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Otzi The Iceman, Schnals, Autonomous Province of Bolzano – South Tyrol, Italy

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Otzi The Iceman, Schnals, Autonomous Province of Bolzano – South Tyrol, Italy

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Otzi The Iceman, Schnals, Autonomous Province of Bolzano – South Tyrol, Italy

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Otzi the ice man is one of the most well preserved and oldest humans we have discovered. He was found on the border between Italy and Austria, at an altitude of 3,200 m above sea level. He's an ancient mummified body of a human male that was found on the Similaun Glacier in the Tirolean Otztal Alps.

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magna carta

The Magna Carta, signed in 1215 by King John of England, is one of the most important documents in the history of law and governance. It was drafted as a result of growing discontent among the English nobility, who were unhappy with King John's heavy taxation, arbitrary rule, and military failures. The document sought to limit the power of the monarchy, affirming certain rights and privileges for the barons and, by extension, for all free men. It outlined principles like due process and protection from unlawful imprisonment, establishing the foundation for the idea that the king was not above the law. Although the Magna Carta was initially a practical solution to political conflict, its long-term significance became evident as it influenced the development of constitutional law in England and beyond.

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Stonehenge is a prehistoric megalithic structure on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England. One theory suggests that Stonehenge was used as a Late Neolithic burial site and a monument to the dead. the site was made by early Mesolithic hunter-gatherers.

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The Fertile Crescent is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, stretching from the eastern Mediterranean coast to the Persian Gulf. It is often referred to as the "Cradle of Civilization." It includes parts of modern-day Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan, and is known for its rich, fertile soil, which was ideal for early agriculture. Some of the world's first complex societies, such as the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, developed in this area. The region's rivers, particularly the Tigris and Euphrates, provided essential water resources that supported the growth of these ancient civilizations. The Fertile Crescent played a key role in developing writing, law, and technology, making it a foundational area in the history of human civilization.

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Ziggurats were massive, stepped structures built in ancient Mesopotamia, primarily for religious purposes. These pyramid-like temples were dedicated to gods and were often located at the center of major cities, such as Ur and Babylon. The ziggurats had multiple levels, with a shrine at the top where priests performed rituals, symbolizing the connection between the heavens and the earth.

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The Giza pyramid complex in Egypt is home to the Great Pyramid, the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure, along with their associated pyramid complexes and the Great Sphinx. All were built during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of ancient Egypt, between c. 2600 – c. 2500 BC. The Great Pyramid of Giza is 481 feet tall.

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Great Wall of China, Huairou District, China

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Great Wall of China, Huairou District, China

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Great Wall of China, Huairou District, China

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The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications that were built across the historical northern borders of ancient Chinese states and Imperial China. The total length of the Great Wall is 21196.18 km. It took over 2,000 years to construct the wall.

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The Olmec civilization, one of the earliest Mesoamerican cultures, thrived from around 1200 to 400 BCE in the tropical lowlands of modern-day Mexico. Known for their colossal stone heads and advanced artistry, the Olmecs influenced later civilizations like the Maya and Aztecs in areas such as architecture, religion, and writing. Their society was also notable for developing one of the first known Mesoamerican writing systems and a complex calendar.

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The Battle of Thermopylae was fought in 480 BC between the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Xerxes I and an alliance of Greek city-states led by Sparta. After three days of holding their own against the Persian king Xerxes I and his vast southward-advancing army, the Greeks were betrayed, and the Persians were able to outflank them

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The birthplace of Western civilization. The birthplace of democracy. One of the world's oldest cities.

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The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC during the first Persian invasion of Greece. It was fought between the citizens of Athens, aided by Plataea. The outnumbered Athenians famously defeated the Persian armies on the beach of Marathon, some 40 kilometers (25 miles) from Athens.

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Punic wall of Cartagena, Calle San Diego, Cartagena, Spain

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Punic wall of Cartagena, Calle San Diego, Cartagena, Spain

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Punic wall of Cartagena, Calle San Diego, Cartagena, Spain

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The Punic Wars were a series of wars between 264 and 146 BC fought between the Roman Republic and Ancient Carthage. Three wars took place, on both land and seas. The name Punic comes from the word Phoenician (Phoinix in the Greek, Poenus from Punicus in Latin) as applied to the citizens of Carthage, who were of Phoenician ethnicity.

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Feudalism was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. It can be broadly defined as a system for structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land, known as a fiefdom or fief, in exchange for service or labour.

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Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, which can be as large as chicken eggs, in the groin, armpit, or neck. They may be tender and warm. Others include fever, chills, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches.

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St. Joan of Arc is a national heroine of France. She was a peasant girl who, believing that she was acting under divine guidance, led the French army in a momentous victory at Orléans in 1429 that repulsed an English attempt to conquer France during the Hundred Years' War.

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Spanning most of the High Middle Ages (1050-1300 CE), a series of military expeditions called the Crusades was launched from Christian Europe against the peoples of the Near East. Sparked by a zeal to rid the Holy Lands of "infidels"—meaning Moslems primarily—only the First Crusade achieved any real or lasting success.

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Naples, Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy

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Naples, Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy

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Naples, Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy

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City of Pompeii destroyed in 79 CE

Mount Vesuvius erupted, covered the city in at least 19 feet of ash

People were preserved because of the heavy debri

Ruins discovered in the late 16th century

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punic wars

Series of battles between Rome and Carthage

Began with conflict over the island of Sicily

Romans won but Carthage vowed revenge

Leads to the rise of Hannibal

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Ancient rome, Piazza Albania, Rome, Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, Italy

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thens (Strong Navy) vs Sparta (Strong Army)

Athenians retreated to their fortified city to avoid fighting the Spartans

Sparta reached out to the Persians for naval help

Plague (typhus) broke out in the city, killing ½ of the population

Sparta defeated the Athenians, tore down the city and destroyed the Athenian navy

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480 BC - Battle of Salamis

Persians send troops by land to the North and by sea to the South

Persians are held at Thermopylae for 3 days

Lack of support from the North causes Persian defeat/retreat

800 galleys vs 370 triremes

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Born in Mecca on Arabian peninsula; religious teacher who claimed received revelations from God (Allah) and was to go forth and teach them

These revelations eventually became the Islamic holy book, the Quran (also spelled Koran)

Attempts to spread religion in Mecca resulted in persecution, so he and followers fled to nearby city of Medina (this escape is known as the

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Justinian (527 - 565 AD) conquered nearly the entirety of the Roman Empire

Justinian’s Code - legal system created by Justinian combining and simplifying Roman laws

Rulers authority tied closely to religion leading them being seen as almost god-like

Constantinople became the center of Europe

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Controlled most of Western Europe and promoted Christianity

Charlemagne, most influential ruler, named Roman emperor

Rome had already collapsed but Charlemagne was able to legitimize his rule by allying himself with the pope

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Golgotha (Urantia Book), Ha-Soreg Street, Jerusalem, Israel

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Golgotha (Urantia Book), Ha-Soreg Street, Jerusalem, Israel

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Golgotha (Urantia Book), Ha-Soreg Street, Jerusalem, Israel

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Brought to Roman authorities and labeled a political rebel, called himself “King of the Jews” - seen as a question to the Emperor’s authority

Given 39 lashings beforehand - crown of thorns put into his head

Executed through crucifiction