness for all.

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Words are very powerful, they all convey a very strong message that's why we read them one by one.

Understanding the approach of the writer may help you identify different writing traits which you can later use on yourself

Asking yourself questions when reading is an important skill to master because it helps you understand the writer's message accurately while also helping you improve your writing.

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Reading and writing are skills that should be taught together because you tend to learn better that way.

Reading and writing are both skills that require commitment overtime, otherwise you’ll lose the skills.

Reading is just as important as writing because you are connecting with someone who has thought about the idea, and has done his or her research, it also allows you to incorporate different styles into your own writing.

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Collaborative work is something one should do to further advance their own perspectives

These genius authors have set the expectations so high in writing making the ones who are not as well move away from literature.

Society believes that the only thing that makes authors unique is that they have their own style which is not true.

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Skill is a practice one uses to develop themselves in something, it’s not natural talent.

If a person believes that they are stuck, they are limiting themselves, making them not improve as much.

Setting high expectations limits how much one evolves because they are easily discouraged.

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A writer should carefully in a timely manner write his first draft (aka the prewriting) since it's one of the most important stages, however teachers don’t realize this and don’t give enough time to students.

“There is one principal negative force and four positive forces that help the writer move forward to a completed draft” These include Resistance to writing (neg), Forces of writing, rehearsal for writing, and The signals which say “write”

Point of view is something a writer must keep its close attention on because it can easily affect the writing’s tone which easily affects the reader's perspectives.

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-The History of writing.
-Digital era brought a huge change in writing and gave people access to many resources. Some kids have even used their knowledge to help other people by focusing on a certain audience using certain words.
-Writing was a better way to test a student because it was more fair and even for the students.
-The environment a kid is raised in affects his knowledge of literacy.
-Writing was seemed as a bad thing and reading was seemed as a good thing.

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Shows us how the writing process was developed

People had a lot of bad associations with writing because to them it seemed unbeneficial.

How digital technology has impacted our literacy.

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1) The paper made a good introduction to the continuing discussion about generally accepted information within the discourse community.
2) references to earlier works that assist clarify the void, issue, or need that the researcher is attempting to fill. These references are frequently used to provide the reader with background knowledge.
3) Common examples of parenthetical citation in literature reviews

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1) Reading offers a unique viewpoint on how you might enhance your reading.
2) reading more deeply and viewing the material from a different angle than the author did.
3) Therefore, learning from someone such as an author, who has more experience in reading and utilizes different approaches, it will help others write better.
4) In order to read like a writer, readers must recognize the many writing elements and decide if they enjoy the author's particular writing style or method.

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1) Teaching writing with reading increases reading comprehension and helps students learn to sound out words.
2) Teaching both encoding and decoding at the same time results in a phenomenon known as "overlearning," which benefits overall reading and writing.
4) “reading and writing are interconnected” (Salvatori 446)
5) writing and reading courses- strengthens reading abilities while also enhancing reading comprehension.

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1) It is important to show our students that becoming a successful writer requires more than just exceptional skill or intelligence.
2) This collaborative writing paradigm versus an isolated one should be embraced by the instruction that the understudies are getting.
3) No writer has ever achieved success purely on the basis of innate intelligence or aptitude; writing has always needed profound social involvement and impact.

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1) Future efforts will be improved by perseverance and reviewing earlier work since the writer will then be aware of pitfalls to avoid.

2) A writer can't expect to get better if they don't practice and keep trying, much like everything else in life where practice makes perfect.

3) Without prior experience and the ability to learn from past failures, one cannot expect to be able to produce an exceptional paper.

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1) A reader may see something abstract, such as an emotion or concept, as being more vivid and palpable through the use of imagery.
2) Authors typically elicit the emotion they want to discuss in their readers by employing imagery.
3) Procrastination provides you the opportunity to examine different viewpoints, think outside the box, and take unexpected turns.

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1) With the advent of digital technology, writing has transformed, and what this implies for authors and writing instructors

2) identifying significant historical themes in composing, and make the argument for why reform in the discipline of composition was required.

3) Yancey reflects on the changes in writing habits that have already taken place or that have emerged on their own.

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The reason for four key university literacies is because they want their student to be exposed to different types of literacies so that they can have a bigger perspective on literacy itself and in order to help them succeed in a university system

Students need the critical capacities in order to engage with the university system and course content and multiple other things

Critical literacy is more than reading text and analyzing it. You are supposed to involve complex interactions and social practices while examining all aspects of the text.

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Writing is a series of choices, The author worked at a theater and he was supposed to concentrate and read carefully with this job. All the concentration caused him to find unique structures the authors used in their literature and how they formed phrases into paragraphs into books. This helped the author realize that what writing consists of is just series of choices

If ready you can go outside the box and imagine what other things the author could have written and what significance would it have on the text. Would it have changed the plot? Would it have changed the structure of the writing?

Another good method the author had mentioned was seeing the way other authors structured their essay and see if that method would work for you but you need to look at the outcomes if you do decide to use it and think about how different audiences would react if they were to read it.

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It is important for students to understand reading and writing learning them from a different approach in order to understand in the university system and in the real world

As students read and write because they are so familiar with the writing techniques they use in those stories they begin to use those methods as well which constricts them of using their own creativity that they want to use

Just because the student is writing about a recent reading assignment doesn't mean they fully understood it so their writing isn’t going to be the best

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There's this presumption on that all writers work the same and how all the greatest authors worked at ease and created their masterpiece out of thin air but in reality it just made being a writer so much harder because they believe its supposed to be like that when it is entirely different

These huge expectations make it way too difficult to upcoming writers because of the bar being set so high

People find it hard coming up with topics to their writing because there is always someone who has spoken their words on it already and they want to be the ones who came up with it so that they become like one of the GREATS

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Students tend to feel unmotivated by the educator not acknowledging their hard work they put into those assignments

People look at the outcome more than the process of which it was created

Educators have that mindset that we are already supposed to know the material and how to use but without having that thought that growing up we had those limitations and teaching us it is wrong to express ourselves in our own unique way

Anyone can learn to be a good writer

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Any can be used to influence writing if one is open minded and know how to use the material in their own way

There's a stigma of who the “bad” and “good” writers are based on who would write fast and who would take their time on thinking of a topic to write about during in class assignments

The process of what actual writers go through and  breaking the stigma of what people think good writers are and how they come up with their writings

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Universities demand being skilled in multiple literacies, not just academic but social and institutional literacies

Not everyone is equipped with the set of skills college needs. This creates a gap Miller and Schulz want to close.

‘Culture capital’ must also be taken into account when making a framework that involves equity and merit

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Each word is a choice, and each choice is to be examined by the reader.

Annotate and markup text to make sense of what is being told in the text

You question the choices of the author to make sure you know their intentions in their writing

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Students are taught both reading and writing simultaneously from a young age, both taking part in English class.

Universities fail to integrate both subjects as one and ultimately set up their students to fail when they cannot write well in a reading class and vice versa.

If students cannot work through their reading and/or writing throughout their college career, they may struggle through all subjects and even into comprehending real world problems.

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The modern writer feels like the Greats have already discussed everything and they cannot begin to be like them

America has made imitation a bad thing in writing. People now think they must write a beautiful original piece in solitude.

Anyone can write great, anywhere with any subject

It is vital to be unoriginal and collaborate with peers and mentors to succeed

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Young writers are told that the best work has come down from God, in one go and they become frustrated when their work is never that.

This idea comes from when institutions began to limit their curriculum to valuing the piece not the process, making a system that only benefits the privileged

Now in modern times, we are all writers, editors, publishers online and just won’t accept the title.

Teaching people that the skill of writing can be developed by how they think of their work is called metacognition

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Resistance to an idea keeps writers away but it is a necessary part of the writing process

What keeps writers going includes the gathering of important information

Increased concern and approaching deadlines are also important as it gives the audience more urgency

Rehearsal is important for great writing

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It is important for educators to teach students how to write without restrictions

Historically, reading was something oppressing and writing was something only the powerful could do

The roles have reversed and reading seems to be something that is valuable to use when writing

Writers are now everywhere but have problems with expressing the freedom they have

The only thing stopping students from being taught how to write geniously is the curriculum they are taught with.

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-How University and Highschool have the same goal of preparing us with the literacy skills we need beyond school and into our careers.

-Also goes over the different types of literacies and how we work on them through our years at school.

-In order to synthesize students must understand what the author is stating and their techniques.

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-Questioning yourself as you read helps you fully understand the writing more and where the author is coming from.
-I can learn from the choices of the writers who have more experience and study their techniques.
-It’s better to read to learn about the writing than only reading for context.

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-That learning how to read and write at the same time could really improve the writing skills of someone.

-Nowadays students struggle with writing and also have difficulties with reading.

-Writing is a great way to improve your writing skills as you learn from the things you read.

-In order to be good at one you need to be good in both reading and writing

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-American culture has the idea that in order to write you have to be a genius.

-That writing is hard and the only way to get better is to get more experience.

-The damage this left was that many students dropped writing just because they assumed they weren't meant for it.

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-There are stages to writing before you even start writing.

-The stigma that the “good writer” is in reality someone who just writes faster than the “bad writer” which doesn’t mean it’s better.

-There are many things that go into writing and that in order to write something good you need to stay organized.

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-Many of us have been brainwashed by the idea of the genius writer.

-Having that mindset has affected our writing and reading skills

-That bad writers can get more experience and get better at writing

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-How technology has impacted writing.

-Shows us how the writing process was developed

-A lot of people have bad associations when it comes to writing and why that is.

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How writing has changed over the years and how technology has impacted it

Writing wasn't the most popular aspect of cultural respect because they weren't able to control what the people wrote but they could control what the people read.

How Science and Progressivism influenced writing in the 20th century

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- The literacy framework should help to increase retention and completion rates creating a more empowering educational experience.

- Students need multiple literacies to participate in a university context and broader communities.

- Students need a mix of traditional literacies and digital literacies.

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- Writing consists of a series of choices.
- Reading like a writer involves thinking ut the choices the author has made that they used to influence the readers.
- Genre is a factor of reading that signals ideas to focus on.

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- Students should take advantage of reading by reading everything they see. In this way, they will focus on reading strategies on how to be aware.

- Reading is just as creative as writing. The reader interacts with the thoughts of an author by reading what they had put together.

- If students do not continue to work on their reading, they will struggle to analyze, interpret, and evaluate.

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- Work is collaborative and often learn by copying others. Writers rely heavily on others to succeed.
- Genius authors misguide readers with the unrealistic expectations that they set. Writers fear being unoriginal.
- Imitation was how students learned how to write.

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- Anyone can become an author as good writers are not born. They are learned.
- Writing that is set in talent relates to writing instruction in history.
- Students who had a better environment had a better education.

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- a writer should prep before writing their assignment. They should increase their information like researching, taking notes, and etcetera.
- rehearsal is a normal part of the writing process. It allows the writer to brainstorm and bring together his thoughts.
- As writers rehearse, they listen to the sound of the language to the meaning and the writer’s attitude to the meaning

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-Words convey strong messages that we can understand while reading.
-Understanding the purpose of the author and their style of writing can help with understanding.
-Trying to read in order to learn about the writing is more effective compared to only reading for context.

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- The challenges that we face are developing new models of composing, designing a new curriculum supporting those models, and creating new pedagogies enacting that curriculum.
- Humans will always continue to write as we always have been. To writing on stones to now writing on any available materials.
- Challenges are also opportunities as they will help students create text for future generations.

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In order to write efficiently you must learn how to read and write simultaneously.

Both reading and writing are creative acts but they both showcase this in different ways.

Students learn patterns and trends in reading and incorporate them into their writing.

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Writing always requires deep social engagement and influence

For more collaborations in writing we must be able to reuse the ideas that already exist to keep creating more new ones.

Writing requires you to learn new tips and advice from those people around you.

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Writing has been changed to something never again revised.

Rules and boundaries limit a person in writing like not using “I” or wikipedia.

Anyone can be skillful in writing as long as they learn.

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- Universities have different expectations when it comes to writing compared to the high school system.
- Not every student has the skill set expected from colleges which tends to lead to some struggles.
- The education system shares the goal of wanting to help students become better in literacy.

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- Highlighting the struggles of writers.
- Students have a high amount of pressure to write academic writing.
- Students must follow the writing process.

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- Writing has been impacted by technology
- How the writing process has evolved.
- People have bad associations with writing

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“ In a "widening-participation" era universities must increase and expand their literacy offerings to help students make the most of their university experiences.”

“Our "multiliteracies" framework explicitly addresses four key tertiary literacies: (1) institutional literacies, (2) critical literacies, (3) traditional literacies, and (4) academic literacies.”

“will unpack the multiliteracies framework and explore the nexus between cultural capital and literacy practice.”

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Students need to be exposed to a variety of literatures in order to be prepared for the real world

There needs to be both traditional literacies and digital literacies

College students must be exposed to institutional literacies, critical literacies, academic literacies and traditional literacies

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Each word is a choice and each choice you make should be decided on your purpose/audience

You are not just reading for fun or for context, you are also reading to improve your writing.

Before reading, you must contextualize and ask questions

During reading, ask yourself the same questions and be critical of author choices/methods. Decide for yourself whether its effective and if you like it personally.

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Reading and writing should be taught simultaneously

Post-Secondary curriculum focuses more on writing than on reading, which is more harmful than helpful

Writing and reading are both creative activities that correlate with each other

In order to adequately prepare students for the real world, instructors need to teach students how to read and interpret not only various literary texts, but the world around them

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“Instead of reading for content or to better understand the ideas in the writing, you are trying to understand how the piece of writing was put together by the author and what you can learn about writing”

“ Knowing what you’ll be writing yourself can help you prioritize.”

“ question whether aspects of the writing are appropriate and effective in addition to deciding whether you liked or disliked them”

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We as a society have set up writers to be great master minds who get their idea from within

Writing is an artform, meaning everyone's process is different

Writing is inspired by others and modern day authors collaborate and combine idea from outside sources

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We have set up the mindset that writing is a single artpiece and not a process

Students feel frustrated on the final piece and never focus on the process

Writing is a process and every genius writer has a process

We become better writers by reflecting on our past writing and learning from our mistakes.

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Reading and writing are not two separate subjects/ skills

“Teaching reading and writing together will help students become more proficient in both”

“Instructors need to teach students different strategies for reading the complex texts they will encounter throughout their academic careers and in the world”

“What is often neglected in these public debates about the best way to teach literacy at the college level is that reading and writing are connected practices and, as such, the best way to teach them is together. It is a bad idea to continue privileging writing at the expense of reading

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Writing Instructors should avoid intervening with processes of perception by being aware of how they teach writing

When writing, it helps to talk to your self as it can be seen as beneficial

Anyone can fix their writing obstacles. This is done by slowly teaching your brain to find ideas.

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How the writing process came to be through history

Many of us had positive emotions when it came to reading but had negative when it came to writing

The rise of technology and digital literacy changed the way we teach english

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The stories of history's “greatest  writers” has the most negatively impactful impact to our perception of writing

“Well-hidden between pristine white pages and well-crafted words lies the same trying process many endure each time they open a document or hold a pen as well as the same unyielding barricades that keep them out, which often only give way when they are influenced and inspired by others.”

“writing once was and what we believe it still should be a collaborative endeavor in constant and deep conversation with the works and ideas of others.”

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- First year literacies help students from different backgrounds transition to another goal they may want to achieve

- Students need multiple literacies to participate in the college context

- 4 different literacies : institutional, critical, traditional, and academic

- When entering college, every student has a different sense of what literacies are and what they’ve been taught.

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”The idea of the individual author genius is theoretically problematic, it is also practically problematic because our everyday authorship practices are socially situated, collaborative, and interactive.”

People make a separate distinction between inexperienced writers and experienced writers when in fact they are all writers

Good writers build their writing talents on the experiences they have encountered and through keeping a persistent practice on the skill they wish to improve

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- College and universities privilege writing over reading

- Many students can read every word from a text however, most won’t be able to comprehend it or even know what they just read.

- If students are not given the chance to read throughout their college experience then it may affect them, in the future, such as not having certain tools they need to succeed.

- Many researchers have shown that students reading abilities are usually underdeveloped

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“The writers were the students who dawdled, stared out windows, and, more often than we like to admit, didn't do well in English.”

“There must be time for the seed of the idea to be nurtured in the mind”

“There is one principal negative force which keeps the writer from writing and four positive forces which help the writer move forward to a completed draft.”

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- Writing is hard, and to be good at writing, it takes time and practice

- Even the most famous and popular authors/writers are insecure about their writing as well, they tend to compare themselves with other’s work

- Professional writers go through the same emotions we do when writing, “nervous, frustrated, harried, and tired.”

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“We..face three challenges that are also opportunities: developing new models of writing; designing a new curriculum supporting those models, and creating models for teaching that curriculum”

Yancey claims that learning to write in the 21stcentury has become a lifelong experience

Developments in technology has made the writing process evolve into something greater than old witing ideals

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- When students are privileged enough to be in the right socioeconomic or ethnicity background, they usually have a higher chance to reaching university standards rather the the people who aren’t in those groups

- “Skill is not as natural talent but as a set of habits of mind and practices that can be taught and learned.”

- A professional writer isn’t someone who writes more, it’s someone who reflects on their own work and notices that it needs improvement and will improve it.

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- “Even the most productive writers are expert dawdlers, doers of unnecessary errands, seeker of interruptions–trails to their wives or husbands, friends, associates, and themselves.”

- Many writing write for an audience, rarely any of them actually write for themselves

- There are four steps to writing, resistance, forces, rehearsal and signals for writing

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They talk about the first year Literacy framework for college students that have a diverse background. The framework is meant to “increase retention and completion rates”.
The framework contains four types of literacies: 1. institutional literacies, 2. critical literacies, 3. traditional literacies, 4. academic literacies.
Living in a multimedia age with text all over the place both digitally and physically. They claim that these changes help improve our literacy skills.

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To read like a writer was one of the main points of the article. It emphasized the importance of it too. It helps to understand how it was built, like the steps it took to get there, like watching a video on how to remove a car’s tire.
How is normal reading different from RWL? Everyday reading is a different type of reading but with RWL there is a purpose. It is to help you learn.
Asking questions before reading. Can help better understand the author. Two questions were recommended to ask, what is the author's purpose and who was the text meant for.

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Reading and writing are two completely different skills.

Early education teaches both reading and writing together. While college strongly prefers writing over reading.

Both 2011 and 2013 surveys show that employers want strong communication skills and were set as a priority.

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Many ideas were built upon each other overtime. Making an original idea is very difficult, so that is why people take “inspiration” from other people’s works.

Copyright was made for authors to make profit from their books for their “idea” (property).

There are other professions other than writing that do some form of collaborative work. Which helps to make their own ideas.

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People do know how to read and write. Social Media helps people to do these tasks but not at the college or university level.
Writing is a skill. Skills are learned and practiced over time.
Some people could be natural (learned at a younger age)  writers but that doesn’t mean you can’t be good at it. (natural athlete example)

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Each writer is different and unique. Some of us may think we aren’t writer’s but we are in our ways. It will just take trial and error, lots of it.
Going over your text can help understand the writer what they want to say. “Some practice on paper, others in their heads” this was said by Murray.
Sometimes we have to restart our text from scratch because we might finally understand what we are trying to say. This is called discovery by Murray. He says that we might understand earlier on or late in the process of writing out text.

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Yancey calls for a change in how writing is viewed as a whole and how it is taught in schools.

Shows the reader how writing was taught and accessible in the 20th century. (Children going to school, using ink, pencils, college)

Show the reader how writing was taught and accessible in the 21st century. (computer writing, and internet)

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- Pencils were not available for the early part of the twentieth century

- It wasn’t until the 21st Century where many people started using chat rooms in emails and in text messages, and overall just started using the internet such as Wikipedia and Facebook

- The people who did start writing on social media and changing things up on Wikipedia were teenagers.

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Teachers do not emphasize pre-writing enough to prepare students for their first draft.

The negative force is resistance, which is procrastination and ending up thinking about it subconsciously.

The positive forces are increasing information, increasing concern, and audience.

Rehearsal stage=brainstorming, collaborating, and drafting.

Signals to write=genre, news, and image