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CREATOR'S INTRODUCTION

KADAZAN

- Intro & history
- Community location
- Traditional wedding attire example
- Explanation (Female)
- Explanation (Male)
- Traditional Kadazan wedding ceremony article
- Traditional Kadazan wedding ceremony video
- Reference

MURUT

- Intro & history
- Community location
- Traditional wedding attire example
- Explanation (Female)
- Explanation (Male)
- Making of Babaru Puputul
- Reference

MELANAU

- Intro & history
- Community location
- Traditional wedding attire example
- Explanation (Female)
- Explanation (Male)
- Traditional Melanau wedding ceremony news article
- Traditional Melanau wedding ceremony blog
- Reference

INDIAN

- Intro & history
- Community location
- Traditional wedding attire example
- Explanation (Female)
- Explanation (Male)
- Traditional Indian wedding in Malaysia video
- Traditional Indian wedding article
- Reference

BIDAYUH

- Intro & history
- Community location
- Traditional wedding attire example
- Explanation (Female)
- Explanation (Male)
- Traditional Bidayuh wedding ceremony blog
- Traditional Bidayuh wedding ceremony video
- Reference

REFLECTION

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For EIC404 Cultural Perspective in Malaysia, my class was assigned to create an e-portfolio based on the elements that we choose for 5 different ethnic groups. I have chosen to do this project based on different traditional wedding attires for Kadazan, Bidayuh, Murut, Indian and Melanau. Being a part of this project and creating this e-portfolio was a fun and interesting journey overall. Not only did I learn different cultures all around Malaysia, but I also learnt lots of self-improvement values that would make me a better student in the future. When I was researching for traditional wedding attires, I came across lots of facts and history on the ethnic I was studying at the moment which led me to gain knowledge on that community. To my surprise, I have so much to learn about the communities in my country. Just when I thought I saw all the basic facts about the communities, there will always be more information that surprises me as I continue my research. This project made me more interested in learning cultures in hope that one day I will achieve my goal in fully understanding other cultures from all over the world. Other than that, this project taught me to be patient because the process of gaining materials was not an easy task as it was time-consuming. Finding reliable sources on information and gaining pictures as well as videos was a struggle, but I learn how to manage my time better. All the ups and downs guided me to feel the hardship of researching and it was a very memorable experience that I will treasure as my life goes on. Culture is such a beautiful thing and I wish to continue learning and educating people about the beauty of different cultures of the world one day.

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THE MAKING PROCESS OF BABARU PUPUTUL (TRADITIONAL MEN ATTIRE)

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THE MAKING PROCESS OF BABARU PUPUTUL (TRADITIONAL MEN ATTIRE)

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Video by Project Travel - Lemon8

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Murut Heritage: The art of crafting traditional attire for Murut men, known as 'puputul.' These garments are meticulously fashioned from wood bark and adorned with ethnic patterns.

The Marais Center in Kg. Marais, Tenom Kinabalu, stands as a beacon of cultural preservation, dedicated to upholding the rich heritage of the Murut people.

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Babaru Puputul ; traditional attire for Murut men | Video diterbitkan oleh Projek Travel | Lemon8

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Murut Heritage: The art of crafting traditional attire for Murut men, known as 'puputul.' These garments are meticulously fashione

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News article by theborneopost.com

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Seduan Melanau traditions shine at wedding reception

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KUCHING: Traditional Seduan Melanau wedding customs were on full display during the reception of Captain Dante Dris and Alison Bungan Joseph at a five-star hotel here on Monday. A 25-strong cultural team from Kampung Nangka in Sibu enacted the elaborate Surung Berian ceremony, prior to the entry

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This video shows the beautiful process of a traditional Indian wedding in Malaysia!

Video by Amore Production

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Malaysia Indian Wedding Cinematography | Kumaresh & Yanisshah

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TRADITIONAL INDIAN WEDDING CEREMONY ARTICLE

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TRADITIONAL INDIAN WEDDING CEREMONY ARTICLE

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Main points of the article

- The Engagement Ceremony

- Shine Bright in Yellow; The Haldi Ceremony

- Hands & Feet Art; The Mehndi Ceremony

- The Big Day; Wedding Ceremony

- In Honour of the Bride; The Reception Ceremony

Article by Wedding Wire

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Indian weddings are a series of events and ceremonies. Here's a complete list of some of the most common Indian Wedding Events. Read before you start planning!

The moment you and your partner decide on being "together forever", the bells start ringing! The excitement of fun pre-wedding functions and wedding games are followed by the big "how to do" and "what to do" questions! Planning a wedding is a mammoth of a task! So, it's important to have absolute clarity on each and every ceremony to host it in the best possible ways. If you're still not too sure about all the wedding events and their names, we're here to help you!

Take a look at the most common wedding event images along with little details on what happens in each one of them! Know your functions well to host the biggest parties of your life!

Put a Ring on it - The Engagement Ceremony

Sagai is one of the first wedding events when you exchange your engagement rings in front of the world making an official announcement about your "forever" decision. While some couples like to go for a small intimate engagement ceremony including just family and close friends, some prefer to throw a huge party! The size of the guest list, food & drinks menu or the kind of wedding music is absolutely your choice. If it's a small homey event, you can just ask one of your cousins or close friends to capture the engagement moments in a camera. In any case, make sure to customise your wedding invitations as per your guest list. Don't forget to include your own wedding event hashtags on the invites!

Shine Bright in Yellow - The Haldi Ceremony

One of the happiest Indian wedding events, a Haldi ceremony is everyone's favourite. Whether it's the bright colour Haldi outfits, the vibrant DIY garden decor using colourful dupatta and Kalash decor, or the playful Haldi dabbing among family and friends- this particular pre-wedding function is all about laughter, cheerfulness and vivid colours. Keep your Haldi menu simple and it's advisable to arrange the event outdoors for all the Haldi games. Mention interesting dress codes on your digital wedding invitations like fun-ethnic or vibrant fusion etc.

Hands & Feet Art- The Mehndi Ceremony

Mehndi is the event of art, colour and a bride's Sola Shringar! Adorning a to-be-bride's hands and feet with gorgeous Mehndi designs along with some playful Mehndi songs and dances is one of the wedding events everyone looks forward to. Arrange a courtyard Mehndi function with traditional decorations like making Rangoli patterns along the entrance, deck up the area with dupatta decoration and gleaming diya decor. Play Mehndi songs in the background to create an authentic ambience.

Musical Night- The Sangeet Ceremony
Image Courtesy: Shades Photography
Among all the wedding events in India, Sangeet is the one that brings both the families closer with the power of music. You could either go for a homey Ladies Sangeet including the both families accompanied by traditional Sangeet songs with Dhol beats. Or you could arrange a grand Sangeet with well-choreographed performances on stage by both the families. Some couples merge a Sangeet with a Cocktail party for an extra dose of fun! Pick your favourite foot-tapping Sangeet songs for a final bash on the dance floor!

The Big Day- Wedding Ceremony

While talking about wedding events, although the rituals and customs vary in different parts of India, there are still some common Hindu traditions. Like groom entry and welcoming, the Saat Phere, Sindoor daan, the chanting of Mantras that depict promises and vows among the bride & the groom, the Kanyadaan and finally the Vidaai ceremony. In some Indian cultures, like a Tamil marriage, there are several changes seen in wedding attires. If you're having a cross-culture wedding, it's important to get familiarized with both the traditions. Transparent conversations among both the families and understanding each other's point of views is important for organising a smooth wedding event. Hire a professional wedding event planner to make your job easier.

In Honour of the Bride- The Reception Ceremony
Image Courtesy: Shades Photography
A wedding reception is like the final big celebration of the series of week-long wedding events! The stress factor is much less as there aren't many rituals involved. You can customise the reception party on your own terms. The food menu of reception is quite important. Put some thought in crafting the reception menu after discussing with your partner. You can also add interesting Cocktails for your guests in the drinks menu. Select your first couple dance song to burn the floor! Some couples also extend their reception to a cake cutting ceremony. So pick a designer wedding cake to celebrate your new journey.

You have the liberty to customise your own wedding events with a little bit of creativity and imagination. Include modern couple wedding games into traditional fun ceremonies. Or introduce contemporary traditions of your own. Make the best of both worlds while keeping our own traditions alive. If you believe in minimalist approaches, think DIY decor, trousseau packing by family members and cousins, Antakshari competition on Sangeet...your wedding events don't necessarily need to cost you a fortune. The sole idea behind any wedding event is about bringing both the families closer and accepting each other with love.
Would you like to share any wedding events that we missed? Tell us more in the comment section below!

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All You Need To Know About The Most Common Wedding Events in India

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Indian weddings are a series of events and ceremonies. Here's a complete list of some of the most common Indian Wedding Events. Read before you start planning!

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TRADITIONAL BIDAYUH WEDDING CEREMONY BLOG

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TRADITIONAL BIDAYUH WEDDING CEREMONY BLOG

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Main points on Bidayuh Traditional Wedding Customs

- Marriage is a way to become a member and enjoy the same rights as a member of the Biik or Ramin.

- Merisik

- Propose

- Engaged

- Wedding Ceremony

Blog by weddingceremonyalphastudent.blogspot.com

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These wedding photos show wedding of ethnic Bidayuh and ethnic Kadazan

Bidayuh is Sarawak ethnic community which generally inhabit the hills outside the city of Kuching. There are many different tribes among the Bidayuh community and their practices and customs of holding its own. Culture and customs are heavily influenced by elements of ritual and faith they profess.

For the Bidayuh community, marriage is a way to become a member and enjoy the same rights as a member of the Biik or Ramin. The Bidayuh practice monogamy only. However, remarriage after divorce is common. By reason of a strong prohibition against incest, marriage outside of his own family is an important rule in society. The Bidayuh also prohibit marriage between cousins.

Groups such as the Dayak Selako prohibit its members from marrying members of the community who have become enemies of their war for fear swallowed a curse. But the ban was repealed because it occurred the first marriage between their fathers to the offspring of their former enemies. Among the Dayak ukar-Sadong, relatively loose rules about marriage. Men and women can freely mingle and get to know each other before they got married.

In this society, there is no spy ceremony. Marriage often occurs when a person is old enough and choose a life partner. Bidayuh community is receptive to their children's choice of marriage except the forbidden. In the Bukar-Sadong and Selako group, they are allowed to choose her favorite pair of origin regardless of race.

Done of marriage vary by group. In groups such as Selako, Jagoi and Lara, marriage can be preceded by an engagement. An engagement ring is marked by the exchange between the two sides. Assuming that the couple felt they coincide, the marriage can take place later.

Wedding events in close contact with the harvest. Obtained better results, more marriages could take place. This is due to the engagement ceremony and wedding feast involving large and luxurious, especially for the eldest son or the only child. If they failed to conduct an engagement and wedding feasts, people will scoff at the groom. Because that's when the rice yield decreases, engagement or wedding will also be reduced.

The minimum age to get engaged to the daughter is in the past is 16 years while for the male is 18 years old. After selecting prospective fiancee and his wife, the man will appoint a female intermediary. The female intermediary will send betel-leaf box or chalk fiancee or a ring to the woman concerned in addition to obtaining the views of the female family about the marriage.

Weddings held highly dependent on the ability of the family wedding. In the Bidayuh community, choice of residence after marriage depends on many factors. The main factor is the economic position of married couples. The husband who is and can influence the position of the wife to live with his family (virilokal practice) and vice versa (uksorivokal). In the event that conjugal marriage is stable, they can sit at home (practice neolokal).

Dayak groups Selako prohibiting free mixing between men and women. Weddings can take place in 'forced' through the practice known as 'batangkap'. This is a practice when pairs of men and women who frequently seen alone together can be presented to the leaders of the village so that action can be taken. Those arrested agreed to marry after being prosecuted by the leaders and villagers to their relationship as husband and wife can be verified by having a little ceremony after fine for offenses they have been paid. Practice batangkap done on couples who face opposition from parents.

Another way is through the practice of marriage to 'nyagam', when the prospective husband is transmitted along the mat to the residence of the prospective wife's pillow after obtaining the consent of the woman. Usually men who choose to marry this way is a widower or widow.

Perfect marriage point of view Selako quarter, Jagoi and Lara is a marriage which involves the knowledge, role and planning by the parents of both parties. Marriage also may involve the role of mediator or known among the people as picara Selako to represent the man. Once all parties agree, the right day and time to be determined.

In Kadazan wedding customs, a special ceremony made. The newlyweds are required to eat in the same plate and bowl. The ceremony was attended by the families of both parties. Groom's parents can not be at all present in the home of the bride before the couple legally united. The most important thing in the wedding ceremony is the ceremonial switch pinisi miohon lump of rice. To begin the ceremony, the bride and groom sit facing in the middle of a circle of girls dressed in traditional black. In front of them lies a pot of rice and both the bride and groom will grip the rice and the pot to be lumps of chicken eggs. Then the two will exchange the lump of rice, and eaten. Pinisi miohon ceremony is the marriage vows traditional way.

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These wedding photos show wedding of ethnic Bidayuh and ethnic Kadazan Bidayuh is Sarawak ethnic community which generally inhabit the hills outside the city of Kuching. There are many different tribes among the Bidayuh community and their practices and customs of holding its own.

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This video briefly shows the whole process of a traditional Bidayuh wedding where it is accompany with cheerful festive dance and music performances.

Video by go2homestayvideos

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All reference can be found in this document

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All reference can be found in this document <3

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Main point of the traditional Melanau Wedding Blog

- There are 3 types of clothes that are used which are melanau clothes, gowns and traditional clothes

- There are traditional activities such as donning sarong cloth from one of the representatives among the elders.

-  After the ceremony, a representative from the man's side will put a ring on the bride's finger.

-  The celebration to welcome the two brides will be accompanied by three gunshots upon the arrival of the two brides at the groom's house.

Blog by Ting (2020)

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Adat persandingan masyarakat melanau adalah berbeza-beza mengikut pangkat iaitu 9 pikul, 7 pikul dan 5 pikul. Kajian yang dilakukan di Kampung Tellian Tengah adalah berkaitan dengan adat persandingan bagi masyarat melanau yang mempunyai pangkat 5 pikul. Adat perkahwinan dilagsungkan dirumah pihak perempuan dan kemudian beralih ke rumah pihak lelaki.

Persandingan dirumah pengantin perempuan :

Fig. 1 Kegembiraan yang jelas kelihatan pada pasangan pengantin.

Fig. 2 Persandingan kaum melanau.

Fig. 3 Adat naik turun tangga sebanyak tiga kali mengikut 5 pikul.

Fig. 5 Flora Emily bt Felix

Fig. 6 Diantara perhiasan yang digunakan oleh pengantin perempuan.

Menurut Puan Nursazlin binti Omar Abdullah (kakak kepada pengantin lelaki) menjelaskan bahawa selepas pihak pengantin sudah menjamu selera mereka akan kembali ke dalam rumah untuk bertukar pakaian. Terdapat 3 jenis pakaian yang digunakan iaitu baju melanau, gaun dan pakaian beradat. Pengantin akan mengenakan gaun dan pakaian beradat semasa pergi ke rumah pengantin lelaki. Setelah itu, pihak pengantin perempuan akan pergi ke kampung pengantin lelaki untuk aktiviti keramaian. Terdapat aktiviti adat seperti menyarungkan kain sarung dari salah seorang wakil di kalangan orang yang lebih tua. Kain sarung tersebut akan disarungkan kepada pengantin perempuan. Kesemua adat tersebut perlu dilakukan secara berturutan dari mula memasangkan kain sarung, memberi dulang dan adat turun naik tangga sebanyak 3 kali bagi pengantin. Pasangan pengantin ini merupakan keluarga yang mempunyai pangkat iaitu lima pikul. Adat perkahwinan mengikut pikul (pangkat) bagi sesebuah keluarga adalah berlainan.

Persandingan dirumah pengantin lelaki :

Fig. 7 Pasangan pengantin.

Fig. 8 Pasangan pengantin bergambar dengan pihak pengantin lelaki.

Fig. 9 Antara aktiviti yang dijalankan.

Fig. 10 Aktiviti bergambar bersama-sama pihak pengantin perempuan.

Fig. 11 Pasangan pengantin bergaul mesra dengan tetamu yang hadir.

Fig. 12 Kelihatan kemesraan serta kegembiraan pengantin perempuan.

Fig. 13 Pakaian tradisional kaum melanau bagi pengapin lelaki dan perempuan.

Fig. 14 Kereta pasangan pengantin.

Fig. 15 Persiapan untuk majlis perkahwinan.

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Adat persandingan masyarakat melanau adalah berbeza-beza mengikut pangkat iaitu 9 pikul, 7 pikul dan 5 pikul. Kajian yang dilakukan di Ka...

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All reference can be found in this document <3

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This video shows the flow of the whole wedding ceremony. This video also shows the wonderful atmosphere during the celebration filled with families and friends!

Video by Grant Gustin

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Main points on a traditional Kadazan wedding ceremony

- When the family of the daughter shows that they are agreeable to a union, the parents of the young man pay them a second visit and the engagement is arranged.

- Once the nopung is agreed upon and all terms of payment settled, a date for the actual wedding day is chosen.

- If no bad omens are encountered, and the parents reach home without further incident, the wedding is usually held about a month after the engagement.

- When the congregation approaches the house of the bride, joyous Sumazau beats will be sound on ancient gongs. The groom and his entourage enter the house of the bride, presenting the nopung.

- The guest are not required to bring any presents, but they must join the Sumazau dancing and general merry making, which includes drinking

- There are many taboos to be observed on this first night. The couple must not bathe for they would become vulnerable to evil-intended attacks, and wash away all the good luck the visitors brought!

- The next day, the young husband takes his bride to his parents’ home, where they will stay until the young man has built his own house for him and his wife.

Article by: Herman (2001)

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Not so long ago, the Kadazans arranged marriages, and weddings were a simple affair. Gundohing Dousia, the present Keeper of Skulls and 6th direct descendant of Monsopiad remembers well the olden times. To us 'modernised' citizens, an arranged marriage is maybe the most curious, and perhaps the least understood aspect of the life of so many peoples around the world. Concerning the Kadazans, Dousia explains that "in the olden days, the children had great respect towards their parents, so they would accept their choice. More, they did not have the money, or the dowry required to get married. They were completely dependent on their parents. If someone wished to get married to the partner of his choice, but his parents would not approve, how was he to come up with required dowry?" Thus, the preliminaries to a Kadazan wedding always started with the parents of a young man visiting the family of a prospective bride. The father of the young man would open the talks along these lines: "I have a strong and good son who needs a wife, and I see that you have nice daughters. I would like you to marry one of your daughters to my son." The parents of the girl were then left to consider. They might visit the family proposing to get a better picture of their future son-in-law, and, more importantly, they would see if the family was able to come up with the required nopung, the dowry (literally: the [items] sent).

When the family of the daughter shows that they are agreeable to a union, the parents of the young man pay them a second visit and the engagement is arranged. Both parties agree to the bride price, which customarily consists of 15 buffaloes, 10 ancient brass canons, 3 large, Chinese jars and one brass gong. The parents of the future bride will first ask for a higher price, and bargaining is expected. As a matter of fact, if the proposed dowry is accepted without negotiations, the family of the young man might be considered snob; and if there is too much bargaining, the family of the bride-to-be might start worrying about payment! When both parties agree on the nopung, they need to agree on the 'terms of payment', and it can be agreed that the dowry is paid in instalments over a certain period of time, or that some of the items are substituted with money. "Traditionally," Dousia explains, "a buffalo was counted ten Ringgits, and a canon 15 Ringgits. But that was a long time ago," he muses, "nowadays, ten Ringgits are at least 500! And while jars, buffaloes and canons can be substituted with money, at least two buffaloes must not be converted into cash money; they are needed for the wedding feast," he added.

Once the nopung is agreed upon and all terms of payment settled, a date for the actual wedding day is chosen. It must be an auspicious day, whereby the moon calendar plays an important role. Any month is good for a wedding, except March when the cemeteries are being cleaned and ancestors remembered, and the fasting month of the Malays. The Kadazans have always been in contact with the Malay populations along the coast, and being friends, they would not suffer them to be excluded them from the weddings of their children. When all the details for the wedding are settled, from bride price to date, food will be served. In the evening the parents of the man go home, and on their journey they will look out for omens. If the either of the parents falls ill right after eating, or a branch falls from a tree, amongst others, the date for the wedding has to be cancelled. New negotiations have to be entered to schedule a fresh date for an auspicious wedding day.

If no bad omens are encountered, and the parents reach home without further incident, the wedding is usually held about a month after the engagement. In most cases, neither bride nor groom know each other more than from meeting in the market, or in the fields working, if at all.

About a week before the wedding, two friends or relatives of the families go around and invite people to the nuptials. The wedding day starts early in the morning in the house of the groom where all friends and relatives gather. They have a late 'breakfast', and generally around midday they set out, with the groom in his best fineries and the nopung in their middle, for the house of the bride. More often than not, the parents of the groom will stay in their house. When the congregation approaches the house of the bride, joyous Sumazau beats will be sound on ancient gongs. The groom and his entourage enter the house of the bride, presenting the nopung. Everyone is served rice and drinks before the young husband can take his bride to his parents' home. This time, the parents of the bride might stay at their home, and not join the wedding ceremony proper, held at the young man's house.

When the congregation arrives at the house of the groom, gongs are sounded again, inviting everybody who hears them to witness the union. Before the wedding couple enters the house, a village elder, often a Bobohizan, a ritual specialist, asks the bride and groom to put one foot on a round stone at the bottom of the staircase. While the couple is standing there, siung, conical hats are held above the man and the lady. Both the stone and the hat are symbols for their marriage: it shall be strong and long-lasting, like stone, while the hats at a time purify them from all evil and shield evil that might be around on the wedding day. Only after this short ceremony, during which the ritual specialist speaks a few Kadazan charms, the couple and the congregation can enter the house.

The wedding couple is seated in the centre of the house, the bride to the left of the groom, and again rice will be served. This time, the rice must be served from a kuali, or a wok, in order that there will be always enough rice for the couple to eat. Bride and groom are given a ball of rice each, which they have to feed each other. The ball of rice symbolises that the two young people are of different blood, which is now to be unified. Only after this symbolic unification can the congregation be served from the communal kuali. Bride and groom are given a chicken drumstick, as the groom cannot eat from the buffaloes slaughtered for the feast. It would be improper for the groom to eat from his own present to the bride's family! Moreover, if he should eat from the buffaloes, the couple might not be able to have children.

It is now time for eating. Relatives of both partners have joined in the preparations of the feast, because many guest are expected, the house is open to all. The guest are not required to bring any presents, but they must join the Sumazau dancing and general merry making, which includes drinking - during a wedding, rice-wine flows liberally... Before nightfall, the freshly married couple heads back to the house of the bride's parents where a room has been prepared for them. The custom requires that the newlyweds spend their first night with the parents-in-law of the groom. There are many taboos to be observed on this first night. The couple must not bathe for they would become vulnerable to evil-intended attacks, and wash away all the good luck the visitors brought! Equally, the couple is not allowed wander outside, not even to set foot on soil for that first night; or the children born to the couple would be ill with skin diseases or walk away from home.

The next day, the young husband takes his bride to his parents' home, where they will stay until the young man has built his own house for him and his wife. Traditionally three months after the wedding the young man visits his parents-in-law, bringing with him a pig. It will be slaughtered ceremonially and eaten by the whole family, signifying that they are from now on blood-relatives.

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Not so long ago, the Kadazans arranged marriages, and weddings were a simple affair. Gundohing Dousia, the present Keeper of Skulls and 6th direct descendant of Monsopiad remembers well the olden times. To us 'modernised' citizens, an arranged marriage is maybe the most curious, and perhaps the least understood aspect of the life of so many peoples around the world.

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The everyday dress of men consists of a long loin-cloth called tawuop or tahup, which is wrapped tidily around the body with one end hanging down in front and the other end hanging down behind. It is usually made of blue cotton cloth with red, blue and white band at the end. They also wear the headgear burang sumba, which is made of a red cloth with a narrow border of golden lace. Some men, however, prefer to wear the blue headgear ending in three broad bands of red, blue and white. Generally, men have no ornaments on their bodies except for the armlets kima and an occasional earring.

Article by 2010paparazzi.wordpress.com

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In traditional Indian culture, the groom can wear a sherwani or a bandhgala suit that compliments the color of the bride’s attire — popular color choices are gold or white.

Sherwani: a knee-length, button-down jacket worn over a loose collarless shirt called a kurta and paired with trousers called churidars.

Bandhgala suit: a formal suit with a closed collar jacket that falls just below the waist and is worn with slim trousers.

While a groom may not wear as many accessories as the bride, his wedding day is an opportunity to wear:

Jewelry

A kalgi/brooch

Mojari, which are similar to leather loafers

A safa/turban

Article by CrystalView.com

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A handsome fit in jacket cut tunic with brocade samping, canary green chiffon shawl as waistband and a Javanese styled headgear.

Article by Wordpress.com

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The Murut traditional outfit for men is comprising of a jacket along with a headdress that is decorated with the Argus pheasant feathers, and also a loincloth. “Babaru puputul” is a bark vest and the “Aba puputul” is a two metres long loincloth. The headgear called “Tupi’sinulatan” and it is decorated with feathers. They are made from the Artocarpus bark.

Article by Oscaryip4315.wixsite.com

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Men: Their traditional dress is a jacket with golden designs, worn with trousers and a headgear known as siga. The siga is made of handwoven destar cloth.

Article by Holidify.com

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The traditional Bidayuh costume set for women comprises the short-sleeved or sleeveless blouse, ‘jomuh’ (skirt), and matching accessories such as the ‘selapai’ (sash), ‘pangiah’ (bead necklace), ‘porik’ (copper/ metal belt) and ‘sipiah’ (headgear).

The Bidayuh vest is a sleeveless garment covering the upper body. The sleeveless, waist or hip-length garment, with a front opening and worn over a shirt, blouse, dress, or other cloth for style. Very practical to wear during any function and celebration like Gawai, official meeting or dinner. It is a Bidayuh identity and a must have for a Bidayuh men. Like any fashion, the vest can also be worn by other community for its practicality. The Bidayuh vest comes in black colour cloth with white and red stripe, the colours for Bidayuh community. With yellow added to the stripe, it makes the vest looks more vibrant to anyone who wears it.

The “pangiah” (bead necklace) is made of high quality ceramic beads and pendants that is worn around the neck. Its pendants are either from the tooth of wild animals or artificial tooth that add a modern touch to the necklace. The “pangiah” is a very colourful rows of beads stitched/tied together with strings of nylon or small wires stripe. It is an ideal accessory for Bidayuh women which can be worn during official functions, cultural dinners and also for everyday use. The “pangiah” is one of the Bidayuh’s identities and a must have for Bidayuh ladies.

Article by Dayak Bidayuh National Association

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Traditional bridal attire is saturated in rich color and typically adorned with 24 karat thread and crystals. For the ceremony, most brides wear a traditional lehenga or a saree wedding dress.

Lehenga: an ensemble comprised of an elaborate (and often heavy) skirt, a cropped or long blouse called the choli, and a dupatta that is draped over the head or shoulders.

Saree: an unstitched garment generally five to nine yards in length that drapes around the body and tucks into an underskirt.

Unlike Western weddings, you won't often see an Indian bride wearing white as it symbolizes mourning. Red is the traditional color of a bride's ceremonial attire, but she may also choose to wear:

Gold

Peach

Brown

Orange

Pink

Yellow

The wedding dress is not the only traditional item worn by an Indian bride. Oftentimes, she is adorned with 24-karat gold jewelry from head to toe and henna on the feet and hands. Each piece of jewelry usually carries meaning. Bangles, for example, symbolize luck, fertility and safety in the couple’s new marriage. Henna is an important custom that is applied the day before the ceremony — it symbolizes beauty, joy and spiritual awakening.

Article by CrystalView.com

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The traditional wedding costume for the bride consists of black satin blouses, yellow songket sarong, red embroidered chest decoration complete with string pendant. The name of the girl's crown is Serbang.

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Traditional clothing for Murut women consists of a short black shirt and dress, decorated with beads. The decorated shirt is called babaru linantian and the dress is tapi' linantian. Styled dresses are available in long varieties as well.

Murut women wear fine-collar dresses made of cotton cloth decorated with motifs loaded with colorful beads. Personal ornaments are also from beads such as rarangkol necklaces and salupai headdresses.

Article by Pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my

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Women: Their traditional costume is known as papar and is basically an embroidered one piece made of gold thread along with a belt of silver coins. A headgear made of bamboo strips, known as siung, is also worn. This attire is usually made from black velvet or silk.

Article by Holidify.com

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Photo by VMO Rocks Sdn Bhd

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Their traditional homeland was in the southwestern tip of Sarawak with the vast majority living in the Kuching Division and another seven percent in the nearby Samarahan Division. As late as 1980, nearly all of the Bidayuh were found in 291 villages in the contiguous districts of Lundu, Bau, Kuching, Serian, and Samarahan. More recently there has been increasing movement of the young, especially those with vocational or professional skills, to other parts of Sarawak. Significant numbers are now found in the towns of Miri, Sibu, and Bintulu

Article by Joshua Project

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The Melanau live in a low-lying swampy plain covered by dense tropical forest in the coastal region of Sarawak. They are mostly located in and near the towns of Mukah, Matu, Daro, Dalat, Bintulu, Kanowit, and Sibu.

Article by Joshua Project

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The Murut ethnic is the third largest in Sabah and mostly live in the districts of Keningau, Sook, Tenom, Tongod and Nabawan in Sabah Interior Division. This ethnic consists of 13 tribes that are Tahol (also called Tagol) or Sumambu, Timugon, Paluan, Bookan (also called Baukan), Gana, Okolod (also called Kolod),  Selungai or Salungai, Sembakung or Sambakung, Serudung or Sarudung, Nabai, Kalabakan Murut, Keningau Murut and Beaufort Murut.

Article by pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my

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Kadazan, also called Dusun, or Kadazan Dusun, term embracing a number of peoples that together constitute the largest indigenous ethnic group in the state of Sabah, Malaysia, on the northeastern extremity of the island of Borneo. The Kadazan are grouped along the coastal plain from Kudat to Beaufort and in the hills around Tambunan.

Article by Brittannica.com

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Name: Nurdinie Athirah Binti Hamdan
D.O.B: 31st of May 2002
Student ID: 2023800764
Campus: UiTM Shah Alam
Hobby: Dancing
Dream occupation: English teacher / Lecturer
3 fun facts:
- Favourite colour is pink
- She has 11 cats and kittens at home
- Her MBTI is ENFJ

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Bidayuh is the collective name of several indigenous groups  in southern Sarawak, on the island of Borneo, which are largely similar in language and culture. The name “Bidayuh” means “inhabitant of the earth”. Originating from the western part of Borneo, the common name Land Dayaks was first used under Rajah James Brooke, the white Rajah of Sarawak. They are one of the major indigenous groups in Sarawak and live in towns and villages around Kuching and Samarahan in the Malaysian state of Sarawak. Related groups are also found in the West-Kalomantan province of Indonesia. In Sarawak, the majority of the Bidayuh population lives within a 40 km radius of the geographical area known as Greater Kuching, in the Kuching and Samarahan Division. They form the second  Dayak ethnic group in Sarawak after the Iban.

Article by eyeonborneo.wordpress.com

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Indians in Malaysia, the smallest of the three main ethnic groups, make up about 10% of the population. Most are descendants of Tamil-speaking south Indian immigrants who came to the country during the British colonial period. Lured by the prospect of escaping India's caste system, they came to Malaysia to build  better lives for themselves. Primarily Hindu, they brought with them colorful culture such as ornate temples, spicy cuisine and exquisite saris. There are approximately 1.5 million people of Indian origin (excluding those of Pakistani and Bangladeshi origin) in Malaysia. Although they originate from many regions of South Asia and include Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims, Christians and Parsis, they are generally classified into two categories: 1) "Bengali" or North Indians; or 2) “Klings” or South Indians. There are significant numbers of Telugus, Pathans, Malayalis, Punjabis and Sikhs. In total, these groups have about 150,000 members.

Article by Factsanddetails.com

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The Melanau people are considered one of the earliest settlers in Sarawak. The name Melanau was not used by the Melanau people to refer to themselves until recently. They called themselves a-likou, which means “people of the river.” Legend has it that the name Melanau was given by one of the Sultans of Brunei to the inhabitants of the coastal wetlands and riverbanks of central Sarawak. The Melanau people live in low marshy plains covered with dense tropical forest in  coastal  Sarawak. They are mostly located in and near the towns of Mukah, Matu, Daro, Dalat, Bintulu, Kanowit, and Sibu. Because of their group affiliation, Melanau derive their identities through people such as parents, friends, relatives, and teachers. A person's family is the primary unit that defines Melanau roles, responsibilities, and status in the community. The Melanau language consists of various dialects. However, most  Melanau people use the Mukah dialect  to communicate with  other dialects.

Article by Joshua Project

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The Murut, the least indigenous ethnic group in Indonesian Borneo, live mainly in the  southwestern highlands of northeastern Malaysia and speak a distinctive Austronesian language also known as Murut. As Proto-Malays, their prehistoric ancestors migrated from Asia. The Murut people were historically headhunters who lived in longhouses on hilltops for defense; they were gradually moved inland by immigrant settlers. The Murut Uprising of 1915 was a protest against British colonial indifference. After the massive influx of Japanese in 1921-1931, the Murut people lost many members to a form of malaria to which they were unable to resist. They numbered about 34,300 in 1980. Practicing slash-and-burn agriculture, they cultivate dry rice, corn (maize), and sweet potatoes. The nuclear family is the main kin group. Many Murut have entered the labour market to raise the traditional dowry for their daughters. Their traditional religion includes some elements of totemism.

Article by Brittanica

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The Kadazan people are an indigenous ethnic group in the state of Sabah, Malaysia. They are mainly found in and around Penampang on the west coast of Sabah and various places inland. Due to cultural and linguistic similarities  with the Dusun people, as well as other political initiatives, a new unifying term called "Kadazan dusun" was created. Collectively, they form the largest ethnic group in Sabah. Although Kadazan is the official name for this ethnic group, many believe that the term itself is a political derivative that emerged in the late 1950s and early 1960s. There is no proper historical record of the origin of the term or its author. However, an article  by Richard Tunggolou on the subject may shed some light. According to Tunggolou, most  explanations of the meaning and origin of the word "Kadazan" posit that the word is of recent origin, especially in the late 1950s and early 1960s. He said that some people have expressed the hypothesis that the term is derived from this word. "kakadazan" (town) or "kedai" (shop) and claims that Kadazan politicians such as the late Datuk Peter J. Mojuntin coined the term.

Article by UKEssay.com