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Chimps like to groom each other which is a form of social interaction. Chimps lower down in the hierarchy of a group will move closer to the dominant chimp to ask for permission to do something- in the form of gentle touch.

Grooming is seen as a method of making friendships, and forming close bonds to maintain trust.

Grooming is also an activity used for relaxation. Just like how humans perform relaxing self-care techniques by taking baths or doing face masks, chimps grooming one another gives off the same aurora.

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The bears usually make contact by gently touching or "mouthing" each other around the face and neck. They then proceed to rear up on their hind legs and try to push each other over with their forepaws. A mother polar bear can comfort, protect, or punish her cubs by using her body, muzzle, or paws.

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Polar bears often communicate with their noses. For example, if one bear wants food from another, it will approach slowly, circle around the food source, and then gently touch the other bears nose with its own. This respectful, non-aggressive behavior is sure to lead to a free meal.

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They urinate to leave a scent as a message for other foxes.

Leave scents to mark their territory.

They use their scents to identify eachother.

Foxes have a ‘violet’ gland on the tail.

They have noses which aid the detection of the scent trails.

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Types of fighting. There are two types of matches—those that result from aggression and those that are just play. Aggressive fighting usually occurs between males during the breeding season and when attempting to steal food caught by others. Play fighting occurs between males to tune up hunting skills and between young cub siblings learning to defend themselves.

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Grooming in chimps is also a method of a role in survival.

Monkeys often check each other for scabby patches and parasites. If these occur then it is a sign of ill health and the other monkeys in the pack will remove these. This helps the chimp to survive.

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body language reveals how the animal is feeling e.g stressed, confident, scared

communicate through many ways using ears, eyes, mouth, tail, degree of muscle tension and posture.

For example courtship of a peacock.

Raise there tail and train feathers, they also often vibrate them when peahen is infront of them (“train-rattling”).

this attracts peahens visual attention, for mating.

humans can not hear the noise of the feathers however peahens and rivals can sense and respond to the noise.. which either creates major competition or allows them to reproduce.

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Mother polar bears lick their cubs to keep them clean. Cubs also lick themselves and each other.

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Visual communication in animals is based on visible signals. These visible signals could include gesture, posture, facial expressions and camouflaging. Gesture and posture are the most commonly used visual communication for animals. It attract their fellow mates attention, ward off danger, playtime or hunting.

Chimpanzees will grin at an approaching dominant male of their species to show their acceptance of the males dominance. The grin is known as the fear grin.

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Ant use pheromones when in stress or danger so other ants can smell them and come to help.

They also leave scent trails to frequently used food sources and other resources to help them remember where they are.

Also, ants smell each other’s antennae and transfer chemicals. This can tell ants how old they are and who the ants belong to. It can also reveal if the ant is ill and if it will contaminate any other ants if allowed in.

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Big cats communicate via head rubbing, nose bumping and licking. This is a example of both tactile and chemical communication. This is because cats have scent glands on there chins, lips and cheeks so when they rub against each other they not only bond via physical touch, but they also spread there scent on that individual making them easier to recognise as a friend.

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Dolphins 🐬

Dolphins use auditory communication through a series of clicking sounds and whistles, each with their own unique vocal pitch. These differences in vocal pitch are essential to communicating within the pod so dolphins can decipher who’s speaking.

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Mountain lions pile up dirt, leaves or pine needles with their back legs by kicking it then urinating on the pile to mark its territory

This will let other mountain lions know that that territory belongs to them and ward other animals away to keep them away

It’s territory could be more than 100 square miles

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Elephants use touch communication (also called Tactile Communication) for a number of reasons and in a number of ways, including agression, coalation building, conflict/confrontation, courtship, social play, calf reassurance, nurishment and weaning to name a few.

This can play a significant role in the survival of the species.

A mothers trunk may be used to caress, reassure or assist a calf. This is necessary for growth and understanding for the calf.

It may also be used more in a social circumstance, for exemple to explore the genitals, mouth or temporal glands of a family member, to touch or explore the body of a dead elephant, to touch or push another in play.

In more aggressive or defensive contexts an elephant may use its trunk to slap or to block, or to reach out to another for reassurance when facing a predator.

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They scent-mark their home with secretions from their anal glands to alert others to their presence.

They release urine deposits to indicate readiness for mating.

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Visual communication involves signals that can be seen.

These could be gestures , facial expressions, body postures and coloration.

Gestures and postures are used in mating rituals.

Facial expressions are used to convey information.

Visual comes in 2 forms.

This is badges and displays.

Badges - colour and shape

Displays - behaviours animal exhibit

Frugivorous Birds:

They rely on discerning colours to find ripe fruits.

They also rely on vibrant colour markings in feathers or beaks.

Bees:

Use system of body movements called waggle dances to tell other colony members where best sources of nectar are.

Bees dance in circles or figures of eight patterns.

Monkeys

skin around female genitals periodically becomes swollen and brightly coloured.

Occurs when fertile and receptive to mating.

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Howling is used to communicate long distances or to keep the pack together and strangers away.

Whines/whimpers indicate friendly interaction but can also express frustration or anxiety.

Growls/snarls are threatening or defensive behaviours.

Barking is rare and is used as an alarm signal e.g. when wolves sense danger to warm others.

Teaches young key information and how to survive.