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Transcendentalist painting displays the beauty of nature and invokes an emotional response in the audience.

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- Transcendentalism: Belief in the essential goodness of humanity and considered insight more important than logic, valued emotion
- Ralph Waldo Emerson: Leading transcendentalist poet and essayist, believed in abolition
- Leaves of Grass: Emerson's most famous volume of poetry
- Henry David Thorough: A naturalist and transcendentalist writer who valued nature and a simple life in natural surroundings
Summary: The changes in art and literature at this time led to an increase in emotional expression and greater emphasis on natural unity and the goodness of humanity. It expanded the abolition and womens' suffrage movements by advocating for the importance of the individual, and affected future literary and artistic movements.

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Painting of people worshiping during the 2nd Great Awakening

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- made America a religious nation
- western New York was the center
- stressed individual choice in salvation
- influenced by the market revolution, market for preachers travelling around the country
- overwhelmingly Protestant
- believed that freedom was an internal self-control
- people taught that they needed to protect their communities
- combined religion and abolitionism
Summary: The Second Great Awakening, influenced by the Market Revolution, taught people to protect the religious values of their communities, influencing the temperance movement. It also combined religion and abolitionism, creating a new argument that slavery was against God.

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A group of schoolchildren in front of an early public school.

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- creation of prisons, poorhouses, and asylums
- believed that they were giving people freedom from sin
- Horace Mann created public schools, common in North by 1860 but not the South
- Dorothea Dix created the first mental asylum for those with mental illnesses
Summary: At this time, while education and prison reforms were no where near the level that they are now, the reforms seemed radical and greatly shaped American society. For the first time, every child had access to education, and the creation of asylums allowed mentally ill people a place that was not prison.

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- Seneca Falls: Women's rights and suffragist convention
- Declaration of Sentiments: Document from Seneca Falls that reiterated the equality of man and women and that everyone deserves rights regardless of gender
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Feminist and suffragist who wrote the Declaration of Sentiments
- Lucretia Mont: Quaker, abolitionist, and social reformer who fought for women's rights
Summary: At this time, the fight for women's rights was expanding and becoming more mainstream. While it would be decades before women gained suffrage, this was the first time when they began an organized resistance to male-dominated America.

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A group of Irish immigrants getting off of a ship in America.

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- Know Nothing Party: Emerged in the 1850s, strongly anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic
- German/Irish immigrants made up approximately 90 percent of US immigration in the 19th century, highly discriminated against because they were poor, uneducated, and usually Catholic
- NY anti-immigrant gangs emerged and started violent conflicts between ethnic groups
Summary: In the 19th century, German and Irish immigrants made the majority of US immigration. They were met with heavy discrimination, shown by the formation of the Know Nothing Party.

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Changing Values and Urban Pop Culture (address changing sexual values)

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Changing Values and Urban Pop Culture (address changing sexual values)

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- Minstrelsy: A form of rascist theater performances involving white actors painting their faces black
- Female Moral Reform Society: A society created to prevent prostitution in New York
- Temperance: Movement promoting abstinence from alcoholic beverages
- Commercialized Sex: Engaging in sexual practices to earn money, highly looked down upon in the 19th century
Summary: At this time in America, there was a greater movement towards abolition and women's suffrage. There was also an increase in commercialized sex, although many, such as the Female Moral Reform Society, looked down upon and sought to prevent it.

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Brigham Young, the second leader of the Mormons.

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- Utopian community founded by Joseph Smith, also known as the Latter Day Saints
- emphasized the importance of the family unit
- Brigham Young: Second leader of the Church of Latter Day Saints, led his followers to the Salt Lake City valley and founded Salt Lake City
- Mormon Trail: The route taken by Young from Illinois to Utah, took the travellers three months
- Mormons were pushed to Utah because of religious persecution and violence
Summary: Mormonism is still present today, and played a significant role in American culture and society. It impacted and expanded the western frontier movement and, through emphasizing the importance of family, impacted the American view of family and social relationships.

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An exalted portrait of Joseph Smith, the founder of Mormonism.

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- wanted to separate themselves from the worst aspects of the world
- Shakers: practiced celibacy, communal living, confession of sin, egalitarianism, and pacifism, living in rural villages.
- Latter Day Saints (Mormons): Religious community that practiced isolationism is still influential today
- Josiah Warren's communities had no laws and wanted everything to be voluntary, collapsed quickly
Summary: Utopian societies all declined quickly, mostly because of industrialization and the hostility of outside communities. However, the human desire to form communities with like-minded individuals still exists today.