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was a land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million.

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In 1492, Christopher Columbus of Spain "discovered" the new world in search of a westward route to Asia. Landed in the Caribbean, mistakenly believing he had reached Asia, his voyage ushered in European exploration and colonization of the Americans.

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Hernán Cortés, with a handful of men and alliances formed with hostile tribes, conquered Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire, between 1519-1521. Cortés attacked and imprisoned Moctezuma II. Following months of relentless battle and a debilitating siege, the Spanish subdued the Aztecs and destroyed the empire, marking the beginning of Spanish rule in Mexico.

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The Roanoke Settlement established on Roanoke Island in 1585, was the first colonial attempt of England within the Americas. In 1587, upon the second shipment of colonists, the commanding leader was sent back to England for supply. He got back in the year 1590 to find out that the settlers vanished, leaving them behind with just a word on a tree as "Croatoan". This remains a mystery even today.

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King Philip's War (1675-1678) was a brutal conflict between Native American tribes, led by Metacom commonly known as King Philip, and English settlers in New England. Caused by tensions over land and resources, the war resulted in widespread raids and heavy casualties. With King Philip's death in 1676, the Native American resistance collapsed, leading to great losses for Native tribes and a shift in power within the region.

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Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, led by Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia's colonial government, was a result of frustration due to lack of protection against Native American attacks and political corruption. Bacon's followers burned Jamestown and forced Governor Berkeley to flee. Bacon died shortly thereafter, but the rebellion unveiled social tensions and a shift in reliance toward enslaved Africans rather than indentured servants.

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The French and Indian War, from 1754 to 1763, was the conflict between Britain and France that was fought in North America for territorial control. Native American tribes sided with the European powers. Britain won that war, bringing much land within its territories. This increased British tensions with its American colonies.

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The Boston Tea Party of 1773 was a protest by American colonists against the British Tea Act that gave Britain a monopoly on the sales of tea in the colonies. Poorly disguised as Native Americans, colonists boarded British ships and dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor in protest of no taxation without representation.

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The First Continental Congress, which sat in 1774, was a convention of colonial delegates held in Philadelphia to consider the colonial grievances against British policies. Consequently, the Congress petitioned the king for changes, organized a boycott of British goods, and began unifying the colonies to resist British rule.

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The Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, 1776, which gave a legal proclamation to the independence of all the American colonies from Britain. Mainly authored by Thomas Jefferson, it put forward the justifications for separation and asserted the right of the colonies to self-government.

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Shays' Rebellion was the uprising of Massachusetts farmers led by Daniel Shays against economic injustices and rough tax policy. It was between 1786 and 1787 and generally showed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation for a more considerable central government demand.

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The Constitutional Convention, which met in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787, was the meeting of delegates called to remedy the defects of the Articles of Confederation. The result was the writing of the United States Constitution, which established a much stronger federal government than the Articles had provided.

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Washington's Farewell Address was a letter given in 1796, wherein President George Washington gave advice to the nation to avoid political parties and foreign alliances. He emphasized unity and the importance of a strong, independent America.

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a conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815, primarily caused by British practices like the impressment of American sailors, trade restrictions, and support for Native American tribes against American expansion, ultimately ending without a clear victor after several years of fighting; considered by many as a "second war of independence" for the United States.

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August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812 between the United States and England, British troops enter Washington, D.C. and burn the White House in retaliation for the American attack on the city of York in Ontario, Canada, in June 1813.

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An Act to authorize the people of the Missouri territory to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union on an equal footing with the original states, and to prohibit slavery in certain territories.

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In United States economic history, the market revolution definition is a theory in which the United States shifted from a traditional, moral economy to a more modern free-market capitalist system. A moral economy can have many broad definitions depending on the society.

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The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention in the United States. Held in July 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, the meeting launched the women's suffrage movement, which more than seven decades later ensured women the right to vote

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stemmed from territorial disputes following the U.S. annexation of Texas, resulting in a U.S. victory and the acquisition of vast Mexican territories, including present-day California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona and New Mexico.

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declared that enslaved people and their descendants were not and could never be citizens of the United States, invalidating the Missouri Compromise and further fueling the slavery debate.

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declared that "all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious Confederate states "are, and henceforward shall be free".

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Appomattox Court House is the site in Virginia where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865, effectively ending the American Civil War.

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Abraham Lincoln, the 16th U.S. President, was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, an actor and Confederate sympathizer, while attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. He died the following morning.

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was the period following the Civil War focused on reintegrating the former Confederate states into the Union and addressing the status of newly freed African Americans, including the passage of constitutional amendments and Reconstruction Acts.

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an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.

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Cornelius Vanderbilt, nicknamed "the Commodore", was an American business magnate who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.

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a Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who led the late 19th century expansion of the US steel industry. He became one of the world's richest men, but was also known for his generosity.

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a prominent American industrialist and philanthropist, best known for founding the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and made him one of the richest people in history.

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prominent American financier and investment banker who dominated corporate finance on Wall Street during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, known for his role in industrial consolidations and financial stability.

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the powerful and influential business leaders who shaped the American economy during the late 19th and early 20th centuries

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a pejorative term for powerful 19th-century American industrialists and financiers who amassed wealth through monopolistic practices and often unethical business strategies, such as exploiting workers and disregarding competition.

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the action or fact of joining or being joined, especially in a political context.

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The movement of a person or people from one country, locality, place of residence, etc., to settle in another

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a period in American history, roughly from 1865 to 1900, characterized by rapid industrialization, economic growth, and a veneer of wealth masking widespread corruption and inequality

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a pseudoscientific theory that emerged in the late 19th century, applying Darwin's theory of evolution to human societies, arguing that certain groups are inherently superior and that social inequality is a natural outcome of "survival of the fittest".

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The Gospel of Wealth", is an essay written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. The article was published in the North American Review, an opinion magazine for America's establishment

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the action of searching out and publicizing scandalous information about famous people in an underhanded way.

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On February 15, 1898, an explosion of unknown origin sank the battleship U.S.S. Maine in the Havana, Cuba harbor, killing 266 of the 354 crew members. The sinking of the Maine incited United States' passions against Spain, eventually leading to a naval blockade of Cuba and a declaration of war.

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The Spanish-American War (1898) was a conflict between the United States and Spain, primarily focused on Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. It resulted in the United States gaining new territories and emerging as a major global power. The war was fueled by events like the sinking of the USS Maine and the ongoing Cuban struggle for independence.

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The Boxer Rebellion was a peasant uprising in 1900 in China, fueled by resentment towards foreign influence and the perceived humiliation of China under foreign powers. A Chinese secret society, called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists (later nicknamed "Boxers"), led the rebellion, which aimed to expel all foreigners from the country

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The RMS Lusitania, a British passenger liner, was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915, during World War I, resulting in the deaths of 1,195 people, including 128 Americans. The sinking, which occurred off the coast of Ireland, fueled public outrage and anti-German sentiment in the United States, contributing to its eventual entry into the war in 1917.

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World War I, also known as the Great War, was a global conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918. It primarily pitted the Allied Powers (including France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) against the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire). The war resulted in unprecedented levels of casualties and destruction, with over 16 million deaths and 20 million wounded.

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The "Roaring Twenties" refers to the decade of the 1920s in the United States, a period marked by significant economic growth, cultural changes, and the rise of a consumer-oriented society. This era is characterized by the Jazz Age, flapper culture, the emergence of mass media, and the widespread adoption of new technologies like the automobile.

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The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to 1939, characterized by widespread unemployment, poverty, and the collapse of international trade. It began with the stock market crash of 1929 in the United States and quickly spread to other countries.

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During Roosevelt's first hundred days in office in 1933 until 1935, he introduced what historians refer to as the "First New Deal", which focused on the "3 R's": relief for the unemployed and for the poor, recovery of the economy back to normal levels, and reforms of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.

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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved nearly every nation in the world and is considered the deadliest war in history, resulting in an estimated 70-85 million deaths. The war was primarily fought between two opposing alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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In August 1955, fourteen-year-old Emmett Till, a Black teenager from Chicago, was brutally murdered while visiting family in Money, Mississippi. The US Civil Rights Trail explains that he was killed after a white woman, Carolyn Bryant, accused him of flirting or whistling at her. The brutal murder and the subsequent trial sparked outrage and galvanized the Civil Rights Movement.

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The Greensboro sit-ins, a series of nonviolent protests in Greensboro, North Carolina, in February 1960, marked a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement. Four students from North Carolina A&T College, the "Greensboro Four," initiated the sit-in at a whites-only Woolworth's lunch counter, which led to the Woolworth chain desegregating its stores. The Greensboro sit-ins inspired a wave of similar protests across the South and contributed to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

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The March on Washington, officially known as the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, was a massive civil rights demonstration held in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. The march aimed to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans and to pressure the government to enact a strong civil rights bill.

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The assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, remains a pivotal and controversial event in American history, shrouded in mystery and sparking numerous conspiracy theories.

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Martin Luther King Jr was the most prominent civil rights leader in the United States in the 1960s. He was shot by an assassin in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968. After the shooting he was taken to a local hospital where he had an unsuccessful resuscitation for a right subclavian artery transection.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1968, also known as the Fair Housing Act, prohibits discrimination in the sale, rental, or financing of housing based on race, color, religion, sex, familial status, and disability. It was a crucial piece of legislation in the Civil Rights movement, expanding on the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The act was passed in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and widespread civil unrest.

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The United States officially withdrew its combat troops from Vietnam on March 29, 1973, after the signing of the Paris Peace Accords on January 27, 1973. This marked the end of direct US military involvement in the Vietnam War, although the conflict continued with South Vietnam eventually falling to North Vietnam in 1975.

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The Watergate scandal, which began with a burglary at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate complex in 1972, exposed a series of illegal activities and cover-ups by President Richard Nixon's administration. These actions, including wiretapping, attempted obstruction of justice, and abuse of power, ultimately led to Nixon's resignation in 1974.

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a political scandal in the 1980s involving the covert sale of weapons to Iran by the U.S. government to fund Nicaraguan Contra rebels, leading to Congressional investigations and convictions.

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a trade agreement signed in 1994 between the United States, Canada, and Mexico, aiming to eliminate barriers to trade and investment and promote economic cooperation in North America.

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centered on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice related to his extramarital affair

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The 2000 U.S. presidential election, marked by a controversial recount in Florida, legal battles culminating in the Supreme Court's decision to stop the recount, and Bush's ultimate victory despite losing the popular vote.

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a global military and political campaign initiated by the United States in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, aimed at combating terrorism and its sponsors around the world.

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a U.S. law passed in response to the 9/11 attacks, granting expanded surveillance and law enforcement powers to the government in the name of national security and counterterrorism efforts.