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Teori Pembelajaran Sosial Albert Bandura menekankan kanak-kanak belajar dengan meniru tingkah laku orang lain melalui pemerhatian iaitu kanak-kanak bukan sahaja belajar daripada ganjaran dan hukuman tetapi juga daripada memerhatikan tingkah laku orang sekeliling yang dikenali sebagai pemodelan.

Teori yang saya rasa boleh dikaitkan dengan pengalaman zaman kanak-kanak saya ialah teori pembelajaran sosial Albert Bandura dimana saya memerhatikan tingkah laku ibu bapa saya semasa berinteraksi dengan orang lain dengan sopan, seperti mengucapkan "terima kasih" dan "tolong" apabila meminta bantuan kepada orang lain. Hal ini telah menyebabkan saya belajar untuk menghormati dan berinteraksi dengan baik kepada orang sekeliling saya terutamanya rakan dan jiran. Oleh itu, lama-kelamaan, saya mula terbiasa untuk menggunakan perkataan yang sopan dan mula meniru tingkah laku tersebut apabila berinteraksi dengan orang lain, tanpa arahan langsung dari ibu bapa.

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During my middle childhood, I moved between various environments-home, my aunt’s workplace, my cousin’s house, and the nursery, because of my parents’ work schedules and family dynamics. According to Super and Harkness’s Developmental Niche theory, these physical and social settings exposed me to various people and environments, which made me adaptable and enhanced my social and communication skills.

While I didn’t have a fixed routine, the nursery provided some structure and the flexibility of my caregivers contributed to my early independence. This relates with the customs of childcare and childrearing in my environment, which varied but were grounded in a consistent focus on good manners and discipline. My mother and aunts shared similar beliefs in a firm but fair guidance (garang bertempat), which helped me develop a sense of respect and proper behavior.

Lastly, the psychology of the caretakers in my life which are my parents, aunts, and extended family, resulted in a collective approach to raising me. Their shared values of discipline and respect provided stability despite the ever-changing environments I experienced.

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Berdasarkan Teori Psikososial by Erik Erikson. Teori ini dapat saya kaitkan pengamalan saya semasa berada di Tadika, dimana saya seorang yang suka berkawan , mengajak bermain dan sentiasa merancang aktiviti yang akan dibuat bersama kawan-kawan saya. Hal ini disenangi oleh guru dan ibu bapa saya, membuatkan saya lebih yakin dan bersemangat sehingga sekarang untuk bergaul dengan ramai orang.

Perkara sebaliknya akan berlaku jika saya dikritik atau dimarah oleh sekeliling untuk melakukan perkara tersebut. Boleh jadi saya akan malu dan berhenti berbuat demikian

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Berdasarkan pengalaman kanak-kanak saya, teori yang dapat saya kaitkan dengan zaman kanak-kanak saya adalah Teori pembelajaran sosial Albert Bandura. Teori ini menjelaskan bahawa kanak-kanak belajar melalui pemerhatian dan peniruan tingkah laku orang dewasa. Pengalaman masa kanak-kanak, termasuk bagaimana mereka melihat ibu bapa atau penjaga bertindak, mempengaruhi bagaimana mereka bertindak dalam situasi sosial. Teori ini juga menekankan peranan peneguhan (ganjaran dan hukuman) dalam membentuk tingkah laku. Semasa zaman kanak-kanak saya, saya selalu diberikan hadiah apabila mendapat markah yang baik dalam pelajaran. Perbuatan itu dapat meningkatkan motivasi dalam diri saya untuk terus meningkatkan pencapaian dalam pendidikan. Tingkah laku tersebut saya amalkan dengan adik-beradik saya yang lain agar mereka juga mendapatkan motivsi yang sama dengan saya.

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Berdasarkan pengalaman kanak kanak saya, saya boleh kaitkan dengan teori keperibadian (big five). Hal in kerana sejak kecil lagi saya telah diajar untuk mengenal diri saya dengan tingkah laku yang ditunjuk ajar oleh ibu bapa saya supaya saya dapat mengenal pasti sifat yang baik dan buruk agar ia dapat mempengaruhi kehidupan seharian saya. Dengan adanya teori ini, saya dapat mengetahui keperibadian orang lain dan sekali gus dapat memahami sifat dan bagaimana ia mempengaruhi tingkah laku mereka.

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The psychosocial theory of Erik Erikson offers a framework for comprehending how people grow through eight phases, each of which is distinguished by a significant conflict or difficulty. Being the eldest daughter in my family give me a big impact on how I handles these phases since eldest daughters' relationships, expectations, and duties are frequently shaped by gender norms and birth order. For example, relating with my childhood experience when I was 9 years old, where my family had just moved to a new house, my parents were working at that time and we no longer had a maid. So, my three younger siblings and I were home alone, I, as the eldest daughter , went to the kitchen to cook food without any basic knowledge at that time because this ensured my younger siblings would not go hungry. I managed to cook food at that time like rice, fried fish and also stir-fried vegetables. since I was 9 years old, I have been preparing meals for our family until now. And from my behavior, my younger siblings have also learned to help manage the house and prepare food, even though we are all still young.

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Based on my personal childhood experiences, I found Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory to be relevant. This theory emphasizes that individuals learn behavior not only through direct experience but also by observing others around them.

As a child, I was regularly exposed to a range of behaviours displayed by friends and family members. For example, by seeing how my parents handled difficult social circumstances, I was able to learn how to deal with friend and control my emotions. My thoughts, actions, and decision-making have been influenced by my social surroundings and adult role models. This supports Bandura's theory that interactions between people, their surroundings, and their behaviour lead to social learning.

I can see from this idea that indirect learning processes are responsible for a lot of my current behaviour. It emphasises how crucial the social environment is in forming a person's identity and values, particularly in childhood, when imitation and observation are crucial.

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Salah satu pengalaman zaman kanak-kanak saya boleh dikaitkan dengan Teori Pembelajaran Sosial Bandura, di mana teori ini menyatakan bahawa kanak-kanak belajar melalui pemerhatian dan meniru orang di sekeliling mereka. Semasa saya kecil, saya selalu melihat nenek saya memasak setiap kali ada kenduri atau majlis keluarga. Nenek saya seorang yang cekap di dapur dan sering memasak dengan penuh kesabaran, tidak kira berapa banyak kerja yang perlu dilakukan. Saya sering memerhatikan bagaimana nenek saya merancang kerja-kerja memasak dan mengatur semua bahan dengan rapi. Lama-kelamaan, tanpa sedar, saya mula meniru cara nenek saya memasak dan menguruskan dapur. Sekarang, apabila saya memasak untuk keluarga, saya dapati saya cenderung menggunakan kaedah dan gaya yang sama seperti nenek saya, walaupun saya tidak pernah secara formal belajar memasak daripadanya.

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From my past experiences, I believe the theory most related to my childhood is the Social Learning Theory by Albert Bandura.

As a child, I learned a lot from observing the adults in my immediate surrounding. For example, my mom will usually sew my clothes to adjust them so that they fit better, and I would always watch because I thought it looked fun. So, I started mimicking her technique and slowly learned how to sew my own clothes. Now, I know how to properly stitch my clothes so they fit me better.

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Berdasarkan pengalaman saya sewaktu kanak-kanak, pengalaman itu dapat saya kaitkan dengan teori pembelajaran sosial Bandura (modeling) dimana pembentukan tingkah laku positif seperti pembelajaran melalui pemerhatian tingkahlaku orang terdekat iaitu ibu bapa dimana cara mereka berinteraksi dengan orang lain dan suka membantu orang lain.

Hal ini dapat saya pelajari dari tingkahlaku mereka untuk menjadi seorang yang ingin membantu jika seseorang memerlukan bantuan dan menghargai nilai kebaikan dan pertolongan. Oleh itu pembentukan tingkahlaku melalui pemerhatian ini dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan tingkahlaku melalui persekitaran dan juga nilai moral.

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I think I can really relate to social learning theory when I think about my childhood. A lot of behaviors and attitudes I have now seem like they came from observing the people around me. For example, like how I picked up on how my parents handled things and their interactions or how I saw my siblings deal with problems. I didn’t even realize it at the time, but I was learning just by observing what they did and how they reacted to things. I think those early experiences stick with us and shape the way we respond to situations now.

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I think I can relate to social learning theory when I think about my childhood. A lot of behaviors and attitudes I have now seem like they came from observing the people around me. For example, like how I picked up on how my parents handled things and their interactions or how I saw my siblings deal with problems. I didn’t even realize it at the time, but I was learning just by observing what they did and how they reacted to things. I think those early experiences stick with us and shape the way we respond to situations now.

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Berdasarkan teori kognitif Jean Piaget melalui pengalaman zaman kecil saya ialah di mana saya banyak cuba hal-hal baharu yang membina pengetahuan dan pemikiran saya dengan menjalankan meneroka seperti bermain puzzle dan menyelesaikan teka teki pada tahap operasi konkrit. Ini yang membantu memperkukuh pemikiran dan berfungsike dunia yang sebenar. Pada tahap operasi formal mula mengembangkan pemikiran abstrak dan dapat membuat hipotesis atau memikirkan masalah yang lebih kompleks. Pengalaman seperti berbincang tentang isu sosial atau mengambil bahagian dalam aktiviti kritikal membantu saya meningkatkan kemahiran pemikiran abstrak.

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This is kinda like a funny childhood experience of mine, but when I was younger, probably 4 or 5 years old. My family and I were still staying at my grandparents' house, then there was one day I found my father's shaving kit somewhere on the dressing table, and I started shaving some of my eyebrows. I don't remember how did my father and grandmother found out about it, but if I'm not mistaken it's because they saw some hair(?) on the dressing table and the shaver was just laying there among the small pile of eyebrow that has been shaved off my face.

I think this happened because always been observing my dad shaving his face so I felt the need, like want to try doing so, and the only hair that was available on my face was my eyebrows, so ya. In my point of view, I can relate this childhood experience of mine with the Albert Bandura Theory that suggests observing and modeling play a primary role in how and why people learn.

P.S. My eyebrows were fine tho, fortunately no injuries, and I didn't shave them till they were like bald or anything :))

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I would relate my childhood to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory. The part where microsystem had hold a huge space in my childhood. My microsystem was my family. Most of my time were spent around my family with my siblings, cousins, and grandparents. The time spent at home was more compared to going on any vacations as a family. Both my parents were busy chasing their work life. This is when my grandparents, siblings and cousins came through. I believe chasing work life was the only choice my parents had when i look at their point of view. I am truly grateful to who i am becoming, to the life that is in present now and most importantly to my supportive family for sticking with me through thick and thin.

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I can relate to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory. When I was 3, my parents always ask me to choose my own clothes or choosing my preference regarding toys to play. This make me be more confidence to take my own action with small guidance from my parents. My parents also set a limit regarding my behavior whether it is good or bad. This helps me to build confidence and make my decision.

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Di sekolah rendah, saya sering merasa gugup ketika guru meminta pelajar membaca di depan kelas. Suatu hari, saya terpaksa membaca dengan suara yang bergetar. Namun, setelah membaca, rakan-rakan saya memberi tepukan gemuruh. Pengalaman itu memberi saya keyakinan. Saya ingat bagaimana pujian tersebut menguatkan semangat saya untuk terus mencuba.

Ini mengingatkan saya tentang teori behavior, di mana tingkah laku positif diperkukuhkan melalui penguatan. Sejak itu, saya semakin berani membaca di depan kelas dan menikmati pengalaman tersebut. Kenangan ini mengajar saya bahawa sokongan dan penguatan positif sangat penting dalam membentuk keyakinan diri.

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BRONFENBRENNERS Ecological Model （Pang Yue Han BP22110077）

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BRONFENBRENNERS Ecological Model （Pang Yue Han BP22110077）

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I am often said to be a kind person, but I often think that this is just a habit of mine. But after I learned this theory, I remembered that all these habits are related to my family background and environment. Then I have to talk about my background. I grew up in a Christian family, so I have experienced the environment of caring for each other and loving each other since I was a child. Let me give you an example. When I was young, my mother was a teacher. She often invited many of her students to her home for free tutoring on weekends and often went to many other people's homes to care for some students' families and help them. Therefore, helping people has become a personality and habit of mine.

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NABILAH FARIHAH BINTI BADROL HISHAM (BP22110408)

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NABILAH FARIHAH BINTI BADROL HISHAM (BP22110408)

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The theory that I can relate to my childhood is the sociocultural theory by Vygotsky. My teen years played a significant role in building who I am now and throughout my high school years, I learned from the social interactions I had and the cultures in my high school. I was in the hostel, and I learned a lot more from the culture the hostelites practised. For example, I realised that they queued for their turn to take a bath by placing their towels at the doors of the shower booths. I followed their style of items of clothing like wearing a tudung sarung and black hijab undercap (when I was in elementary I always wore a white one because my mother bought me that colour). I also learned to wash my clothes at the sink of the bathroom after my interaction with my friend in high school. The social and cultural interactions I had throughout my school years significantly impacted my cognitive development and what I learnt from my surroundings.

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MOHAMAD ABU DZHAR BIN IBRAHIM (BP22160554) 

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MOHAMAD ABU DZHAR BIN IBRAHIM (BP22160554) 

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Teori yang dapat saya dapat kaitkan dengan masa kanak-kanak saya ialah Teori Albert Bandura (Social Learning Theory). Teori ini berkaitan pemerhatian boleh mempengaruhi perkembangan kanak-kanak. Bagaimana dan mengapa orang dapat belajar hanya dari memerhatikan tingkah laku atau perbuatan seseorang. Ketika saya masih berumur 7-12 tahun saya sering melihat orang yang lebih tua/dewasa melakukan sesuatu perkara yang baru. Selepas itu, saya mencuba melakukan perkara yang sama namun selalu gagal dan dimarahi oleh ibu bapa saya sendiri. Namun selepas itu saya sudah boleh melakukan dengan baik. Sebagai contoh, saya pernah memasak mi segera sendiri dan hal ini yang sering saya lihat di rumah malah apabila berada di rumah kawan. Bagi saya kanak-kanak sangat memerlukan model yang baik bermula dari rumah iaitu ibu bapa mereka sendiri.

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Teori tingkah laku (behaviorism) adalah satu pendekatan dalam psikologi yang fokus kepada tingkah laku yang boleh dilihat dan diukur secara objektif. Teori ini menyatakan bahawa semua tingkah laku manusia adalah hasil daripada pembelajaran melalui interaksi dengan persekitaran.

Sejak kecil, ibu saya secara tidak langsung menggunakan teori tingkah laku ini untuk membentuk tingkah laku saya melalui pengukuhan dan hukuman. Ibu saya sering memberikan pujian dan memberikan hadiah sekiranya saya berjaya mendapat keputusan yang cemerlang. Hal ini membuatkan saya berusaha untuk mendapatkan keputusan yang cemerlang setiap peperiksaan. Saya juga sering diberikan hukuman ketika saya tidak ingin menyiapkan kerja rumah. Hal ini secara langsung dapat mengurangkan dan menghapuskan tingkah laku yang tidak baik ini.

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Relating Childhood experience with Psychological Theories

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Relating Childhood experience with Psychological Theories

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I can relate my childhood experiences a lot with Albert Bandura's Theory because I'm always an observant child since small. One of it is i notice that every single night my father will makesure to throw the trash outside the house and my mother will makesure to clear up any dishes inside the sink before bed. Until this day, that has been my habit before i went to bed everyday. So when my parents is unable to do it, my siblings will automatically do it for them without them asking.

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Based on my experience, one of the theory that I can relate is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory. This theory says that children learn through social interactions with others. When a child works with someone who knows more like a parent, teacher, or older friend, they learn new skills or ideas. This process helps the child understand things they couldn’t figure out on their own. So, learning is not just something we do by ourselves because it happens when we talk, play, and work with other people who can guide us and show us new ways of thinking.

For example, I remember that when I was a child, I learned how to swim by following my father's guidance. I remember that I did not know how to swim at first but after my father taught me how to swim, I can slowly know how to swim by my own. As you can see the picture, that is me and my father bringing me to learn how to swim at a pool. So in Vygotsky’s theory highlights learning through social interactions and the instruction I have received from a more knowledgeable person which is my father helped me to master a new skill that is swimming.

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My parents only study until SPM and after that they work.. This is because they don’t have money to continue study.. As a first child they always remind me to study hard and want me to further my studies higher as I could.. Every exam if I get a good result they will congrats me with present and delicious food.. From small my parents is using behavioral theory to teach and help their children to be more enjoy in studying.. As we know behavioral theory seeks to explain human behavior by analyzing the antecedents and consequences present in the individual's environment and the learned associations he or she has acquired through previous experience.

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Theory that I can relate with my childhood experience is Bronfenbrenner Ecological System which is Microsystem. It involve direct interaction within the child and friend, family, neighbors. I grew up in the family that practice Islam in our daily life. With that, I influence a lot since I had seen my parents and my big brother practice Islam since I was a baby. I also have direct interaction with my friends since I was in kindergarten. These interaction help me in building my social skills since I was a kid. Therefore, when I grew up, I like to make a new friends since I have been exposed to it since I was a child.

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Intan Nur Adila Binti Nodzri (BP22110372)

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Intan Nur Adila Binti Nodzri (BP22110372)

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Based on my experience, my family applied the Operant Conditioning Theory by B.F. Skinner's which is the reinforcement and punishment. This theory shows that the child's behavior is followed by a consequence or reinforcement.

During middle school, my parents used positive reinforcement to increase my motivation to study by rewarding me with a gift for my achievement. My parents will also use negative reinforcement by lessening my chores one week when I receive a good achievement in my examination. Sometimes, my parents will use the negative punishment by lessening the electronic screening time to encourage me to more focusing on study.

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Class Activities: Relating Childhood Experiences to Psychological Theories: Engaging activities for undergraduate students to connect psychological theories with personal experiences 

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Class Activities: Relating Childhood Experiences to Psychological Theories: Engaging activities for undergraduate students to connect psychological theories with personal experiences 

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QUEEK FANG YING (BP22110230)

I would like to relate my childhood experience to Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory and I would focus on the first level, which is microsystem. Microsystem can be defined as the system closest to the person and the one in which they have direct contact, like parents and families. Since young, my parent have taught me to be disciplined, responsible and kind. Although both of them work, they still manage their time and schedule to have time with me. They always being supportive and encourage me to explore new things or interesting activities. For instance, I learnt to play piano since young. When I said that I want to learn to play piano, they clarify with me that learning a skill cannot give up in the middle, they hope that I will think twice about this before making decision. After that, I have them beside me throughout the whole learning life. They sent me to the music center, accompanied me to all the exams, competitions and concerts, and bought me all the books that I needed. They supported me both physically and mentally. By having their support, I practiced by schedule, did not give up, went for theory as well as practical exams and slowly mastered the skill. At the same time, I learned to be self-disciplined, responsible and also express my feelings and thoughts.

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Based on my childhood experiences, I was raised by parents that emphasized the importance of effort and perseverance. From an early age, my parents always celebrated or encouraged any new activities that I want to try such as drawing and coloring, archery and horse riding and cycling. This atmosphere of encouragement really help me feel valued for my efforts rather than solely for my achievements. At the age of 8-10, I always enjoy joining coloring competitions. But one day, it was a more bigger competitions with so many better kids and adults, and it really pressured me to got something better that what I have done before and it makes me terrified with so many people around me. When I expressed my concerns to my parents, they encouraged me to practice regularly and buying me new equipment to help me with the training, reinforcing the idea that preparation leads to success. On the day of the competitions, I did not do well as I really feel nervous and starting late than the time given, but instead of freezing in fear for so long, I remembered my parents' advice to keep going and somehow I got finished in on time. After the competition, my parents praised me and reminded me that mistakes are part of learning and growth. and I think this experience solidified my ability to embrace mistakes as opportunities rather than setbacks. This experience illustrates how positive childhood experiences can foster constructive defense mechanisms. It is stated by Freud in Psychoanalytic Theory, focusing on the defense mechanisms.

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Name: Valentina Edmond Tubong

Matric's number: BP22110324

One of the psychological theories that I can relate to is Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory. I would like to explain about identity and role confusion.

During highschool, I'm in a science stream class. I enjoyed studying those subjects but somehow, I am also attracted to music lessons or classes. I had a hard time selecting which course I wanted to further my studies after finishing highschool. This is because I enjoyed studying biology and also music is a big part of my life.

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I can relate to Social Learning Theory (Bandura). Albert Bandura’s social learning theory emphasizes that children learn behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions by observing and imitating others, especially significant adults in their lives.

When faced with a problem, my parents' first action was to find a solution and then solve it. This also affects me. When I encounter a problem, I try to find a solution first instead of complaining.

In a nutshell, experiences in childhood, such as exposure to aggression, kindness, or problem-solving behaviors, can influence how a child learns to interact with others and approach life challenges.

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Relating Childhood Experiences to Psychological Theories

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Relating Childhood Experiences to Psychological Theories

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By: Nurul Iman binti Raehamiizwan George (BP22110039)

I choose Vygotsky's theory to relate with my childhood experiences. One of the most important concepts in this theory is Zone of Proximal Development or ZPD. ZPD is the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers. As I learned in-depth about this theory, I learned and improved many things because of my parents' advice and peers' help. For example, when I was in primary school, my mother used to teach me and my siblings every weekend to make sure that we could catch the school. There are some subjects that I can't catch up but day by day, with my mother's guidance, I improved.

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THEORY THAT I CAN RELATE

Growing up as a Malay kid, I remember how family gatherings during Hari Raya were a big part of my childhood. I was always curious and eager to help, whether it was arranging kuih on the table, helping at the kitchen or greeting guests as they came in. I think this ties into Erikson’s idea of the "Initiative vs. Guilt" stage, where I was exploring how I could contribute to my family. When I did things well, like preparing food or saying the right thing in front of relatives, I felt really proud. But there were times when I’d mess up, like by spilling something, don't know yet what's the difference between sugar and salt also when I am not following the customs properly, and I’d feel embarrassed or guilty, especially when I was corrected in front of everyone. It’s these small moments that I think shaped how I view responsibility and my confidence in taking on new tasks as I got older.

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Reflection Class Activity: Theory Related Child Experience

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Reflection Class Activity: Theory Related Child Experience

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Berdasarkan teori sosiobudaya perkembangan kognitif Vygotsky yang mana teori ini menyatakan tentang pembelajaran yang menekankan peranan interaksi sosial dan konteks budaya dalam perkembangan seseorang. Teori ini menyatakan bahawa pembelajaran adalah proses sosial, dan orang belajar melalui interaksi dengan orang lain yang lebih berpengetahuan atau berkemahiran.

Teori ini berkait dengan pengalaman saya ketika kanak-kanak kerana ibu bapa saya menerapkan dalam diri saya untuk bertanya dan berkomunikasi dengan orang yang lebih tua atau yang lebih pengalaman dalam membuat keputusan atau ingin mengetahui sesuatu yang baharu. Oleh sebab itu, sehingga sekarang saya tidak takut untuk menegur orang sekeliling saya dan tidak takut untuk bertanya.

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Relating Childhood Experiences to Psychological Theories

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Relating Childhood Experiences to Psychological Theories

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I can relate to the B.F Skinner Operant Conditioning theory the most. Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which the motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

My mum would bring me to the bookstore and let me choose 3 books that I like the most if I get top 3 in my class for the examination.

This would motivate me to do well in exams, and my love for reading also increased as a result.

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A theory related to my childhood experience is Social Learning Theory by Albert Bandura. This theory emphasizes that behavior is learned through observation and imitation of events that occur around the individual.

Based on my childhood experience, I always saw my brothers and sisters getting gifts if they excelled in exams. I saw my brother and sister studying according to the schedule they struggled to make and the instructions from my parents. Therefore, to get a gift from my parents, I also studied hard and did my best during the exam. Therefore, I also get a gift every year!!

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I still remember during my childhood, I cannot ride a bicycle and most of the days I just sat at the bench while my friends ride the bicycles. Until one day, one of my friends teached me how to ride bicycle step by step. She holds the bike while I pedals. It continue until I can balance the bike on my own. Few times she will let go the bicycle but still stand near to me to catch if I fell.

I can relate this with theory The Zone of Proximal Development by Lev Vygotsky, where I gradually improved to ride the bicycle with maximum to minimal help from my friend.

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Dayang Rohadatul Sadiyyah Binti Salleh (BP22160538)

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Dayang Rohadatul Sadiyyah Binti Salleh (BP22160538)

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Berdasarkan pengalaman kanak-kanak saya, teori yang saya dapat kaitkan ialah Teori pelaziman operan B.F. Skinner menjelaskan proses pembelajaran melalui peneguhan positif atau negatif.

Ketika kecil ibu saya akan menyuruh saya dan adik beradik untuk menghafal sifir 1-12. Ibu akan menguji kami untuk sebutkan sifir yang kami hafal tanpa melihat jawapan, sekirannya kami betul kami akan diberi gula-gula mengikut bilangan sifir yang kami hafal, contohnya sifir 6, dan bilangan gula-gula yang dapat 6 juga. Selepas kami sudah menghafal sehingga sifir 12, kami akan menulis sifir mengikut kecepatan masing-masing.

Apa yang saya dapat dari pengalaman kanak-kanak saya ialah, aktiviti yang dilakukan oleh ibu saya memberi kesan yang positif kerana pembelajaran tersebut kekal digunakan sehingga sekarang terutamanya dalam subjek matematik.

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Berdasarkan kepada teori pembelajaran sosial, teori ini adalah tingkah laku yang terbentuk melalui pemerhatian dan peniruan terhadap orang lain yang berada dalam lingkungan sosial.

Misalnya sejak dahulu, saya sering memerhatikan ibu bapa saya bahawa mereka suka membantu dan melibatkan diri terutama sekali jika terdapat pesta yang diadakan di persekitaran rumah seperti majlis perkahwinan, sambutan krismas, sambutan pesta kamaatan dan sebagainya atau pun apabila terdapat kawan-kawan mereka yang mengalami kesukaran. Saya menyedari bahawa tingkah laku suka membantu mereka telah berada dalam diri saya. Seringkali terdapat apa-apa aktiviti yang boleh membantu orang seperti sukarelawan, saya akan turut serta dan juga akan membantu rakan-rakan saya sekiranya mereka mempunyai masalah.

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Berdasarkan Erikson's theory di mana tahap ketiga iaitu initiative vs guilt.

Teori Erikson, yang dikenal sebagai teori perkembangan psikososial. Teori ini juga mempunyai 8 tahap perkembangan. Saya telah memilih tahap ketiga iaitu initiative vs guilt. Menurut teori ini, peringkat ini berlaku semasa tahun prasekolah, antara umur 3 tahun hingga 5 tahun.

Berdasarkan pengalaman saya, saya akan rasa bersalah dan rasa malu kerana gagal melakukan tugasan dengan sempurna, dan juga berasa malu kerana mencuba sesuatu. Saya juga mengalami perasaan bersalah dan mentafsir kesilapan ini sebagai tanda kegagalan peribadi. Kesannya, apabila perasaan bersalah yang berlebihan daripada initiative pada peringkat ini, ini telah memberi kesan kepada saya untuk mencuba perkara yang baru kerana takut gagal dan silap,

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FYZA QASHRINA BINTI JUPIRIN (BP22110383)

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FYZA QASHRINA BINTI JUPIRIN (BP22110383)

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One of the psychological theories that I can relate to is Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory.

Specifically on the fourth stage which is Industry vs Inferiority. In this stage, it stated that children will start comparing themselves with their peers to measure their abilities and worth. A child would develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or a sense of inferiority when not.

What happened to me during this stage was, I was constantly compared and received negative feedback from a family member. Although it was not my parents or siblings, I remember the words affected me so much as a child.

If I didn’t get a perfect score on an exam, she would belittle me. Other than that, if I gained weight she would body-shame me in front of others. She would always give negative feedback to me when I did something wrong.

This happened during my middle childhood when I was 5-9 years old.

As Erikson mentioned in his theory, when a child is not encouraged enough they may develop a sense of inferiority.

This may be the reason I often consider myself inferior in comparison to others and suffer low self-esteem.

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Zaman kanak-kanak saya boleh di kaitkan dengan teori pembelajaran sosial oleh Albert Bandura. Berdasarkan teori Albert Bandura, kanak-kanak belajar berdasarkan tingkah laku yang mereka lihat sebagai pemodelan (modelling).

Ibu bapa saya sangat menekankan tentang adab dan perilaku saya terhadap orang lain. Ketika masih berada di zaman kanak-kanak, ibu bapa saya sering menunjukkan perilaku yang baik kepada orang lain dengan bercakap dengan baik, membantu orang lain dan melayan orang dengan baik. Dengan melihat cara mereka memperlakukan orang lain dengan baik, saya belajar untuk memperlakukan orang lain dengan baik.

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The psychological theory that i can relate to my childhood experiences is attachment theory by Mary Ainsworth.

During my childhood, my parents attention and affection were inconsistent to me like sometimes they will become more affectionate to me and sometimes they were unavailable and make me feel neglected. This caused me to always seeking for reassurance from my partner (when i have).

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I have fond memories of my childhood because most of my neighborhood friends were around the same age as me. We would gather at the playground every evening after primary school to play together. Our families were also close, with our parents knowing each other well. During school holidays, we never missed a chance to hang out, spending our evenings playing or walking to the nearby store to buy candy or ice cream. When exam season came around, I would often go to my friends' houses, and we would study together late into the night. Our neighborhood also had a tradition of exchanging food, not just on special occasions but on regular days as well. The community was very supportive, always ready to lend a hand whenever someone needed help. As a child, I saw these gestures as acts of generosity. My parents consistently reminded me and my siblings to treat others with kindness, especially our neighbors, as they are often the first to offer support when needed. I relate this to Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, specifically the microsystem. They emphasized the importance of building good relationships within the community, teaching us that small acts of kindness can create lasting bonds and a strong sense of belonging. These values have stayed with me, shaping how I interact with others even today.

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I can relate to Vygotsky scaffolding theory to my childhood experience which is my first experience of learning how to cook rice. My father play the role of the more knowledgeable other (MKO) by providing guidance and support that allowed me to develop the skill step by step. For instance, my father provided the guidance by demonstrating how to measure rice, water, and how to operate the rice cooker. In this case he work within my ZPD, offering with tasks that I couldn’t yet perform alone.

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FATIN NABILAH BINTI MOHD FAUZI (BP22160494)

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FATIN NABILAH BINTI MOHD FAUZI (BP22160494)

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I apply freud's theory psychosexual development during my childhood. I am the eldest and have 6 siblings. Since i have my brother, everything i need so sacrifice to them.

Example 1 : During weekend, i and my siblings can watch tv. So my id "i am the eldest, so i can watch my channel first" but than my superego "cannot, later your younger siblings will cry". But the ego always "itsokay, you are the eldest so must give in to your younger siblings and enjoy their channel together"

and many more things that i must give in to my younger siblings since 2 years old until now.

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Teori Pembelajaran Sosial yang dikemukankan oleh Albert Bandura telah memberi penekanan tentang bagaimana perilaku kita dipengaruhi oleh persekitaran melalui 'observational learning'. Menurut pengalaman saya sewaktu zaman kanak-kanak, saya dapat kaitkan zaman kanak-kanak saya dengan Teori Pembelajaran Sosial. Hal ini kerana, sewaktu kecil saya selalu melihat ibu saya memasak dan ibu saya juga sangat rajin mencuba resepi-resepi baharu. Saya selalu memerhati ibu saya dan kadang-kadang saya membantunya. Ketika saya beranjak dewasa, saya menjadi seperti ibu saya yang suka memasak dan suka mencuba resepi-resepi baharu. Sehingga kini, perilaku tersebut masih ada dalam diri saya.

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RELATED THEORY TO CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES~HALYEANAH LUKIBIN (BP22160525)

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RELATED THEORY TO CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES~HALYEANAH LUKIBIN (BP22160525)

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Berdasarkan pengalaman zaman kanak~kanak saya, teori psikologi yamg boleh saya kaitkan ialah Teori Perkembangan Psikososial Erikson. Perkembangan tahap keempat Erikson melibatkan aspek industri lawan rasa rendah diri. Saya merasakan pengalaman ini ketika saya berumur 7 hingga 12 tahun yang mana ketika itu saya baru sahaja memasuki alam persekolahan di sekolah rendah. Ketika saya memasuki alam persekolahan, saya mulai menyertai aktiviti dan pertandingan seperti menulis cerita dan mewarna. Pada ketika itu, saya memiliki keyakinan yang kuat untuk bersaing dengan rakan~ rakan yang lain. Kejayaan saya dalam pertandingan tersebut menyebabkan saya menerima pujian daripada guru~guru dan juga rakan saya. Hal ini mempengaruhi tahap keyakinan diri saya dan juga mengurangkan rasa rendah diri.

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SITI MURZULAYZA BINTI MURSALIN (BP22110413)

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SITI MURZULAYZA BINTI MURSALIN (BP22110413)

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berdasarkan daripada pengalaman saya masa kecil ialah ketika saya berumur 10 tahun dimana saya tidak berjaya mengikuti pertandingan membaca peringkat daerah kerana mendapat tempat kedua pada ketika itu. saya amat berasa sedih kerana tidak dapat mewakili sekolah pada ketika itu dan sangat hampa. hal ini disebabkan saya selalu menang setiap kali mengikuti mana-mana pertandingan membaca.

ini dapat dikaitkan dengan teori erik erikson dimana pada peringkat industri vs. rendah diri (6-12 tahun). saya berasa rendah diri dan kehilangan motivasi apabila mendapati saya tidak dapat mewakili untuk ke peringkat daerah.

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Growing up, I learned a lot by observing. So, one of the psychological theory that I can relate with is the Bandura’s Social Learning Theory.

When I was a kid, I often watched my parents being kind to others. They’d help friends when they needed it, always spoke politely to people, and greet other church members warmly. I remember how much people appreciated their kindness and willingly leading their help to any of our family members. I found myself being more thoughtful with other people. Just being kind in a little way felt natural to do as what I saw my parents do, and it seemed to make my friends happier, just like it did for the people my parents helped.

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Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development explains how children learn about the world by actively engaging with their surroundings. He described four stages, each with its own way of thinking and understanding.

Looking back at my childhood, from ages 5 to 7, playing with Barbie dolls and wearing princess gowns really sparked my imagination and creativity. I loved creating fun stories where I imagined myself as a princess in a magical kingdom. Each day was an exciting adventure as I dressed my Barbies in beautiful outfits and set up royal events like balls and tea parties. I remember one special day when I turned my living room into a grand castle and invited my friends to join the fun. We laughed and acted out our stories, sharing dreams and building friendships. Those moments shaped my love for storytelling and imaginative play, showing me how creativity can connect us with others.

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Berdasarkan pengalaman kanak-kanak saya, saya boleh kaitkan dengan teori psikososial Erikson iaitu “industry vs inferiority” di tahap middle childhood. Ketika saya di bangku sekolah, saya sering dibandingkan dengan rakan saya. Hal ini menyebabkan saya sentiasa meragui kemampuan diri saya sendiri dan juga kerap merasakan bahawa usaha saya tidak cukup . Namun hal tersebut juga membuatkan saya ingin berusaha untuk mencapai target saya dengan belajar dengan lebih gigih bagi membuktikan bahawa saya juga boleh menjadi seperti orang lain.

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Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Modal

The most related theory that i can relate with my childhood experiences is Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory. Throughout my life i was exposed to join sports at such a young age and i believed that this had a positive impact on my development.

Sports taught me a lot of things especially when i am surrounded by peers. Whenever i have to go and compete in different country far from my family members, i got to get it all together and be responsible for my own actions and how to act when im under pressure.

Other times, i have to stay in a new place and meet new people for months and sometimes years. Throughout the time, i gained new experiences and also learned a lot of new things about people. I always kept this in mind that "Mentally and physically everyone isn't the same".

I believed that bronfrenbrenner's Ecological Theory is the most related to my childhood experiences.

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class activities AISYAH IWANI (BP22110072) 

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class activities AISYAH IWANI (BP22110072) 

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teori psychology yang mempunyai kaitan dengan zaman kanak-kanak saya adalah teori attachment oleh John Bowlby. Teori ini tentang hubungan awal dengan penjaga dan kanak-kanak untuk membentuk attachment yang selesa dan selamat bagi mereka. Sejak kecil, saya terlalu rapat dengan ibu bapa namun di zaman sekolah saya perlu akur dan menurut arahan bapa untuk tinggal sementara di rumah ibu saudara. Setelah di rumah ibu saudara, saya seperti kebingungan untuk berinteraksi kembali dengan mereka setelah lama tidak berjumpa dan kerap mengatakan ingin pulang ke rumah.

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NUR HIKMATUL FATIHAH BINTI SAIRIN (BP22160534)

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NUR HIKMATUL FATIHAH BINTI SAIRIN (BP22160534)

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Berdasarkan pengalaman zaman kanak-kanak saya, teori yang boleh dikaitkan adalah Teori Tingkah Laku.

Tingkah laku yang diikuti oleh hasil positif (ganjaran) cenderung untuk diulang yang dikenali sebagai reinforcement/ pengukuhan. Contohnya, semenjak sekolah rendah lagi, parent saya akan memberikan apa saya yang saya inginkan sebagai ganjaran jika saya memperolehi keputusan cemerlang.

Perkara tersebut telah membuatkan saya terbiasa hingga kini jika inginkan sesuatu saya perlu memperolehi keputusan cemerlang terdahulu, kemudian barulah saya akan meminta sesuatu (ganjaran) daripada parent saya

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A psychological theory I can attribute my childhood experiences the most would be Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory. Oftentimes in my childhood, I always try and find a role model of some kind that I can base my actions and behavior towards. My father was a massive influence in the way I behave as I used to always observe his actions and his way of words with people such as neighbors or friends. I take a lot from how he treats people and he would often encourage me to maintain positive relationships with people as well. Growing up, I also found role models that I could observe and absorb positive traits from such as my seniors and I am glad to say that everyone in my life has had a positive and lasting impact on my current self.

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NURUL SYAHIRAH BT MOHD JAMALI(BP22110395)

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NURUL SYAHIRAH BT MOHD JAMALI(BP22110395)

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When I was little, I remember trying to share stories or talk to my mom, but she often didn’t pay attention to me. Looking back, I can see how this might have affected me. According to Erik Erikson’s Initiative vs. Guilt stage, kids around that age start to express themselves more and want to be heard. When they get attention and encouragement, they feel confident. But in my case, since my attempts to talk were often ignored, I think I started feeling like what I had to say didn’t matter. Over time, this made me more shy, less talkative, and not very good at expressing my feelings. It’s like I learned to hold back because I didn’t expect people to listen.

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berdasarkan teori yang berkaitan pengalaman kanak- kanak saya adalah Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory . hal ini kerana dari pengalaman zaman kanak-kanak saya sendiri, saya dapat melihat bagaimana sistem ini berfungsi, terutamanya dalam sokongan yang saya terima daripada ibu bapa dan juga guru saya yang mempunyai kesan besar terhadap pembelajaran dan pertumbuhan peribadi saya.

dahulu , ibu bapa saya sentiasa meluangkan masa untuk membantu saya dalam membuat kerja sekolah. Mereka memainkan peranan penting dalam pendidikan saya, memastikan saya memahami kerja sekolah saya dan menggalakkan saya bekerja keras. Pada masa yang sama, saya bergelut dengan satu mata pelajaran tertentu, tetapi guru saya berusaha keras untuk memberikan sokongan tambahan dengan sabar membimbing saya melalui konsep yang sukar sehingga saya bertambah baik dalam pelajaran tersebut.

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Berdasarkan pengalaman kanak-kanak saya, saya boleh kaitkan dengan teori perkembangan kognitif Jean Piaget. Dimana teori ini menekankan bagaimana kanak-kanak secara aktif membina pemahaman mereka tentang dunia melalui interaksi dan pengalaman. Mengimbas kembali zaman kanak-kanak saya, mak cik saya selalu mengajar saya subjek matematik. Dia mempunyai cara yang unik dan menyeronokkan apabila saya meminta ajar dia subjek matematik. Pengalaman ini telah membina asas yang kukuh dalam kemahiran matematik saya. Selain itu, daripada pengalaman saya ini saya selalu memperolehi gred yang baik dalam subjek matematik dan hal tersebut telah membuat saya mempunya minat kepada subjek matematik pada ketika itu.

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NUR ATIRAH BINTI AWANG SALLEH (BP22110160) 

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NUR ATIRAH BINTI AWANG SALLEH (BP22110160) 

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When I was 11 years old, my father bought me the small bicycle with 3 wheels for me to learn how to ride by own. During the learning, that I still cannot ride as good as well my father let me ride the bicycle without hold the bicycle and just let me rode it even I was fall apart for several times and got scars on my knee and legs. I took 2 weeks to good at cycling.

Thus, my experienced when I was childhood is connected with Zone of Proximal Development. It is where I got skilled by my onwn but still have support from my fathers to learn and good at cycling.

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The psychological theories that is related to my personal experience is the Bandura's Social Learning Theory which posits that people learn by observing others. Since i was young, i love to observe my family and friends behaviors and copy that behaviour in my daily routine. This observational learning allowed me to integrate diverse behaviours and norms into my own identity. I noticed that people from different cultural groups or family will have different behaviour.

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Teori Eric Ericson merupakan teori yang boleh saya kaitkan dalam zaman kanak-kanak saya. Dalam teori ini terdapat lapan peringkat perkembangan psikososial dan peringkat perkembangan yang berkaitan adalah peringkat "industry and inferiority" dimana pada umur 6 sehingga 12 tahun, kanak kanak mula belajar kemahiran baru dan menyertai aktiviti sekolah ataupun sosial. Pada fasa ini dorongan dan pengiktirafan sangat penting bagi memberikan mereka pengukuhan yang positif serta rasa bangga dan cekap dengan diri sendiri. Manakala sekiranya tidak ada dorongan rasa rendah diri akan lahir. Ketika umur saya di antara 6 sehingga 12 tahun, ibu bapa saya sibuk dengan pekerjaan dan hal ini menyebabkan masa dengan anak-anak kurang. Perkara ini menjadi salah satu alasan rasa rendah diri yang terbina dalam diri saya tinggi disebabkan dorongan yang kurang dari ibu bapa.

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From my childhood experience, i feel like i am using Vygotsky theory, ZPD more when i was a child. So when i am doing homework or something, just watching an example of someone doing that task actually helped me doing my own. And if i was stuck at some point, then i am going to asked someone who knows better such as a friends and teacher.

Other than that, when doing house chores, it’s simply watching my moms and then i can do that too.

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Rabiatul Fazliena Binti Ali (BP22160535)

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Rabiatul Fazliena Binti Ali (BP22160535)

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The psychological theory that I can relate with my childhood experience is Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory which is microsystem.

When I was child, instead of playing out with friends, I played with my cousins. As we are family, our bond are much closer than others. We played together and we sleep together. if my mother their parents didn't send them to my mother to babysits them, i believe that i would never have such a wonderful friends during childhood.

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Zaman kanak-kanak saya dapat dikaitkan dengan Teori Ekologikal (Bronfenbrenner) iaitu sistem mikro yang mana orang-orang dipersekitaran saya seperti ibu bapa dan juga keluarga memberi impak dan mempengaruhi kehidupan saya ketika itu. Secara ringkasnya, sewaktu kecil ibu bapa saya tidak pernah membanding bandingkan dan tidak pernah pilih kasih antara kami adik beradik. sebagai contoh, jika saya minta untuk dibelikan sebuah basikal, bapa saya juga akan membelikan adik beradik yang lain basikal supaya kami masing-masing tidak berebut dan dapat bermain basikal bersama-sama tanpa harus bertukar-tukar atau bergilir. Bagi saya, ia merupakan salah satu nilai kasih sayang yang diberikan oleh ibu bapa saya kepada saya dan adik beradik serta membina hubungan yang positif dalam keluarga kami.

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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development connects to my childhood experiences, especially in the preoperational stage. During this time, children start to use symbols to represent the world around them. I have a memory of believing that my dolls could converse and feel like genuine humans. Because of this, I spent a lot of time pretending and imagining stories with them.

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Theory that might related in my childhood experiences is Operant conditioning by B.F. Skinner, or instrumental conditioning, is a theory of learning where behavior is influenced by its consequences. Behavior that is reinforced (rewarded) will likely be repeated, and behavior that is punished will occur less frequently (McLeod,2024).

As i remember my childhood experiences, my mother always told to do chores like sweeping (positive reinforcement) in order to be allowed going out to play. Or other one, my parents will punish by taking my phone away if i made a problematic behavior. Therefore, i will avoid those behaviour in order to keep my phone (negative punishment).

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KHAIRUL BARIYYAH BINTI AHMAD ZAHARI (BP22110382) 

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KHAIRUL BARIYYAH BINTI AHMAD ZAHARI (BP22110382) 

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Berdasarkan pengalaman saya, saya telah lancar membaca seawal usia 4 tahun yang mana ia dapat dikaitkan dengan beberapa fasa teori psikososial Erik Erikson. Dalam fasa pertama, kepercayaan vs. ketidakpercayaan, saya merasakan bahawa saya menerima sokongan dan kasih sayang yang diterima sejak bayi daripada ibu bapa membantu saya membina keyakinan terhadap dunia. Pada fasa kedua pula, autonomi vs. rasa malu dan keraguan, dorongan ibu bapa untuk meneroka dan belajar, seperti membaca, meningkatkan rasa yakin diri saya. Di fasa ketiga, inisiatif vs. rasa bersalah, keberanian untuk mengambil inisiatif dalam pembelajaran membaca menggalakkan rasa bangga dan semangat ingin tahu saya terhadap dunia baru. Keseluruhannya, pencapaian membaca pada usia muda saya mencerminkan bahawa persekitaran tumbesaran saya yang positif dan sokongan yang kuat dapat membentuk asas untuk perkembangan psikososial yang sihat.

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When I was little, my mother would sometimes buy me books when I thrived in exams. She would wrap the books like a gift and honestly, receiving them after doing well in school made me feel like my efforts had unlocked something extraordinary, something just for me. That small but meaningful thing she did didn’t just reward me; it fueled my love for learning. Because of this, I developed a habit of rewarding myself in the same way.

The childhood experience I described relates to B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning theory, particularly the use of positive reinforcement. In my case, my mother rewarded my academic success by giving me books, which I loved. This positive reinforcement encouraged me to continue performing well in exams because I associated success with receiving something I enjoyed.

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NUR ATHIRAH FARAHIN BINTI OMAR (BP22110050)

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NUR ATHIRAH FARAHIN BINTI OMAR (BP22110050)

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Based on the social learning theory by Albert Bandura, I got interested and learnt how to draw by watching my brother draw art when we were younger. I also frequently saw my sister read books, which makes me like to read books. Thanks to my sister, who likes to read books and shares her books with me, and also my brother, with whom I share the same interest in art, reading books and drawing became my hobbies.

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Teori perkembangan psikososial Erik Erikson menggariskan lapan peringkat yang dilalui individu dari peringkat bayi sehinggalah dewasa, masing-masing dicirikan oleh konflik yang tertentu.

Semasa peringkat "Identiti vs. Kekeliruan Peranan," yang berlaku pada masa remaja, individu meneroka identiti dan nilai peribadi mereka. Proses ini boleh dipengaruhi oleh pelbagai faktor. Faktor - faktor itu termasuklah keluarga, budaya, dan interaksi sosial. Kejayaan melayari peringkat ini telah membawa kepada semangat kendiri yang kuat, manakala kegagalan boleh mengakibatkan kekeliruan tentang peranan seseorang dalam masyarakat.

Apa yang boleh saya kaitkan dari sini ialah sewaktu saya berumur 16 tahu, saya sering merasakan kekeliruan tentang diri saya. Di rumah, keluarga saya telah mengajar kami untuk sentiasa menghormati tradisi keluarga dan agama, serta menekankan pentingnya menjadi anak yang patuh dan menjaga adab. Namun, di sekolah, saya bergaul dengan rakan-rakan yang lebih bebas berbicara tentang impian dan kebebasan diri. Saya telah merasa terperangkap di antara kehendak keluarga dan juga keinginan untuk mengenali dunia di luar. Suatu hari, selepas sesi bimbingan kaunseling, saya memberanikan diri saya untuk berbicara dengan ibubapa tentang kekeliruan yang dirasakan oleh saya. Ibubapa saya mendengar dengan hati terbuka dan memberitahu kepada saya bahawa mereka juga ingin melihat saya bahagia, asalkan saya tetap menjaga prinsip-prinsip asas yang mereka hargai. Daripada perbualan ini ia telah membantu saya menyedari bahawa saya boleh menjadi diri sendiri tanpa perlu mengorbankan nilai-nilai keluarga. Dengan sokongan ibu bapanya, saya mula lebih yakin, menjalani kehidupan dengan keseimbangan antara cita-cita Dan juga tradisi keluarga saya.


Refleksi pada peringkat Erikson boleh membantu kita dalam memahami bagaimana pengalaman kita seperti perhubungan, pilihan kerjaya dan cabaran peribadi—membentuk perkembangan kita sepanjang hayat.

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Teori yang boleh saya kaitkan dengan pengalaman zaman kanak-kanak saya iaitu Teori Pembelajaran Sosial. Teori ini menekankan bahawa pembelajaran berlaku melalui pemerhatian dan peniruan tingkah laku orang lain.

Pada pengalaman saya semasa sekolah rendah iaitu saya terinspirasi melihat abang dan juga kakak saya yang sangat aktif dalam sukan olahraga dan saya cenderung meniru gaya dan dedikasi mereka dalam aktiviti sukan. Bahkan, usaha mereka yang konsisten dalam latihan membuatkan saya termotivasi untuk turut sama aktif dalam aktiviti sukan.

Kesimpulannya, motivasi yang saya peroleh daripada usaha konsisten mereka mencerminkan bagaimana pengaruh ahli keluarga dapat membentuk minat dan tingkah laku seseorang.

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NUR FARAH NABIHAH BINTI ROSLEE (BP22110145)

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NUR FARAH NABIHAH BINTI ROSLEE (BP22110145)

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Teori Pembelajaran Sosial Albert Bandura menekankan bahawa manusia belajar melalui pemerhatian, peniruan, dan pemodelan tingkah laku orang lain.

Berdasarkan pengalaman masa kecil, saya sering melihat kakak saya melakukan kerja sekolah dengan tekun dan mendapat pujian daripada ibu bapa saya. Jika kakak saya mendapat keputusan yang cemerlang kakak saya akan mendapat hadiah yang dingini olehnya. Oleh itu, saya mula meniru tingkah lakunya untuk mendapat pujian dan hadiah yang diingini.

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INTAN WAJA BINTI ABDUL HARI (BP22160490)

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INTAN WAJA BINTI ABDUL HARI (BP22160490)

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Based on my childhood experience, a theory that can be related is social learning theory. This theory was introduced by Albert Bandura's. This theory emphasizes learning through observation and imitation.

Based on my childhood experience, I was educated by my mother with the introduction of a routine that needs to be done every day from waking up in the morning, showering, getting ready to go to school, eating before going to school, returning to school, my mother asking about my school work until it's time to go to bed at night. Not only that, a childhood experience, where when my mother gathers with her family or friends, my mother often asks them like "are you okay ?" or "ada barang tinggal ?". Starting from observation until now I directly imitate my mother's behavior from routine exposure and the same questions. When I gather with my friends, sometimes those words will also be asked to my friends. For example "tiada barang kamu yang tinggal ?" , "kamu okay ?".

In conclusion, my experience as a child was influenced by learning through observation and imitation. Where, my mother became a model for me and I imitate my mother.

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Based on my experience growing up with 10 male siblings, one of the relevant theories is social learning theory, where I often observed and learned behaviors from my brothers, who had different personalities. They greatly influenced my behavior and personality development, leading to competition, cooperation, and shaping my emotional intelligence. As a result, my childhood environment was somewhat rough due to the large number of male siblings, to the point that all my games were typically boys games.

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Teori Pembelajaran Sosial oleh Albert Bandura. Teori ini menyatakan bahawa individu belajar melalui pemerhatian dan peniruan tingkah laku orang lain.

Pengalaman saya semasa kanak-kanak, saya melihat abang-abang saya membantu ibu saya di dapur. Mereka mencuci pinggan dan membantu memasak. Melihat tingkah laku itu, saya terinspirasi untuk melakukan perkara yang sama.

Melalui pengalaman ini, saya belajar bukan sahaja kemahiran di dapur, tetapi juga nilai kerjasama antara keluarga saya. Ibu juga memberikan maklum balas yang positif ketika saya melakukan sesuatu dengan betul, yang mendorong saya untuk belajar. Ini menunjukkan bagaimana pengamatan terhadap tingkah laku ibu membentuk kemahiran dan sikap saya, sesuai dengan Teori Pembelajaran Sosial.

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Faizah Ar-Rodhiyah binti Sulaiman (BP22160491)

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Faizah Ar-Rodhiyah binti Sulaiman (BP22160491)

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One of my childhood experiences was becoming proficient in speaking English by talking with my cousins. Since they mainly communicated in English, I naturally started using it more frequently with them. This might seem like a small thing, but it became clear to me later on that this exposure made a difference, especially when I noticed that many of my peers in primary school were less comfortable with English. It just goes to show how much our environment influences our development.

From a psychological perspective, Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory emphasizes how important social interaction is for learning. My cousins acted as "more knowledgeable others," helping me pick up English naturally.

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory is also relevant, as I learned a lot by observing and imitating them. Their way of speaking provided a solid model for me to follow.

Lastly, Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory highlights how our environment influences our development. My cousins were part of my immediate circle, and their influence played a significant role in shaping my English proficiency. These theories illustrate how social interactions and our surroundings can significantly impact language learning.

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Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development posits that cognitive growth is fundamentally influenced by social interactions and cultural contexts.

When I was a kid, I learn to ride a bicycle. At few tries, I can only balance the bicycle for a few seconds but I cannot ride independently yet. So, my parent holds the back of my bicycle to provide support while I pedal the bike. When I gain confidence and balance, my parent gradually let go, allowing me to ride on my own. Through this guided practice, I learnt to ride independently, demonstrating cognitive and physical development.

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Berdasarkan pengalaman kanak-kanak saya, teori yang boleh dikaitkan adalah Teori Pembelajaran Operan (Operant Conditioning). Teori Pembelajaran Operan yang diperkenalkan oleh B.F. Skinner menjelaskan bagaimana tingkah laku manusia dipengaruhi oleh kesan atau akibat dari tindakan yang dilakukan. Teori ini menekankan bahawa setiap tingkah laku yang diulang atau ditinggalkan bergantung pada ganjaran (reinforcement) atau hukuman (punishment) yang diterima selepas tindakan tersebut.

Dalam konteks teori ini, Hukuman positif merujuk kepada penambahan sesuatu yang tidak menyenangkan untuk mengurangkan tingkah laku yang tidak diingini. Sebagai contoh sewaktu saya kecil ibu saya selalu mengingatkan saya untuk pulang ke rumah lebih awal selepas bermain bersama kawan lebih tepat lagi pulang sebelum maghrib . Tetapi saya tidak mendengar kata-kata ibu saya kerana saya selalu pulang lewat ke rumah, akibat daripada perbuatan itu saya tidak dibenarkan menonton TV dan tidak diberikan jajan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahawa hukuman ini ditambah sebagai cara untuk menghalang kanak-kanak daripada mengulangi tingkah laku tidak mendengar kata tersebut. Dengan cara ini, kanak-kanak akan lebih cenderung untuk mematuhi arahan di masa depan, kerana mereka ingin mengelakkan hukuman yang tidak menyenangkan.

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Berdasarkan pengalaman kanak-kanak Saya, Saya dapat kaitkan dengan teori pembelajaran sosial Albert Bandura. Teori ini memberi penekanan kepada tingkah laku dipelajari melalui pemerhatian dan peniruan terhadap orang lain seperti modelling.

Sebagai contoh pengalaman Saya masa kanak-kanak, Saya sering meniru tingkah laku atau perbuatan ibu bapa Saya kerana mereka sebagai role model kepada anak-anak. Hal ini dapat dilihat apabila ibu bapa saya baru balik daripada kerja mereka akan meletakkan kasut mereka ke rak kasut yang disediakan jadi secara tidak langsung Saya mengikut perbuatan mereka dengan berbuat sedemikian. Oleh itu, pengalaman kanak-kanak Saya sangat berkait dengan teori tersebut.

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Name: Dayang Nur Syazwani Binti Ag Rumi (BP22110309)

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Name: Dayang Nur Syazwani Binti Ag Rumi (BP22110309)

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When I was six-year-old, I went to the park with my dad and I wanted to fly a kite. I struggled at first, as the kite kept falling. My dad stepped in, explaining how to catch the wind and guiding my hands as we flew the kite together. Slowly, he let me take control, offering tips along the way. Eventually, I was able to fly the kite on my own and excited by my success.

And here I learned within my ZPD with my dad’s help, gradually mastering the skill through my dad's social interaction and guidance.

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Nur Wafiy Aishah Binti Aznin (BP22160564)

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Nur Wafiy Aishah Binti Aznin (BP22160564)

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I do not have many memories of my childhood, which is sad, but what I clearly remember is how I can relate my experiences to Albert Bandura's theory. With 4 sisters and 2 brothers older than me, I grew up in a rich environment for observational learning, where I could observe and model behaviors from my siblings. Somehow, I consciously or unconsciously imitated and modeled their behavior, which has shaped who I am today. Some of the moments I remember are that I could never break family rules, like not being allowed to go out after dusk, or else we would be scolded by our parents ( my parents are so strict). Apart from that, I can clearly say that my academic performance was influenced by all of my siblings, as I unconsciously imitated their study habits. Most importantly, I was motivated by the feedback they received from our parents, which I really wanted for myself.

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SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY BY ALBERT BANDURA.

One of my childhood experiences can relate to Bandura's social learning theory, where the theory suggests that children learn through observing and imitating the people around them, such as parents, family members, peers, and teachers. I used to see my father greet our neighbours or anyone that sat or was hanging out at their front yard whenever we passed by. He would always smile and greet them politely. Growing up, I seemed to pick up and imitate that habit or mannerism. Even until now, I find myself greeting our neighbours or anyone every time I pass by their yards.

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The theory that I relate to in Lecture 2 is Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory. It explains human development by emphasizing the influence of different environmental systems on an individual’s growth. I am a routine-oriented person and this trait can be traced back to the influences within my environmental systems. In my microsystem, my caregivers played a crucial role in shaping my routine-oriented nature. They maintained a predictable daily routine such as ensuring house chores were done every evening and following regular meal times. These structured behaviours gave me a sense of security and stability. Growing up in such an environment allowed me to internalize the idea that having a set routine helps manage daily tasks efficiently. The macrosystem which include the broader cultural and societal norms also shaped my routine-oriented mindset. In many cultures, punctuality and adherence to schedules are seen as signs of responsibility and professionalism. These societal norms reinforced my belief that being routine-oriented is a key component of success.

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Berdasarkan teori pembelajaran Albert Bandura yang menekankan bahawa pembelajaran berlaku bukan hanya melalui pengalaman lansung, tetapi juga melalui pengamatan dan tingkah laku orang lain, pengalaman kanak-kanak yang dapat saya kaitkan ialah ketika kanak-kanak saya selalu bermain dengan jiran saya dan mereka sering bercakap dalam bahasa dusun, oleh itu lama kelamaan saya turut mempelajari bercakap dalam bahasa dusun walaupun ibu bapa saya di rumah lebih banyak bercakap dalam bahasa melayu. Perkara ini memaparkan saya, meniru tingkah laku rakan saya kerana saya sering bermain bersama mereka.

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Izzyan Syuhaniz Binti Mohamed Nazri (BP22110085)

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Izzyan Syuhaniz Binti Mohamed Nazri (BP22110085)

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When I was learning to ride a bicycle, I found that I could balance on it independently but struggled to start pedaling. This experience perfectly illustrated Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). My parent acted as the "more knowledgeable other," providing guidance and encouragement to help me push off with one foot while maintaining my balance. Their support served as scaffolding, allowing me to bridge the gap between my current abilities and the skill I was trying to master. As I gained confidence and became more proficient, my parent gradually reduced their assistance, enabling me to ride independently. This experience not only taught me how to ride a bike but also highlighted the importance of social interaction and support in cognitive development.

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Saya mempunyai seorang bapa yang lemah lembut dan pendiam. Saya mendapati bahawa terdapat dua teori yang memberikan perspektif yang berbeza berkenaan pengalaman ini terhadap tingkahlaku saya iaitu teori psikoanalitik (Sigmunt Freud) Dan teori pembelajaran Sosial (Albert Bandura)

Berdasarkan teori psikoanalitik, hubungan awal diantara anak dan penjaga adalah penting dalam pembentukan kepribadian anak tersebut. Sikap bapa saya yang lemah lembut serta menunjukkan sifat empati dan kelembutan bicaranya memberikan saya sebuah perasaan yang selamat dan merasa dilindungi. Tetapi, sikap pendiam dan kurang interaksi dalam perbualan mempengaruhi saya menjadi seorang anak yang pendiam dan kurang bersuara sehingga saya mempunyai kesukaran dalam berinteraksi sosial. Hal ini dijelaskan oleh Freud yang mana pengalaman awal ini dapat membentuk struktur ego anak dan mempengaruhi cara mereka berinteraksi dengan persekitaran mereka.

Manakala, Dari sudut pandangan teori pembelajaran Sosial, seorang Kanak-kanak itu belajar daripada pengaruh pemerhatian. Berdasarkan situasi saya, bapa saya telah menunjukkan tingkah laku lemah lembut dan pendiam, dan saya cenderung untuk meniru sifat tersebut. Saya melihat bahawa sikap bapa saya yang membawa kepada situasi yang tenang menyebabkan saya menganggap bahawa tingkah laku tersebut adalah sebuah tingkah laku yang betul untuk berinteraksi dengan orang lain. Sehingga sekiranya saya berada dalam situasi sosial, saya menjadi lebih pasif dan kurang berani. Saya juga sentiasa mengulangi sikap bapa saya dalam pelbagai konteks kehidupan.

Tuntasnya, tidak kira sama ada melalui perspektif psikoanalitik atau pembelajaran sosial, pengaruh Ibu bapa atau penjaga utama dapat memberikan kesan yang mendalam terhadap perkembangan kepribadian dan tingkah laku anak mereka di masa akan datang

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Bronfenbrenner's concept of the microsystem has had a profound impact on my personal development. Growing up, I was constantly interacting with friends who had varied cultural backgrounds and beliefs. These experiences taught me to embrace diversity and approach differences with understanding rather than judgment. Because I encountered such a wide range of perspectives early on, I developed a mindset that values tolerance and open-mindedness. These traits are now a core part of who I am, and I attribute much of my personal growth to those early influences.

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Saya memilih pendekatan sistem ekologi Bronfenbrenner untuk dikaitkan dengan pengalaman masa kecil. Dalam pendekatan ini merangkumi beberapa sistem. Contohnya, mikrosistem. Melalui mikrosistem ini saya dapat bergaul dengan rakan-rakan dan juga guru-guru semasa di sekolah rendah. Saya didedahkan kepada persekitaran yang memberikan sokongan dan suasana yang positif. Misalnya, kawan-kawan saya sering mengajak saya untuk bermain bersama pada setiap petang. Kami meluangkan masa bersama untuk bermain pelbagai jenis permainan yang menarik pada masa tersebut. Saya rasa bersyukur kerana mendapat pengalaman paling berharga seperti itu. Kalau dari segi mesosistem pula, hubungan ibu bapa saya dengan guru-guru sangat rapat. Ibu bapa saya aktif dalam menghadiri mesyuarat PIBG ketika itu untuk berkongsi tentang kemajuan saya di sekolah. Saya berasa sangat gembira kerana ibu bapa saya sangat mengambil berat tentang tingkah laku saya semasa sekolah rendah dulu.

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Teori psikologi yang boleh dikaitkan dengan pengalaman kanak-kanak ialah pendekatan sistem ekologi bronfenbrenner.

Sistem yang ingin saya fokuskan adalah sistem makro yang memberikan impak positif dalam diri saya sehingga hari ini.

Disebabkan saya merupakan anak tunggal, saya suka meluangkan masa dan bergaul dengan rakan-rakan saya maka disebabkan rakan-rakan saya bertingkahlaku dengan baik, akhirnya perkara ini mempengaruhi saya untuk bertingkahlaku dengan baik juga. Disebabkan hal ini, ia memberikam pendedahan kepada saya untuk memilih rakan-rakan yang sesuai dan boleh mendatangkan kesan yang positif terhadap diri saya bahkan yang boleh menjadikan diri saya dengan baik.

Bukan itu sahaja, ibu bapa juga memainkan peranan dalam pembentukan diri saya ke arah yang positif di mana mereka selalu mengajarkan saya tentang adab, dan mendidik saya untuk beradab walau dengan siapapun.

So kesimpulannya sistem mikro ini sangat memainkan peranan yg besar dalam membentuk diri saya sehingga peringkat universiti ini.

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Bercerita dengan pengalaman saya pada usia kanak-kanak, saya dapat kaitankan pengalaman saya ini dengan 'Pendekatan Sistem Ekologi Bronfenbrenner'. Menurut pendekatan ini yang menjurus kepada ekologi perkembangan manusia, "seseorang individu dilihat sebagai makhluk yang dinamik dan berkembang melalui interaksi yang bersifat komprehensif dengan persekitaran dimana ia berada". Berhubung dengan keadaan sedemikian, saya berada dan berkembang dalam satu persekitaran yang pelbagai dimana dibiasakan bergaul dengan orang yang lebih tua. Selain itu, saya juga membesar di kawasan pedalaman yang sememangnya mempunyai banyak cabaran. Tambahan pula, persekitaran yang sentiasa berbeza telah memberi saya pengalaman yang membantu saya berkembang dengan lebih baik.

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SITI NOORSARAH BINTI JEINIA (BP22110401)

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SITI NOORSARAH BINTI JEINIA (BP22110401)

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Saya suka untuk mengaitkan pengalaman masa kecil saya dengan Teori Ekologikal Bronfenbrenner yang mana sistem Mikro banyak memberi pengaruh pada masa kecil saya.

Sewaktu saya kecil, saya dibesarkan dalam keluarga dan persekitaran yang mementingkan nilai agama di dalam kehidupan. Maka, ibubapa saya membentuk diri saya dengan menerapkan nilai - nilai Islam di dalam diri. Contohnya, semasa saya kecil, ibubapa saya menghantar saya ke sekolah agama, menyuruh saya mengikuti aktiviti - aktiviti keagamaan dan mengajar saya untuk memahami akhlak yang diamalkan dalam Islam.

Ini secara tidak langsung telah membentuk peribadi, tingkah laku dan perwatakan saya semasa saya kecil sehingga sekarang.

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AFIQ AQMAR DANIAL BIN ABDUL RAHMAN (BP22110116)

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AFIQ AQMAR DANIAL BIN ABDUL RAHMAN (BP22110116)

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I believe that microsystem introduced through Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Approach plays a huge role in my development holistically. Personally, I was heavily influenced by my peers, who came from various backgrounds and held different beliefs. These differences had made me to become more accepting of others and less judgmental, being able to become respectful despite not sharing the same values. Since I was exposed to different people at an early age, I consider myself as open-minded and tolerant of others - characteristics that I take pride in as it contributes to my personal self-growth.

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Berdasarkan pengalaman kanak - kanak saya , saya boleh kaitkan dengan teori pembelajaran sosial ( Albert Bandura ) di mana teori ini menekankan pembelajaran melalui pemerhatian .

Pengalaman saya semasa kanak - kanak, saya melihat kakak yang sentiasa membantu ibu dalam membersihkan rumah . Setiap kali kakak siap membersihkan rumah , ibu akan memujinya. Melihat situasi itu,membuatkan saya untuk meniru tingkah laku kakak yang sentiasa membersihkan rumah dan menunggu pujian dari ibu. Oleh itu , kita dapat lihat bahawa pengukuhan seperti pujian dari ibu menguatkan tingkah laku ini.

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Teori Behaviorisme: teori behaviorisme menekankan bahawa perilaku seseorang dipelakari melalui lingkungan, teori ini memiliki Dua konsep utama iaitu pengondisian klasik Dan pengondisian operan.

Berdasarkan teori ini, perkara yang dapat dikaitkan dengan pengalaman kanak-kanak saya ialah apabila saya sedar bahawa jika saya ingin dapatkan sesuatu daripada ibubapa saya, saya perlu memiliki pencapaian atau berperilaku baik supaya mendapatkan perkara yang diinginkan. Dari sana saya Mula untuk mendapatkan pencapaian setiap Kali menginginkan sesuatu perkara.

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Based on my experience as a child, I can relate it to the theory introduced by Bronfenbrenner which is the ecological systems approach. Each system contained in this theory plays its own role in influencing a person’s development. The ecological system approach by Bronfenbrenner is related to human development that is influenced by various environments that interact with each other. My parents had connected me to a new environment when I was 5 years old where I had started to be sent to kindergarten to get an education. Not only that, it also helped me interact and socialize with friends and teachers at school. Based on the ecological system approach, this can be related to the first system which is the microsystem where I can directly connect with the environment (friends). Interactions with friends at school as early as 5 years old have influenced my social skills and self-identity.

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Based on Social Learning Theory, children learn through observation, imitation, and modelling, emphasizing the role of social interactions in learning behavior. Since I was child, I noticed how my parents always on time for appointments. Over time, I started to immitate the habit. I made an effort to be on time, knowing that it was something my parents valued. I learned that being late could negatively affect others.

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my experience would be related with Vygotsky ZPD. ZPD is when children learn something on their own but with guidance and encouragement from knowledgeable person. when i was like 13 to 14 years old, i dont know how to ride a motorcycle, but id love to learn it because most of my friend know how to ride one. so every evening, my sister would teach me how to ride a motorcycle. She would asked me to learn how to balance the motorcycle before pick up my speed with it. My sister would sit on passenger side, and told me to slowly pick up the speed and eventually i mastered on how to ride a motorcycle and can ride it safely.

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Teori Pembelajaran Sosial Albert Bandura menekankan bahawa kanak-kanak belajar melalui pemerhatian dan peniruan daripada tingkah laku orang lain. Misalnya, sekiranya seseorang kanak-kanak membesar dalam persekitaran yang positif, mereka akan cenderung meniru tingkah laku yang baik. Sebaliknya, jika kanak-kanak sering terdedah kepada contoh-contoh negatif seperti berkata kasar dan bersikap agresif, mereka mungkin mengikutinya.

Hal ini juga turut mempengaruhi saya yang mana, sejak kecil lagi ibu bapa saya sering menggunakan kata-kata yang sopan dan tidak menggunakan kekerasan di hadapan saya dan adik beradik. Ini menyebabkan saya menerapkan cara mereka berkomunikasi dengan sopan dan lembut ketika berinteraksi dengan orang yang lebih tua dari saya.

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I would like to relate my childhood experience with Bandura's Social Learning Theory

I learn about financial a lot from my mother. I always observe my mother who likes to save small pennies after groceries, as small as 5 and 10 cents. I put interest to do the same so i started to save my remaining money from daily school allowance. Looking at this effort of mine, my parents sometimes give me extra allowance just so i can add it more for my save.

Up till now I still have the habit of saving half of my allowance and manage my financial. And with those savings, i could use it for more beneficial things I'd love to spent in the future.

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CLASS ACTIVITIES: RELATING CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES TO PSYCOLOGICAL THEORIES (INTAN FAIZATUL BINTI AWANG MALIK- BP22110147)

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CLASS ACTIVITIES: RELATING CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES TO PSYCOLOGICAL THEORIES (INTAN FAIZATUL BINTI AWANG MALIK- BP22110147)

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Berdasarkan pengalaman kanak-kanak, saya mengaitkan pengalaman saya dengan menggunakan Teori Psikososial erik Erikson. Ini boleh dikaitkan melalui pengalaman saya semasa berusia 5-12 tahun yang sentiasa berusaha untuk meningkatkan kemahiran dan kualiti hidup. Semasa sekolah rendah, saya lebih gemar untuk melakukan tugasan pelajaran dengan sebaik-baiknya hanya untuk mendapatkan pujian. Hal ini dikatakan kerana semangat saya untuk belajar akan bertambah dan lebih bermotivasi serta mendorong saya membina keyakinan dalam diri saya. Namun begitu, saya akan menunjukkan rasa kecewa dan tidak yakin apabila suatu perkara tersebut dikritik oleh individu lain sehingga boleh menyebabkan motivasi diri saya berkurang. Kesimpulannya, kemenjadian diri saya pada masa kini boleh dikatakan sebagai cerminan daripada melalui peringkat-peringkat yang terdapat dalam Teori Psikososial Erik Erikson. Kejayaan saya mengatasi cabaran membantu dalam perkembangan saya pada masa ini.