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this is just a prototype cos i havent write finish all of the chapters just a quick summary based on the past notes, textbook and mr ishs slides

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i like this design as it isn't too expensive nor too cheap so my water and electricity bills wouldn't be too high and i also have a basketball court i can train in which is very convinient

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SUSTAINABILITY- maintains growth at certain levels without depletion of the natural resources or compromising future generations needs

CHARACTERISTICS OF CITIES (1,2 is on people, 3 and 4 is on facilities)

1.Large population size

2.High population density-the number of people in a specific location

3.Built up area-development of infrastructure many buildings and skyscrapers

4.Range of functions- accessibility of transportation, shops and attractions, hotels etc

O-overview

H-high

L-low

A-anomaly

URBAN POPULATION IS NOT THE SAME AS POPULATION

urban population-people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices

there are also 7 continents

HOMEWORK-complete notes from pg 6-9 and complete table on pg 8 write working and answer on padlet.

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What are cities

-a defined urban area within a country

Fact: according to untied nations , percentage of world population living in cities could rise from 50-70% in 2007 to 60% in 2030

Features that make cities unique

-Large population size

-built up area

-Range of functions

-High population density

Population density

-measurement of the number of people living in a unit area of land

how to calculate density

-population density = population divided by land area

more ppl, less land area= higher population density

more ppl, more land area=lesser population density

Built up area

-an areas mostly covered by buildings and usually accomplished by extensive infrastructure

-infrastructure: the basic physical and organisational structures and facilities needed for an operation of a society and enterprise

range of functions

-cities that serve a range of functions

-

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Spatial Distribution: Describes how spread out a population is.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOUSING

Formal housing

Done formally by people

done by government

Informal housing

done informally by people

not built by government

HIGH RISE VS LOW RISE

High Rise

-6 stories or more

-high density living

-usually apartments

-different facilities such as pools and playgrounds

-only found in formal settings

Low Rise

-Low density living

-Detached houses, semi detached houses, terraces and ship houses

-can be found in both informal and formal settings

characteristics of formal housing

1.Built by government or private developers

2.legal right to occupy land( no papers= u dont own the land)

3.Acess to basic services( e.g clean toilets, 24/7 clean tap water)

4.High quality building materials( metal, reinforced steel, cement)

Characteristics of Informal Housing

1. Self built squatter settlements

built on their own

squatter settlements= informal housing

2. No legal right of documentation or ownership of the land

fear of eviction

3. lack of basic services

no toilets

no clean water

rubbish is thrown anywhere and everywhere

4. built by scraps or materials lying around

JUST REMMEBER EITHER FORMAL OR INFORMAL HOUSING

Informal housing selft-built squatter settlements:

1.land or property must be unoccupied

2.must be unplanned

materials used are either stolen or recycled or found

ADVANTAGES:

no need pay money#

DISADVANTAGES:

no proper sanitation

might kena evicted

natural disasters can occur, destroying the persons informal housing

NO LEGAL RIGHT TO OCCUPY LAND:

occupy government land or private property that is either

-unattended

-undeveloped

-unsecured

Risk of eviction all the time

This place is very unsecured

-any1 can come in and steal yo stuff

place is undeveloped

-not made properly

-might collapse at any moment

LACK OF ACESS TO BASIC SERVICES

illegal tapping or legal siphoning of electricity and water

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Relationships between cities and rural areas

RURAL AREA- a large plot of land with very little building and people

CITIES- urban areas in a country

Relationships of cities and rural areas

1. RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION

-people moving from a rural to urban area

-why do they migrate

job opportunities

economic reason

social reason(family, work purposes)

political reasons

natural disasters

cities

-large population size

-high population density

-large range of functions

-very built up

-good infrastructure

-can do high value work( constant income)

rural areas

-lower population size

-lower population density

-lesser range of functions

-less built up

-lacking of infrastructure

-cannot do high value added work(unpredictable income)

push and pull factors-(can overlap at times)

migration(ppl that move and reisde in the cities from moving from avillage or an area of lower standard of living compared to city)

push factors- migrants forced to leave their home

pull factors- migrants willingly move or attracted to the host

Environmental factors

factors involved with the environment that will either pull u or push u towards its country

2. Provision of goods and services

- rural areas: predominantly agricultural sectors and are lowly qualified

-focus producing meat , fruits and vegetables

-engage in commercial farming

-provide a number of low-skilled workers who take up jobs in cities

-commercial farming( farm to make money)

- subsistence farming(farm as a hobby or for yourself)

-rural areas bring crops from the cities to sell

-farmers sell crops to urban areas

-urban areas provide amenities and facilities for rural dwellers

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Formal housing on desirable land

informal housing on undesired land

LAND USE PLANNING

-decides how certain land can be used for certain reasons

-affects how certain houses are in certain places

-guidelines drawn up by government

- restrict certain activities so that can build certain type of houses

-to shape how the city looks like

-what type of land should be used of what purposes

-zoning: to restrict types of activities and enable various types of development

DEVELOPERS

-two types:

1. private developer (profit driven)

individual or companies

develop property for profit

sites that are commercially viable(profits)

easy to sell

2. public developer (people driven )

government agency

develop considering needs rather than profits(non profit)

LAND PRICES

-cheaper= more demand

-expensive = more access to basic services

-the more further the houses are from the city area the cheaper it is

-prime locations

locations that are desirable to the people

-land prices high= cost of house high

HOUSING FINANCIAL SUPPORT

-how government subsidises land when u decided to buy the land

-can reduce the cost of house so its easier to buy houses

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i would like to make a proposal to migrate to Japan as the push factors include things like cleanliness of the overall country such as air quality and the environment around giving a higher standard of living. Another pull factor is that if you are moving from countries such as Singapore or untied states, it will be easier to live economically as if u convert sgd or usd to Japanese currency , its more so its cheaper and easier to live as things will be less cheaper. another pull factor is the convenience as there are over 55, 000 stores throughout Japan meaning u can access food, drinks, topping up of your card or anything. the transport there is also one of the reason ppl go to Japan and the overall landscape and scenery. However there are some push factors in Japan such as land shortage and how the streets can go quiet very early in the day in certain parts of the country would be hard to adjust to and the fact the country experiencess earthquakes and tsunamis often. i prefer moving to Japan and leave Singapore mainly because of two reasons. the first is the overall temperature, landscape and economy as it would be colder in winter seasons and its easier to live in Japan as its cheaper and compared to Singapore, Japan is more larger in terms of population and land space, hwo the people treat u , the cleanliness of the country. Overall both countries have their different pros and cons but i would still prefer migrating to Japan as its fits my certain needs more than singapore

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How do cities affect the inhabitants and environment

Positive effects

Education and employment

-Creates opportunities to upgrade or better yourself

-ensures people have a good work-study opportunities

-large pool of skilled workers

-Businesses will be attracted

Technological development

-cities increases probability of innovation

-funding from government and investors

Negative effects

Increased environment pollution

Competition for natural resources

-may cause unhappiness or environmental issues

3rd World Countries

Land

workers-lowly skilled/mundane skills

Cheap labour -cost of production is low

Cities have

1. developed infrastructure

2. availability of services

3. opportunities eg education

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Sustainable development of housing

sustainable - meeting our own needs without jeopardising the resources of the future generations( 2 ways to apply this)

1. dont overuse yo shit

2. protecting any renewable sources

-sunlight energy

-water

-air

THREE Es TO OBTAIN SUSTAINABILITY

1. Environment

how uw ur environment to look like

2. economy

money wise

3. equity

-Every1 gets the same thing

-to ensure every1 can do smth e.g doing diff things to certain ppl of diff heights to see over a fence

HOW HOUSING HAS AFFECTED THE ENVIRONMENT

1.Use of natural resources

-to build for housing

-wood

-metal

-Fossil fuels (carbon)

2.Environmental pollution

-Air pollution

-Land pollution

-water pollution

-sound pollution

-all can be caused by housing

how to prevent

-less deforestation

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Being sustainable

-meeting our own needs without compromising the ability for future generations to meet their own needs

-can be applied in two ways

1. not overusing the current level of resources

2. protecting renewable sources of energy like water

1. How does housing affect the natural environment

affect the environment negatively

pollutes or harms the environment(deforestation, air pollution, noise* or sound pollution and water pollution)

use of natural resources

-wood (forest/trees)

-aluminium/iron(mines)

-fossil fuels (used for transport of materials)

-negative impact to the environment if its extracted excessively and carelessly to use for human needs

2. How does access to housing affect people

provision of basic needs

-higher quality of housing the better

-whats required,

-strong and safe shelter

-proper waste removal

-clean water for consumption and sanitation

provision of basic amenities

two types: essential and useful

essential amenities

-required amenities like hospitals, clinics markets

-if none of this , quality oof life will drop

useful amenities

-not necessarily needed but is still useful like hawker center, library parks

3. presence of communities

making friends and seeking companionship

essential for mental and physical well being

integrated Land use planning different stakeholders make decisions on how the city should be developed in the most balanced and sustainable way

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WHAT ARE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

connects people between different locations

provides opportunities for social interaction and economic trade

has nodes (station) and routes

WHAT MAKES UP A TRANSPORT SYSTEM

1.Density of Networks

contain nodes that are linked by routes

each node represents a location and the routes are how u get to that specific location

nodes are the entry or exit point of a route

route represents path of travel between locations

routes can vary in distance

Network density: number of nodes and routes are there

the more nodes and routes, the denser the network

denser networks means more accessible and more convenient

2. Quality of Infrastructure

the quality of the materials made for the networks and modes of transport

what the train is made of

the materials of the routes

3. variety of modes

- many types of modes :

water , land or air transport

nodes and routes like buses or trains

customised point to point transport like cabs taxis or grab

can move along fixed routes or customised routes

WHERE ARE THE TRANSPOT NODES LOCATED IN A CITY

-Major and minor nodes depending on the importance of the place

-Terminal: facility where passengers originate or terminate in the transportation process

FACTORS THAT SEPRATE MAJOR AND MINOR NODES

1. Concentration of activity

many types such as leisure, banking, manufacture, retail and finance

example : In sg most mrt stations are located in the Central District Area where its more city like and where its more busy

nodes could be major due to its cultural heritage or it may be a popular touritst attraction

nodes are usually found in areas of high concentration of activites or good local accessibility

high concentration of activity:

2. Level of accessibility

accessibility is the ease of reaching destinations or activites

most people would base their travels on how long it takes and how much money it costs to go there

if the transportation time is short and the cost of gong there is low this means it has high accessibility

accessibility could also mean how many ways u can use to go there

good local accessibility:

3. why are transport systems located in cities?

enables people and goods and services to move around easier

4. How do transports systems support connections

unimodal tansportations

-diff locations can only be travelled by one bus

intermodal transportsation

-diff locations casn be acesed by diff modes of trasnport

WHAT DETERMINES A GOOD TRANSPORT SYSTEM?

Capicity-number of people or goods that can be moved

coverage-availability or reach

frequency-how often or consistent the transport system is

convenience- how accessible it is

environmental sustainability- whether it is environmentally friendly

VARIETY OR MODES IN CITIES

1. Fixed routes and stops

2. Fixed schedule

3. point to point services (non-stop)

4. customised services

WHERE ARE TRANSPORT NODES LOCATED IN A CITY?

1. Concentration of activities

-CBD area (earns the most amount of money)

finance or money related companies reside there/ financial hub

sg largest work force is located here

-The type of activites around the are

-variety of important services

banking

manufacturing

education

retail

recreation

-/

2. Level of accessibility

-saves time

-saves money

-efficient

-accessible

-many different routes = more ways to go there = possible less time consuming routes to go

WHY ARE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS LOCATED IN A CITY

1. movement of people

2. movement of goods and services

3. connection between transport nodes

4. connection between citites

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7.1:WHAT ARE CITIES

cities: urban area within a country

what makes up a city?

1. Large population size

largest population size compared to other locations within the country

2. High population density

the number of people living in a unit area of land

Formula : population of the people in the country/location/area divided by the land area (in Km)

more ppl, less land area= higher population density

more ppl, more land area=lesser population density

3. Built up area

an area that is mainly covered by buildings or accompanied by extensive infrastructure

infrastructure: basic physical and organisational structures and facilities.

4. Range of functions

more convenient = more range of functions and basic services

functions: how they help the city to operate and sustain

PULL AND PUSH FACTORS

push factors: Push factors are negative conditions at a place of origin that drive people to leave

push factors: Pull factors are positive attractions at a destination that draw people to move there

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CHAPTR 8:HOUSING AND ITS SPATIAL DISTIBUITION

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CHAPTR 8:HOUSING AND ITS SPATIAL DISTIBUITION

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WHAT IS HOUSING??

structures or buildings developed to shelter people from the elements (e.g rain, sun, etc)

whats a good quality of life?/

-definition: a persons well being

-factors of good quality of life or measures for a good quality of life:

gross domestic product (GPD)

Employment rate

literacy levels

life expectancy

Pollution index

-3 factors to ensure a god quality of life

1. Providing safe housing

basic human need

issue arises due to migration lack of materials or overpopulation

2. considering the needs of different groups

TYPES OF HOUSING :

FORMAL HOUSING

INFORMAL HOUSING

-can be planned/ unplanned

-made of different variety of materials

-can be in various shapes or sizes

-can be permanent or temporary houses

HIGH RISE VS LOW RISE BUILDINGS

-High rise buildings

high density living

usually apartments

facilities such as playgrounds

-Low rise buildings

low density living

lack of facilities

villages etc

CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMAL HOUSING

1.Built by government or private developers

HDB(housing development board)

2.Legal right to occupy land

land rights: individuals can freely obtain use and posses land as long as they dont disrupt the others individual rights

purpose; ensures humans feel safe and secure / provides a sense of security

land rights allow homeowners to live on, sell or lease to others

3. Access to basic services

definition: public services that meet the basic human needs (e.g pubic sanitation, clean drinking water, basic healthcare, education , hygiene)

service usu provided by the government that is needed to be provided

purpose: for convenience, easier to build additional services and cost is lower and cheaper

4.High Quality buildings materials

sturdy type shit

CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMAL HOUSING

1.Self built squatter settlements

built by individuals on unoccupied lands in an unplanned manner

construction of squatters using salvaged stolen or recycled materials

2.No legal right to occupy land

occupies government land or private property that is unattented, unsecured and undeveloped

at risk of eviction at any point of time

3.Lack of basic services

lack of necessary access of basic services

higher rates of illegal taping or legal siphoning

higher rates of mismanagement (e.g poor sanitasion etc)

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CHAPTER 9:SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IF HOUSING

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CHAPTER 9:SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IF HOUSING

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HOW DOES HOUSING AFFECT THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT?

-humans have diff needs for both survival and to live comfortably

food (to eat)

electricity (to power up electrical appliance)

water (to drink and to clean )

space (for comfort and for disposal of waste)

Natural materials (to create products and use)

-needs require natural resources either directly or indirectly

-the more and faster we use natural resources the faster it will run out

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CHAPTER 10: transport systems and special distribution

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CHAPTER 10: transport systems and special distribution

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sustainability: the ability to maintain at a certain rate or level

TRANSPORT SYSTEMS :

1.Density of transport network

2.Quality if transport infrastructure

3.Variety of transport modes

Purpose:

connect people between different locations

provide oppurtnities for social interactions

provide opportunities for social interactions

connect cities

transport systems is made of 3 components

1.networks --> density of network

2.infrastructure --> quality of infrastructure

3.modes --> variety of modes

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thx for the sidenote