# data[].attributes.headline
To what extent does the NFL creat a sense of community throughout American society?

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To what extent does the NFL creat a sense of community throughout American society?

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An analysis of the National Football League through an ethical, economical, and cultural lens, shows that the organization creates an overwhelmingly strong sense of community because of its ability to bring people together, ultimately increasing an individual's overall happiness.  

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An analysis of the National Football League through an ethical, economical, and cultural lens, shows that the organization creates an overwhelmingly strong sense of community because of its ability to bring people together, ultimately increasing an individual's overall happiness.  

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Henri Tajfel, during his time as a psychology professor at Oxford University found that due to the “social identity theory, sports teams serve as important targets of identification”

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Henri Tajfel, during his time as a psychology professor at Oxford University found that due to the “social identity theory, sports teams serve as important targets of identification”

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Tajfel, H. (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. London: Academic Press.

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“American football is perceived as an important tool to connect the sport to patriotism.”

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“American football is perceived as an important tool to connect the sport to patriotism.”

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Bryant, Howard. “The Heritage.” Google Books, Google, 20 June 2019, books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=f8CGDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=peer%2Breviewed%2Bnfl%2Bcreating%2Bpatriotism&ots=-BmRahigbI&sig=Gh0UESmqSEU53SfZsGRtltPvx4o#v=onepage&q&f=true.

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As social media grows and broadcasting  capabilities improve “major league professional sport teams in North America must deal with the task of satisfying a broad spectrum of customer or stakeholder groups” By no longer tailoring the game to a specific criteria American football, primarily the NFL has instilled a sense of identity throughout millions of Americans. 

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As social media grows and broadcasting  capabilities improve “major league professional sport teams in North America must deal with the task of satisfying a broad spectrum of customer or stakeholder groups” By no longer tailoring the game to a specific criteria American football, primarily the NFL has instilled a sense of identity throughout millions of Americans. 

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Gladden, James M., et al. “Managing North American Major Professional Sport Teams in the New Millennium: A Focus on Building Brand Equity.” Journal of Sport Management, vol. 15, no. 4, Oct. 2001, p. 297. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.15.4.297.

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Americans make great and real sacrifices to the public welfare; and I have remarked a hundred instances in which they hardly ever failed to lend faithful support to each other. 

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Americans make great and real sacrifices to the public welfare; and I have remarked a hundred instances in which they hardly ever failed to lend faithful support to each other. 

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De Tocqueville, Alexis. "Democracy in America, 1835-1840." AP Seminar Performance Task 2:

Individual Research-Based Essay and Presentation, College Board, 2022, pp. 23-25.

Originally published in Democracy in America, 1835-1840, .

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when presented with a list detailing the team's social agenda they had the following comments: "... I was

not aware of all the things they did, I knew about the larger items like the foun-dation, the team is synonymous with many different things in the community.

The owners themselves seem to carry a lot of charitable and philanthropic things," and "

.. I think it is good that they do those sorts of things for the

community."”

# data[].attributes.subject
when presented with a list detailing the team's social agenda they had the following comments: "... I was

not aware of all the things they did, I knew about the larger items like the foun-dation, the team is synonymous with many different things in the community.

The owners themselves seem to carry a lot of charitable and philanthropic things," and "

.. I think it is good that they do those sorts of things for the

community."”

# data[].attributes.body
Walker, Matthew, and Aubrey Kent. “Do Fans Care? Assessing the Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Consumer Attitudes in the Sport Industry.” Journal of Sport Management, 2009, www.humankinetics.com/AcuCustom/Sitename/DAM/067/236_Walker_Do_fans_care-_Ass.pdf.

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 “youth will be excessively susceptible, particularly to negative influences from their peers”

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 “youth will be excessively susceptible, particularly to negative influences from their peers”

# data[].attributes.body
Do, Kathy T., et al. "Neural sensitivity to conflicting attitudes supports greater conformity toward

positive over negative influence in early adolescence." AP Seminar Performance Task 2: Individual Research-Based Essay and Presentation, College Board, 2022, pp. 32-42. Originally published in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 45, Oct. 2020.

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Take a Knee" movement, a protest movement initiated by San Francisco 49ers' quarterback Colin Kaepernick in solidarity with the larger Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement. 

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Take a Knee" movement, a protest movement initiated by San Francisco 49ers' quarterback Colin Kaepernick in solidarity with the larger Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement. 

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Rheinhardt, Alexandra, et al. “Organization-as-Platform Activism: Theory and Evidence from the National Football League ‘Take a Knee’ Movement.” Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 68, no. 2, June 2023, pp. 395–428. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1177/00018392221148725.

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you can't arrest and you can’t kill all of them”

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you can't arrest and you can’t kill all of them”

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Lahiri, Jhumpa. "The Namesake." AP Seminar Performance Task 2: Individual Research-Based Essay and Presentation, College Board, 2022, pp. 27-31. Originally published in The Namesake, Mariner Books, 2004.

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“players were 1.1 times more likely to protest when playing at home versus away and were eight times more likely to protest when employed by a team in a relatively more liberal-leaning (as opposed to conservative-leaning) community ( p < 0.01). “

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“players were 1.1 times more likely to protest when playing at home versus away and were eight times more likely to protest when employed by a team in a relatively more liberal-leaning (as opposed to conservative-leaning) community ( p < 0.01). “

# data[].attributes.body
Rheinhardt, Alexandra, et al. “Organization-as-Platform Activism: Theory and Evidence from the National Football League ‘Take a Knee’ Movement.” Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 68, no. 2, June 2023, pp. 395–428. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1177/00018392221148725.

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“athletes, sport teams, and leagues have the ability to connect with those people who are not just giving money and adding time, but bringing their tools (cross-sector partnerships / relationships, access to media, facilities, events, and financial resources) to bear on the social change that is desired, the steps toward this great social change may be accelerated with further profes- sional athlete participation.”

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“athletes, sport teams, and leagues have the ability to connect with those people who are not just giving money and adding time, but bringing their tools (cross-sector partnerships / relationships, access to media, facilities, events, and financial resources) to bear on the social change that is desired, the steps toward this great social change may be accelerated with further profes- sional athlete participation.”

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Babiak, Kathy, et al. “An Investigation into Professional Athlete Philanthropy.” Journal of Sports Management , 2012, www.researchgate.net/profile/Scott-Tainsky/publication/233529965_An_Investigation_Into_Professional_Athlete_Philanthropy_Why_Charity_Is_Part_of_the_Game

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“CSR activities on the part of sport teams had a strong and positive impact on the organization's perceived reputation.”

# data[].attributes.subject
“CSR activities on the part of sport teams had a strong and positive impact on the organization's perceived reputation.”

# data[].attributes.body
Walker, Matthew, and Aubrey Kent. “Do Fans Care? Assessing the Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Consumer Attitudes in the Sport Industry.” Journal of Sport Management, 2009, www.humankinetics.com/AcuCustom/Sitename/DAM/067/236_Walker_Do_fans_care-_Ass.pdf.

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highly identified game attendees may look for the socially responsible activities of teams to reinforce their fanship

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highly identified game attendees may look for the socially responsible activities of teams to reinforce their fanship

# data[].attributes.body
Walker, Matthew, and Aubrey Kent. “Do Fans Care? Assessing the Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Consumer Attitudes in the Sport Industry.” Journal of Sport Management, 2009, www.humankinetics.com/AcuCustom/Sitename/DAM/067/236_Walker_Do_fans_care-_Ass.pdf.

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“brand loyalty ensures a more stable following even when the core product's performance falters (i.e. the team has a losing season)” and “ensures a more stable following through the broadcast media”

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“brand loyalty ensures a more stable following even when the core product's performance falters (i.e. the team has a losing season)” and “ensures a more stable following through the broadcast media”

# data[].attributes.body
Gladden, James M., and Daniel C. Funk. "Understanding brand loyalty in professional sport: examining the link between brand associations and brand loyalty. (Research Paper)." International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, vol. 3, no. 1, Mar.-Apr. 2001, pp. 67+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A89636705/AONE?u=j227909&sid=googleScholar&xid=360a1885. Accessed 14 Nov. 2024.

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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the idea that a business has a responsibility to the society that exists around it”

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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the idea that a business has a responsibility to the society that exists around it”

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Stobierski , Tim. “What Is Corporate Social Responsibility? 4 Types.” Harvard Business School , 8 Apr. 2021, online.hbs.edu/blog/post/types-of-corporate-social-responsibility.

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“When a team has a larger fan base, the organization is more attractive to potential and existing sponsors, and there will be higher television ratings for games, which, in turn, will increase revenue from broadcasting.”

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“When a team has a larger fan base, the organization is more attractive to potential and existing sponsors, and there will be higher television ratings for games, which, in turn, will increase revenue from broadcasting.”

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Heere, Bob, and Jeffrey D. James. “Sports Teams and Their Communities: Examining the Influence of External Group Identities on Team Identity.” Marketing and Management, Journal of Sport Management, 2007, www.researchgate.net/publication/279593344_Sports_Teams_and_Their_Communities_Examining_the_Influence_of_External_Group_Identities_on_Team_Identity.

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“The NFL was the most profitable US professional sports league, with a staggering $7.8 billion in revenues in 2009.”

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“The NFL was the most profitable US professional sports league, with a staggering $7.8 billion in revenues in 2009.”

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Quinn, Kevin G. “The Economics of the National Football League.” Edited by Dennis Coates, Google Books, Springer. Sports Economics, Management and Policy , 18 Dec. 2011, books.google.com/books?id=waI2asIkcdAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true.

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“the three American terrestrial (over the air) television networks CBS ($3.73 billion), NBC ($3.6 billion), and Fox ($4.27 billion), combined with cable television's ESPN ($8.8 billion), are paying a pooled total of $24.4 billion to broadcast NFL games through the 2011 season for CBS, Fox, and NBC and through 2013 for ESPN.”

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“the three American terrestrial (over the air) television networks CBS ($3.73 billion), NBC ($3.6 billion), and Fox ($4.27 billion), combined with cable television's ESPN ($8.8 billion), are paying a pooled total of $24.4 billion to broadcast NFL games through the 2011 season for CBS, Fox, and NBC and through 2013 for ESPN.”

# data[].attributes.body
Quinn, Kevin G. “The Economics of the National Football League.” Edited by Dennis Coates, Google Books, Springer. Sports Economics, Management and Policy , 18 Dec. 2011, books.google.com/books?id=waI2asIkcdAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true.

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New products such as team-related merchandise stores and restaurants in close proximity to the venue enable the team to create additional revenue streams by owning and operating the ventures or sharing in profits through licensing agreements.

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New products such as team-related merchandise stores and restaurants in close proximity to the venue enable the team to create additional revenue streams by owning and operating the ventures or sharing in profits through licensing agreements.

# data[].attributes.body
Gladden, James M., and Daniel C. Funk. "Understanding brand loyalty in professional sport: examining the link between brand associations and brand loyalty. (Research Paper)." International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, vol. 3, no. 1, Mar.-Apr. 2001, pp. 67+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A89636705/AONE?u=j227909&sid=googleScholar&xid=360a1885. Accessed 14 Nov. 2024.

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Merchandise consumption and word of mouth are elements less related to the core product and are logical outcomes of positive reactions to CSR in that fans of team sports tend to display their affiliations by purchasing team-related products and discussing the team frequently.”

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Merchandise consumption and word of mouth are elements less related to the core product and are logical outcomes of positive reactions to CSR in that fans of team sports tend to display their affiliations by purchasing team-related products and discussing the team frequently.”

# data[].attributes.body
Walker, Matthew, and Aubrey Kent. “Do Fans Care? Assessing the Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Consumer Attitudes in the Sport Industry.” Journal of Sport Management, 2009, www.humankinetics.com/AcuCustom/Sitename/DAM/067/236_Walker_Do_fans_care-_Ass.pdf.

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Synchrony also makes groups appear more entitative [59,60], cohesive [61,62] and physically formidable [62] to outsiders. For example, when people see individuals waving in sync [60] or walking or speaking in sync [61], they perceive these individuals as more bonded”

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Synchrony also makes groups appear more entitative [59,60], cohesive [61,62] and physically formidable [62] to outsiders. For example, when people see individuals waving in sync [60] or walking or speaking in sync [61], they perceive these individuals as more bonded”

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Gelfand, Michele J., et al. "The cultural evolutionary trade-off of ritualistic synchrony." AP Seminar Performance Task 2: Individual Research-Based Essay and Presentation, pp. 5-12. Originally published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 29 June 2020.

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people treat a person who displays luxury brands more favorably than a person who does not or, more accurately, than the same person when he or she wears identical clothing without a brand label.” “Individuals may benefit from engaging in this type of behavior because their self-advertisement as bearers of the trait makes them more attractive (i.e., increases their status) compared to other individuals, as partners, mates or allies.”

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people treat a person who displays luxury brands more favorably than a person who does not or, more accurately, than the same person when he or she wears identical clothing without a brand label.” “Individuals may benefit from engaging in this type of behavior because their self-advertisement as bearers of the trait makes them more attractive (i.e., increases their status) compared to other individuals, as partners, mates or allies.”

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Nelissen, Rob, and Marijn Meijers. “(PDF) Social Benefits of Luxury Brands as Costly Signals of Wealth and Status.” Evolution and Human Behavior, 21 Dec. 2010, www.researchgate.net/publication/230873257_Social_benefits_of_luxury_brands_as_costly_signals_of_wealth_and_status.

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“An average of 17.9 million people watched NFL games on TV and streaming services this season, a 7% increase from last year and the highest since 2015”

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“An average of 17.9 million people watched NFL games on TV and streaming services this season, a 7% increase from last year and the highest since 2015”

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Sharp, Andrew. “Taylor Swift’s Impact on the Super Bowl.” Edited by John Allgood and Timothy DeSchriver, The University of Delaware Business School, 9 Feb. 2024, www.udel.edu/udaily/2024/february/taylor-swift-travis-kelce-super-bowl-marketing/.

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For Avid fans, sports are woven into their lives every day, all day. They watch the games, listen to talk shows, check scores and banter with friends about sports constantly. Involved fans love the games but don’t engage every day, while a casual fan is more likely to check in on the weekends”

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For Avid fans, sports are woven into their lives every day, all day. They watch the games, listen to talk shows, check scores and banter with friends about sports constantly. Involved fans love the games but don’t engage every day, while a casual fan is more likely to check in on the weekends”

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Levy, Don. “News Releases.” St. Bonaventure University Research, 3 Feb. 2023, www.sbu.edu/news/news-items/2023/02/03/st.-bonaventure-siena-research-survey-reveals-70-of-americans-are-sports-fans-21-avid-football-clearly-king.

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The recent AFC Championship pitting Kelce’s Chiefs against the Ravens brought in more than 60 million viewers”The recent AFC Championship pitting Kelce’s Chiefs against the Ravens brought in more than 60 million viewers”

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The recent AFC Championship pitting Kelce’s Chiefs against the Ravens brought in more than 60 million viewers”The recent AFC Championship pitting Kelce’s Chiefs against the Ravens brought in more than 60 million viewers”

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Sharp, Andrew. “Taylor Swift’s Impact on the Super Bowl.” Edited by John Allgood and Timothy DeSchriver, The University of Delaware Business School, 9 Feb. 2024, www.udel.edu/udaily/2024/february/taylor-swift-travis-kelce-super-bowl-marketing/.

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A 63% increase in female viewership between the ages of 18 and 49 during the Chiefs and Bears game September 24”

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A 63% increase in female viewership between the ages of 18 and 49 during the Chiefs and Bears game September 24”

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Bailey, William, and Brady Maddox. “Taylor Swift’s Effect on the Attitudes of NFL Fans.” Edited by Ania Rynarzewska, Knowledge Box, 27 Mar. 2024, kb.gcsu.edu/researchday/2024/all/16/.

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Taylor Swift’s massive audience consists of mostly women; more specifically, young women. This is a demographic that would normally be considered the minority when it comes to those who watch the NFL, and more specifically, the Super Bowl each year. But an estimated of 47.5% of viewers from Super Bowl LVIII were women, around 5 million more than last year”

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Taylor Swift’s massive audience consists of mostly women; more specifically, young women. This is a demographic that would normally be considered the minority when it comes to those who watch the NFL, and more specifically, the Super Bowl each year. But an estimated of 47.5% of viewers from Super Bowl LVIII were women, around 5 million more than last year”

# data[].attributes.body
Bailey, William, and Brady Maddox. “Taylor Swift’s Effect on the Attitudes of NFL Fans.” Edited by Ania Rynarzewska, Knowledge Box, 27 Mar. 2024, kb.gcsu.edu/researchday/2024/all/16/.

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high-identifying fans who witnessed a victory reported higher personal competencies on mental, social, and motor skill tasks than fans who witnessed their sport team being defeated. Highly identified fans also report a decrease in self-esteem following their team's defeat

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high-identifying fans who witnessed a victory reported higher personal competencies on mental, social, and motor skill tasks than fans who witnessed their sport team being defeated. Highly identified fans also report a decrease in self-esteem following their team's defeat

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Coates, Dennis, and Brad  R. Humphreys. “The Effect of Professional Sports on Earnings and Employment in the Services and Retail Sectors in U.S. Cities.” University of Maryland Baltimore County Department of Economics, 4 Sept. 2001, userpages.umbc.edu/~coates/work/employment04.pdf.

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the more the fan is identified with a local team, the greater that that individual is likely to have a well-rounded sense of psychological health, lower levels of loneliness, lower levels of alienation, a higher sense of self-esteem, less social isolation.”

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the more the fan is identified with a local team, the greater that that individual is likely to have a well-rounded sense of psychological health, lower levels of loneliness, lower levels of alienation, a higher sense of self-esteem, less social isolation.”

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Mills, Kim, and Daniel Wann. “The Psychology of Sports Fans.” American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, 14 Apr. 2024, www.apa.org/news/podcasts/speaking-of-psychology/sports-fans.

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Although fan communities are often self-sufficient and operate within themselves, a relationship with the organization can give a fan community legitimacy and make members feel like they are part of the team they follow”

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Although fan communities are often self-sufficient and operate within themselves, a relationship with the organization can give a fan community legitimacy and make members feel like they are part of the team they follow”

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Mastromartino, Brandon, and James J. Zhang. “Affective Outcomes of Membership in a Sport Fan Community.” Frontiers in Psychology, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 8 May 2020, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7225319/.

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With a population of 100,000, Green Bay is by far the smallest market in professional sports. But despite its small market, Packers games have been sold out for decades. The stadium can seat roughly 70% of the city's population? The waiting list for season tickets is estimated to be forty years.”

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With a population of 100,000, Green Bay is by far the smallest market in professional sports. But despite its small market, Packers games have been sold out for decades. The stadium can seat roughly 70% of the city's population? The waiting list for season tickets is estimated to be forty years.”

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Collins, Maureen B. “Gerald Clifford, the Green Bay Packers and Community ...” University of Denver Sports and Entertainment Law Journal , 2013, repository.law.uic.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1451&context=facpubs.

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There are approximately 5,204,625 shares owned by 538,967 stockholders – none of whom receives any dividend on the initial investment.”

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There are approximately 5,204,625 shares owned by 538,967 stockholders – none of whom receives any dividend on the initial investment.”

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Shareholder information Green Bay Packers. Retrieved 20 June, 2004, from www.packers.

com/shareholders

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To protect against someone taking control of the team, the articles of incorporation prohibit any person from owning more than 200,000 shares.” 

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To protect against someone taking control of the team, the articles of incorporation prohibit any person from owning more than 200,000 shares.” 

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Shareholder information Green Bay Packers. Retrieved 20 June, 2004, from www.packers.

com/shareholders

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The National Football League rules now effectively prohibit any other professional football team from adopting the Packers not-for-profit community ownership model.”

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The National Football League rules now effectively prohibit any other professional football team from adopting the Packers not-for-profit community ownership model.”

# data[].attributes.body
Collins, Maureen B. “Gerald Clifford, the Green Bay Packers and Community ...” University of Denver Sports and Entertainment Law Journal , 2013, repository.law.uic.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1451&context=facpubs.