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I made the decision to also use the United States as the starting point for exports abroad. I chose Japan and Argentina as other export destinations along with the US. Japan implemented stringent nontariff barriers and relatively high tariffs for several products after World War II to safeguard its home markets. High trade surpluses over time prompted Japan's trading partners, particularly the United States, to put more pressure on Japan to allow foreign goods on its domestic market. The growth of imports has been steady as Japan's trading system has opened up. The majority of Japan's imports are fuels, raw materials, and foodstuffs because of the country's limited natural resources. Machinery, ancillary products, and chemicals make up the majority of imported manufactured goods. East and Southeast Asia (particularly China), the Middle East, the United States, and Australia are among the top exporters to Japan. On the other hand, Argentina is a resource-rich nation with a lot of room for future growth. In addition to having a big amount of solar and wind energy resources, the nation boasts the second- and fourth-largest shale gas and oil deposits in the world. Argentina, which has the third-largest proven lithium reserves after Chile and Australia, is anticipated to overtake other exporting nations in the coming ten years. Argentina's proven lithium resources still haven't been fully utilized to the tune of more than 70%. To further develop crucial economic sectors including energy, mining, information & communications technology, infrastructure, and agriculture, among others, the United States is required to provide its experience, technology, and equipment. The nation is technologically advanced, with widespread use of smartphones and strong internet penetration. I find this tool easier than just looking up the information on the agreement links.

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Week 5

Tariffs and Protectionism:

Sean Greiner

Using the Tariff Look up tool, I Decided to use United States as my starting port for foreign exports because how the large the United States market is as a whole. For the first of the two countries required to pick to exam tariffs and protectionism, I selected to export my products through is Greece. I choose Greece as my first country because it is an import-dependent economy with no significant non-tariff barriers to U.S Exports. The most important trade exports in Greece were wine and olives. The second country I choose to export products through is Canada, I choose Canada because of their relationship with the United States with exports. The United States has exported over 217 billion dollars in various products to Canada. Canada is a country open to foreign trade, which represents 60 percent of the works banks foreign trade gross domestic product with its main exports being petroleum products and motor cars. The United States could be a big consumer of both Greece’s’ and Canadas’ leading exported products. The biggest difference between the two countries in terms of tariffs are how Greece’s leading product of olives will benefit from the CETA’s Provisions on the protection of geographical indications. Canadas main difference in export tariffs was the mineral fuels exports (including petroleum) face up to 5%, the industry has very low tariffs but benefit greatly from CETA’s. I liked using the Tariff look up tool as it helped me find the specific difference in terms of numbers between to two countries tariffs and their export relationship with the United States.

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I decided to use United States too as the beginning point of the foreign exports. Along with US I selected Guatemala and El Salvador from where I can export products. I think they are two valuable countries because they have a lot of vegetation and they produce a lot of fruit and edible fruit. All these products might might be seen useful to export in the United States and the country might start trading with both of the foreign countries.

The products I chose belong to the food category such as oil seeds, fruits, miscellaneous grains with the exception for medicinal plants. Using the 'tariff look-up tool' I found interesting results on Duties and Taxes. There was a tariff calculation of .0935 $ per kilograms of product exported with a FOB calculation. Tax calculations for food products were .125 % while for medicinal plants was .3464 %.

In the last years trade relations between US and countries of Central America increased. Together with these countries US made an agreement called CAFTA-DR that aims to promote stronger trade and investment ties along the Southern border. In 2018, CAFTA-DR was the top twenties goods trading partner with the US with a total of $ 57.4 billion (two way) goods trade! In addition, US goods exports to CAFTA-DR promoted an estimated 134 thousand jobs in 2014. I think that Guatemala and El Salvador can be good partners for US to export goods and also it can be a possibility to unlock well-paying work for unemployed people.

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The country I want to export from is the United States. I chose this country because the US world leader country with a lot of lands creates more resources that can be exported. The countries I chose to export to our Panama and Chile. I chose Panama because it is a small country and doesn’t have the tools to use the resources they have. Panama is also a country that looks up to what the US does. These will facilitate the exportation trades. Panama is a good place also because it is one of the fastest-growing economies in Latin America. From 2010 to 2015 Panama was expanding by 6.2 percent. This trade will help America expand its market and create jobs. Chile is the second country I chose for the exportation agreement. The United States has had an Agreement with Chile since January 1, 2004. The agreement is called the United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement or FTA. As of January 1, 2015, all goods originating from the United States enter Chile duty-free. This agreement created new opportunities for U.S. workers and manufacturers, access to a fast-growing Chilean services market, and strong protections for labor and the environment, just to name a few. Both trades the Panamanian and Chilean have things in common for example both are free trade agreements meaning that we could export After these facts, I have to agree and say that in my opinion, trade with Panama and Chile will be helpful for the US economy. Bort trades also have things in common for example both are free trade agreements meaning that we could export more.

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Using the US as the starting point from where to export I decided to export to Korea and Colombia. With Colombia there has been an agreement called Trade Promotion Agreement since 2012, and this has helped the US by expanding exports to a sum of 1.1 billion and increase the annual GDP by 2.5 billion. This has allowed US workers to benefit and create new job opportunities, especially in areas such as farming and construction. The TPA has also made it possible for US firms to operate on Colombian grounds without any mistreatment. Both countries have also agreed to a higher commitment in ensure a clean environment where they can operate safely. The trades with South Korea have been one of the highest earnings for the US since it is the 6th largest goods trading partner with 134 billion both ways. The US-Korea Free trade agreement entered into force the same year as Colombia, which was 2012. The top categories of exports are mineral fuels, machinery, aircraft, and medical instruments. They also have a large number of exports when it comes to agriculture. The trades between them are consistent and the US benefits from Korean products as well as they import a large number of products as well, such as vehicles and electrical machinery. Overall, both countries benefit from each other, in contrast to Colombia, where the US seems to be the one with the biggest advantage. Using the tariff tool was quite challenging and it was a bit easier to use the Free trade agreements link, but the tool had more information and was more detailed.

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With the country of origin being the United States and the commodity being dairy produce, I chose my two countries to export as Armenia and Bahamas. For Armenia there is a tariff calculation of 15% and the calculation base is the incoterm that means Cost, Insurance, and Freight known as CIF. The tax name is VAT standard, tax type VAT, tax calculation 20% , tax calculation base CIF and formula 20% as well. The difference for my second country the Bahamas was that tariff calculation was free with the calculation base being CIF. The tax name was processing fee, tax type was other taxes, tax calculation was 1% and tax calculation base was CIF. In addition to the Bahamas export there was notes that suggested the result may vary depending on the imposition of a variable rate of duty of maximum 300% may be imposed on the goods under the second schedule of the customs tariff act. Another suggestion was the HS code format that was 8 digits but the first 6 digits stand for the Harmonized System Nomenclature and the next one or two digits correspond to the national nomenclature. I believe using the tool was easier than looking at the agreement links although I believe I could use some additional time spent using the tool so that I am more familiar and that I will become more comfortable and confident in delivering my results.

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With the country of origin being the United States and the commodity being nuclear reactors, the two countries I decided to export to are Brazil and Egypt. For Brazil, there is a tariff calculation of 11.2% for nuclear reactor imports and the calculation base is cost, insurance, and freight (CIF). CIF is an international shipping agreement where the seller pays the charges to cover costs, incurrence, and freight expenses while the cargo is being transported. This form of shipment, however, only pertains to commodities that are shipped via waterway, sea, or ocean. When looking further into Brazil’s tariff on nuclear reactors, we can see that there are six different types of taxes. The first tax is called the “automated system clearance fee.” This tax has a flat rate of 215 Brazilian Real (BRL) ($39.74 USD). This tax states that there is a basic charge of 185 BRL for every entry and then an additional charge of 29.50 BRL depending on the number of items that are imported. The second tax is called the “COFINS 9.65%.” Brazil’s COFINS tax is a monthly federal social assistance tax that is calculated in terms of the revenue gained at the end of every transaction. Generally, this tax has a rate of 7.6% but for this commodity it is 9.65%. The third tax is called “ICMS” and has a rate of 17%. The fourth tax is called “PIS 2.1%” with a rate of 2.1%. The fifth tax is an additional charge for sea freight with a rate of 25%. The final tax is a storage free which has a rate of 1% for 1-5 days and 3% for 6-10 days. Overall, Brazil appears to be a very costly country to export nuclear reactors to. Egypt on the other hand, appears to be much easier to export to as their tariff on nuclear reactors has a calculation of 5% and a calculation base of CIF. This is significantly lower when compared to the tariff rate from Brazil. In addition to the lower tariff rate, Egypt also only has one tax instead of the extensive six taxes Brazil has. This singular tax is called the “Standard VAT” and has a rate of 14%. Using the Customs Info Tool was significantly easier than finding the information online. Once you find the tariff number for your product and input the country you wish to export to, a detailed list of duties and taxes for that country shows everything you need to know about their tariff for your commodity.