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These sources portray the deep-rooted connection between the audience and their film. With the help of human dedication, many movies in the past have become timeless classics for viewers, serving as memorable pieces for generations to come. Even when given the chance to pick AI-generated movie productions, the audience finds a deeper meaning in human creation, hence why the film industry must maintain its human power, using AI only when necessary and out of creative processes when developing a movie.

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The connection between films and their audiences has grown weaker over time, and artificial intelligence has played a big role in this change. The evolution of AI shows how technology has grown from being a tool to becoming a creative force in filmmaking. At the same time, the role of humans in creating films has changed, with machines taking over tasks that were once filled with personal, emotional input. This shift has affected the bond between films and audiences, as movies today often lack the heartfelt emotions that made older films memorable. These themes all connect back to the research question by showing how the balance between AI and human involvement is key to restoring this connection. To fix this, AI should be used to help, not replace, human creativity. For example, AI can handle technical jobs like editing or special effects, allowing people to focus on storytelling and creating real emotions. Filmmakers can also involve audiences more by using AI to make interactive or personalized stories. By finding the right balance, the film industry can rebuild the emotional connection between movies and their audiences.

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Both articles highlight some positive aspects of artificial intelligence, one being their ability to logically think. However, while Confalonieri et al. believed that this logic could continue to develop in a way that could soon overtake human cognitive explanations, Haenlein et al. believes that AI has its strengths and weaknesses, with critical thinking being its weak point.  Haenlein et al. concludes that Ai will not be able to successfully cross the border between empathetic thinking and logical thinking.

This source adds to my research question by concluding that AI has led to several ethical challenges due to its lack of emphatic standpoint that humans have. This applies to the film industry as well, hence the necessity to restore historically human-centered films.

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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In the past, humans have put in significant effort to create the movies and creative projects we know today. The fruit of their effort in animation, screen production, and other processes can be seen as those historical movies are known as timeless classics. This concept of "classics" in film only begun due to the impact they had on the audience that viewed the movies. This begins to prove the deeper meaning behind film: its connection to the audience.

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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Now that we've learned how Ai has progressed and its current challenges and benefits, how does this affect humans? In many industries, Ai is being used to either work together with humans or replace their work for greater efficiency and less cost. However, in order to truly understand how dangerous the overuse of AI in industries-especially creative fields- are for working members of society, we must first delve into the historical work of humans.

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These sources give background information on the development of AI throughout time. While they doesn’t explicitly project information of AI usage in the film industry, the research shows that AI has now become a tool used vastly in several different industries. It puts Artificial Intelligence into a timeline, leading readers to see how this computational tool was used merely for symbolic representation in the mid-1900s and is now used in almost every field. This research also calls into question the ethical drawbacks that spur from this exponential growth, emphasizing the necessity to have a clear balance between AI and man-made.

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"Aural Evolution: AI vs. Humans in the Creation of Music and Audio for Movies and TV" by Barclay Stiles

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"Aural Evolution: AI vs. Humans in the Creation of Music and Audio for Movies and TV" by Barclay Stiles

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Summary/connection: The researchers conducted three studies involving music excerpts across genres (electronic and classical), with participants identifying the origin of the music (AI or human) and rating their preferences. The first study used blind testing, while the latter two studies manipulated participants' perceptions of the composers' identities to assess how this influenced their preferences, exploring biases and subjective judgments toward AI-generated versus human-composed music.This source proves that AI usage in the film industry is not only beneficial to people who have jobs in this industry but the audience that views the results produced by them. Through the experiment they performed, allowing audience members to evaluate and select their preference of film music which could either be AI or human generated, I can clearly see that viewers almost unanimously favour human-generated sections of film due to its emotional connection. This calls into question the necessity to restore these human practices rather than taking Ai for granted and replacing much of that emotional connection.

Key Quote:“ It seemed like the aesthetic ideal of participants being able to research, identify, and confirm that a piece of music was written by a human was more emotionally relatable to them and the notion of something like AI to be able to have that experience and emotional connection to be incredibly less likely.”(Stiles, 2024, p.9)

This quote is significant because it proves the importance of human connection to the film industry regardless of AI’s efficiency or cost reduction in order to give the audience an emotional connection to creative pieces. This emphasizes the need for human-made pieces to be restored as it was in the past without overusing the effective yet empathetically lacking artificial intelligence.

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This source focuses on the film industry in the history before AI was used to replace many difficult, time-consuming processes specifically in animation. I can clearly see the dedication and effort that was used to produce even a single simple animation in many of our “blockbuster hits” films and youth-appealing animations. This shows just how important human involvement is in creative fields and serves as a clear reminder that while AI may reduce time constraints and high-budget needs, it can never replicate the hard work and result of pure effort that was done in historically man-made films.

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Both sources acknowledge the significance of emotional connection that is found in man-produced parts of film. They find that the audience is more likely to connect with or remember memorable pieces which are often developed without the help of artificial intelligence. However, while Stiles focuses on the music aspect of film by using experiments in which participants prefer human-made soundtracks for films than AI, Yaffe looks at audience engagement for the movie as a whole and how they connect to the memorable moments in movies.

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Both articles describe the depiction of different topics(time and sci-fi respectively) and how they impact the audience. While Ayhan focuses on the fear humans feel when faced with realistic AI in sci-fi movies as it gradually becomes more common, Yaffe depicts a different emotion from the audience as they watch timeless movies; a long-lasting sense of awe and connection. Both these sources prove the tight-knit relationship between movies and their viewers, concluding that the film industry must put clear boundaries between using AI and human intelligence in films in order to protect the peace of the viewers and the efforts of workers.

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1. How do these sources, and your connections between these sources, provide meaningful information in regards to your chosen theme and how that theme relates to your specific RQ?

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Both sources illustrate the difficulties of human techniques in film and conclude that these challenges are what make human-centered film production so much more special that Ai techniques. However, while Moreno focuses on the animation process and the 12 principles of hand-drawn animation, Li focuses more on the efforts of scriptwriters in telling a story that captivates the audience in a way that artificially cannot be produced.

Whether it be script making, special effects, or animations, humans have played critical roles in developing these parts of the film to leave a memorable impact on their audience in the past. This proves the benefits of restoring this "handmade" effort rather than letting AI take over all parts of film.

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Both articles separate the evolution of AI in industries in the “seasons”, using the metaphors of AI winters and summers to prove that AI is a very inconsistent concept that can rise and fall at any time, proving the need to maintain a balance between human and artificial power in industries to prevent the fall of an entire industry because of AI. However, while Haelein emphasizes the negative possibilities of AI taking over industries economically, Delipetrev focuses on the ethical concerns raised by the lack of transparency in artificial intelligence procedures.

In order to understand why a clear balance in necessary between artificial and human intelligence, we must understand the factors and past of AI leading up to its currently powerful status in our society. This prove that human interference is in fact needed for balance.

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How can the previously strong connection between film and its audience be best restored to create a balance between artificial and human intelligence? 

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How can the previously strong connection between film and its audience be best restored to create a balance between artificial and human intelligence? 

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(Historical lens)

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"A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence:On the Past, Present, and Future of Artiﬁcial Intelligence" by Michael Haenlein and Andreas Kaplan

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"A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence:On the Past, Present, and Future of Artiﬁcial Intelligence" by Michael Haenlein and Andreas Kaplan

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Summary/connection: This source conveys the importance of man-made creations and AI usage as coexisting factors, offering a new perspective to the typically negative viewpoint on AI. The researchers divide the progression of AI into 4 seasons, winter and summer, and fall and spring. Throughout its evolution and ups and downs, Ai has been proven to be essential to many industries, possibly the film industry as well, yet needs a clear balance to function ethically in these industries. Artificial intelligence has grown from an idea into a powerful tool that is changing industries and everyday life, thanks to better data, computing, and learning technologies, but the researchers conclude the importance of human creativity as a core innovative tool.

Key quote:“Nobody knows whether AI will allow us to enhance our own intelligence, as Raymond Kurzweil from Google thinks, or whether it will eventually lead us

into World War III, a concern raised by Elon Musk. However, everyone agrees that it will result in unique ethical, legal, and philosophical challenges that will need to be addressed.”(Haenlein et al., 2019, pg. 9)

This quote is significant because it shows that the evolution of AI in several industries will undeniably lead to ethical challenges which can affect originally man-centered projects, calling into question the power AI has over the growth of human intelligence. While many powerful corporation heads take varying opinions on the role of AI in our society, this quote shares an overall barrier to human evolution because of AI either philosophically, ethically or legally.

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"A historical perspective of explainable Artificial Intelligence" by Roberto Confalonieri, Ludovik Coba, Benedikt Wagner, Tarek R. Besold

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"A historical perspective of explainable Artificial Intelligence" by Roberto Confalonieri, Ludovik Coba, Benedikt Wagner, Tarek R. Besold

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Summary/connection: This source shows a clear difference in the thinking process of Ai vs. humans in many projects. While it does not explicitly focus on the film industry, the researchers conclude that humans focus more on the aspect of storytelling while Ai offers a cleaner, logical approach. This shows that I may be beneficial to many other industries but is lacking with respect to human emotion in creative fields such as film and music. The source also provides a solution for this in order to restore a clear balance between AI and human involvement as to overpowering technology: to develop AI into a more transparent and explainable mechanism that humans can understand better and work with. This conveys the need to restore a mutual balance between both humans and AI, and continue to use human intelligence to produce an emotionally connecting story rather than logical yet unappealing.

Key quote:“Lombrozo (2016) suggested that one needs to differentiate between distinct possible goals for explainability, while highlighting why and how human explanatory cognition provides crucial constraints for the design of XAI systems.”(Confalonieri et al., 2020, p. 3)

This quote is significant because it emphasizes that AI systems need to be designed in ways humans can understand, focusing on explainability. Historically, AI was mainly about making systems that worked well, even if people couldn’t understand how they worked. Now, there’s more focus on making AI transparent and understandable, so it aligns better with how humans think and make decisions.

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Summary/connection: The source focuses on certain types of film, specifically those that describe historical or memorable past events. The personal experience that much of the audience connects with through these films are aspects that are completely human-produced, creating the need to prevent AI from overtaking this connection. The researchers state that audience members are typically drawn to movies if they contain a connection to themself through a past moment or memory, which is why film is so different from other types of media. If there was a clear boundary between the usage of AI and human production, where cost efficiency and story-telling needs could both be met, this could prevent the loss of connection between the audience and producers of film.

Key Quote: “For instance, one might hold, implausibly, that films represent all events as past—those who take there to be some intrinsic connection between films and memory experience might be drawn to such a view”(Yaffe, 2003, p. 124)

This quote is significant because it highlights the relationship between historical film and memories. Many viewers are often drawn to  a film experience when it connects to a personal experience, which is often found in many long time classic films which used mostly man-performance. While this quote doesn't explicitly introduce AI as reducing this personal connection, it emphasizes the need to instill a memorable, lingering feeling in the audience through film.

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"Historical Evolution of Artificial Intelligence" by Blagoj Delipetrev, Chrisa Tsinaraki, Uroš Kostić

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"Historical Evolution of Artificial Intelligence" by Blagoj Delipetrev, Chrisa Tsinaraki, Uroš Kostić

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Summary/Connection: The researchers concluded that the development of AI has vastly changed over time. In the early stages of development, they found that AI was more focused on foundational and symbolic methods and has now shifted to machine learning due to the increased amount of computational power it has. They find that although AI serves as a transformative tool, its ability to negatively impact society is just as strong as positive outcomes, thus reinforcing the ethical concerns towards AI. Throughout their research, the researchers focused on separating the development of AI in 3 periods of time: Foundation, Expert Systems, and Machine Learning allowing them to come to conclusions about how AI has changed its roles to fit in education and industries. This study successfully calls into question the good nature of AI as it continues to take over several man-made industries over time.

Key Quote: “The future of AI is uncertain, with chances of another AI winter or of an even greater AI summer.”( Blagoj et al., 2020, p. 25)

This quote is significant because it describes the unpredictable trend of AI in our society, with AI winters(declines) and AI summers(inclines) happening nearly spontaneously. Whilst this may seem like a sentence describing the positive growth of AI, it backhandedly calls into question the ethical concerns of AI by proving that its unchecked growth during “summers” may not be consistently positive, but actually lead to a greater downfall in industries depending on AI during its “winters”.

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"THE CREATION PROCESS OF 2D ANIMATED MOVIES" by Laura Moreno

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"THE CREATION PROCESS OF 2D ANIMATED MOVIES" by Laura Moreno

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Summary/connection: The research examined several case studies and timelines to see the advancements in different strategies and utensils used to create 2D animations between 1887 and 2014. Using classic movies as a source, the researcher determined the principles of animations and referenced several animators' works and theories. This allowed them to better understand the real effort taken that has often been overlooked as technology advances and efficiency increases despite the lack of effort. The researchers concluded that the simple movies viewers often see on screens does not express the effort put into them by humans. While technology advances and these processes are made much easier, the value of human input remains desirable to create all time classic movies ranging from kids Disney movies to Sci-Fi.

Key Quote:“Creating the different frames is the part that is more time consuming because animators spend a lot of hours drawing the characters moving again and again until they get the movement right. They have to take into account a lot of different things like the 12 rules of animation, the human body’s anatomy, even some physical laws, etc.”(Moreno, p. 56)

This quote is significant because it emphasizes the dedicated human effort needed to create most of the all time classic animation films known globally. The different rules and principles required to achieve a simple animation is explained to prove just how much human effort was required in the past to create these movies, hinting at the loss of this dedication as technology evolves.

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"New Approaches in Media and Communication" by Prof. Dr. Ahmet Ayhan

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"New Approaches in Media and Communication" by Prof. Dr. Ahmet Ayhan

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Summary/connection: The researchers conclude that AI in many aspects has instilled a fear in many people through the media. Used in Sci-Fi and other genres of film, it continues to take control of human jobs and creativity by being used more commonly in traditional human settings such as movie production. Using the data they gathered from public surveys and case studies, they found many viewers believe that superintelligence, the capability for artificial intelligence to succeed human power, is becoming increasingly thought of and could be “the last creation made by mankind”. The source also helps answer my research question by providing insight on how AI is used in Sci-Fi movies and how this relationship has changed over time. These movies used to depict AI as a dystopian monster, and have now begun to mend their relationship, portraying Ai in movies as more realistic now. This provides a solution on how to restore human-centered production while maintaining a balance between AI and humans.

Key Quote:“ AI, as Campbell (2016) points out, is often associated with dystopian scenarios in which machines rebel against humanity and tend to dominate the latter. The representation, however, has gradually changed during the history of cinema both in the “physical representation” of AI and in the relationship between man and machine.”(Ahmet, 2023, p. 63)

This quote is significant because it shows the changing relationship between Ai and humans both outside the fake scenario of a film and inside. While AI typically had a negative connotation in many sci-fi movies, known to be a terrifying overbearing machine, it is now being portrayed as more realistic since the evolution of AI as a concept. The researcher mentions how AI is no longer  solely depicted in dystopian genes, proving just how realistic it has become and how much this technology is being used in society.

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"Research on the Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Film Industry" by Yaxing Li

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"Research on the Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Film Industry" by Yaxing Li

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Summary/connection: This source conveys the use of AI specifically in the filmmaking industry, offering a more specific perspective to the roles of AI today as compared to the past. The researcher provides ample data of how special effects and scripture was produced in the early 90s, and how these parts of the film-making process have become highly digital, lacking human effort. This emphasizes the need to restore the role of humans in film-making in order to ensure that movies can have an emotional connection to the audience and be a result of dedication and effort rather than a computational tool with no real-world connection.

Key Quote:“One of the most challenging aspects of special effects, aging and de-aging  techniques,  have been around since the 1930s and have evolved with time and technology.  With  the development of computer technology, films have become progressively digital and computers have the ability to do all  sorts  of  incredible  special  effects.”(Li, 2022, p. 3)

This quote is significant because it shows how movie special effects were produced historically and now this has vastly changed throughout time with the start of AI. The researcher mentions how films have become progressively digital, and while this calls for several benefits, it diminished human efforts in films that have been used since the early 90s.

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The impact of film on audience: why AI usage must have boundaries to achieve "blockbuster hits"

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The impact of film on audience: why AI usage must have boundaries to achieve "blockbuster hits"

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The evolution of films: the change in human involvement in the film-making process

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The evolution of films: the change in human involvement in the film-making process

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Context + Introduction + Focus (Problem Statement)

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Context + Introduction + Focus (Problem Statement)

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As technology evolves throughout the years, the use of artificial intelligence has become a critical part of our society. Whether it be through educational systems or vastly growing industries, this new form of machine learning has created both benefits and challenges to the workforce and other previously man-controlled fields. One of these named fields that faces more difficulties due to the evolution of AI is the film industry. Known to be one of the most creative fields, the American film industry focuses on the audience's connection to the experiences portrayed in a film. As stated by Gideon Yaffe, Professor of Jurisprudence at Yale University, "Although novels, poetry, plays, music, dance, and sometimes even still photographs, sculptures, and paintings also represent time, none of these media represents time in quite the way that films do". This emotional connection that typically leaves a long-lasting impression on a viewer, however, has faced strain since artificial intelligence has taken upon many of the creative roles in film. From script writing to animating, AI's role in the film, while creating benefits financially and reducing time, has caused a loss of this emotional connection that was previously found in historically "hit" movies. Like Researchers Michael Haenlein and Andreas Kaplan from the California Management Review believe, “The question is less whether AI will play a role in these elements but more which role it will play and more importantly how AI systems and humans can (peacefully) coexist next to each other." My research question focuses on how to restore the heartfelt connection between the audience and the film that was found in olden-time movies, utilizing artificial intelligence only to overcome time and financial constraints, not the strength of human emotion.

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The evolution of AI: how AI "seasons" create challenges for industries

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The evolution of AI: how AI "seasons" create challenges for industries