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Marcus Costa - Egyptian Society 5000BC (Trepanation)

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Marcus Costa - Egyptian Society 5000BC (Trepanation)

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A cranial trepanation is one of the oldest surgical interventions performed as treatment for brain trauma and neurological diseases. It was also believed by ancient Egyptian society that by performing this surgery it had the religious purpose to help expel the evil spirits which assisted in curing mental illness. Trepanation was performed by surgically removing a portion of the skull as a medical treatment. There were little to no ethics involved in this surgery as people majority of the time finished the surgery with more damage than they began with.

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Egyptian Society 5000 BC (Trepanation)- Ingrid Tinney

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Egyptian Society 5000 BC (Trepanation)- Ingrid Tinney

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The neurosurgery we know today only began developing in the late 19th century. However other tactics now known as “Trepanation '' were developed much earlier.

The term ”Trepanation” originates from the ancient Greek word “Trypanon” which translates to “Borer” or “Auger” (Meaning drill). Throughout the years where this method was used you can notice very subtle differences but the basics of the procedure remained the same.

The procedure for “Trepanning” requires drilling a hole through the skull using a sharp tool.

According to a study, authors suggest that the procedure was possibly aimed to treat complaints ranging from physical injuries, mental health problems and epilepsy.

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A theory which started appearing in Hippocratic text’s which some Hippocratic writers accepted only two of 4 humors still some refrain from any. This theory is also linked to the four elements theory, (air, fire, earth and water) The four humors, Red blood, Yellow bile, Black bile and Phlegm. They claim that those who have red blood are friendly, They joke, laugh, they have pretty skin and are red. Those who have yellow bile are bitter, short tempered, and darling, tend to have yellow skin and are greenish. Black bile are lazy, fearful and sickly, tend to have black hair and black eyes, associated with a melancholic nature. Lastly those who have phlegm are low spirited, forgetful and have white hair, they are more reserved. They used these to see one's mental health, and all relate to a pacific physical organ, and temperature. If one were to have too much or little of one, they would become ill, either a warm sickness such as yellow bile or a cold sickness with the black bile. They used these to check one's mental health, to see how they are, how to see ones emotions and behaviour.

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Around 3000 years ago the practice of acupuncture started in China. It was described to be a way of treatment for one's mental health. Acupuncture was seen as an alternative for medicine. Before needles were invented sharp stones or bones were used as an alternative. This system was believed to create energy flow in the body and promote balance and health. It was believed that this form of mental health relief traveled along 12 main channels of the body representing the main organs and functions. This was an ethical process as the people would have given consent.

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Insulin shock therapy was introduced in 1927 by an Austrian-American psychiatrist, and was used extensively for schizophrenia in the 1940s and 50s before it was replaced by neuroleptic drugs in the 1960s.

It was a form of psychiatric treatment where the patient was repeatedly injected with a large dose of insulin in order to produce daily comas over several weeks.

The treatment was forced on the patient therefore the participation was not voluntary, schizophrenic patients are unable to consent to the treatment.

Schizophrenia patients are unable to give consent to the treatment, the treatment is also forced on the patient.

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Harry Walker - Bleeding cures from antiquity to the 18th century

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Harry Walker - Bleeding cures from antiquity to the 18th century

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Also known as bloodletting it is the withdrawal of blood from a patient to prevent or cure illness or disease. Back in ancient times it was withdrawn either by a physician or leeches. It was claimed to have been the most common medical practice performed by surgeons from antiquity until the late 19th century, a span of over 2,000 years. In certain circumstances doctors still use bloodletting today however it is a much more ethical method using proper tools to withdraw blood. In ancient times it wasn't ethical because leeches were an unsafe method meaning there could be harm done.

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Emily Brookes- Witches Burnt at the stake 

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Emily Brookes- Witches Burnt at the stake 

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Burning at the stake was a traditional form of execution for women found guilty of witchcraft. Most accusations of witchcraft, however, did not originate in the church but resulted from personal rivalries and disputes in small towns and villages. Joan of Arc being burned at the stake for heresy, May 30, 1431. The condemned woman would be bound to the stake with a rope or chain around their neck, or positioned on a stool. The fire would be lit but before it caused any harm, the noose or chain would be tightened, or the stool kicked away, and she would be strangled before the fire got hold of her. There no ethics involved in this act as there was it was a form of punishment and the punished did not have much say.

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Trepanation is the oldest surgical operation in the world, dating back to at least 10,000 BC, and has been carried out by independent civilizations in nearly every continent on the planet. From South America to Neolithic Europe. This procedure requires drilling a hole into the skull using a sharp instrument and letting it close by itself. Nowadays, doctors will sometimes perform a similar craniotomy — a procedure in which they remove part of the skull to allow access to the brain — to perform brain surgery.Trepanation has been successfully used to treat chronic headaches, epilepsy, and migraines.  It is ethical because it was a consentual surgery and would not be carried out without the patients permission.

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the points the nedles are on in the photo are where you put them to help anxiety 

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Acupuncture originated from china, needles sharpened stones and long sharp bones were used around 6000 BCE. It was thought that the needles were also used for medical procedures. The tradition of acupuncture theory believes that energy flows within the human body and this energy can be channelised to create balance and health. As acupuncture evolved over the years, It was complemented and supported by use of massage, diet, herbs and heat therapy or moxibustion. Acupuncture is beneficial for depression because of its ability to regulate energy flow throughout the body, and its ability to stimulate the production of endorphins, which are essential for mental health and wellbeing. acupuncture offers a safe alternative without the side effects caused by a number of medications used to treat it. Acupuntuer is a highly ethial practices although not all places allow it and it is legal in many countries.

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Olivia Zanella - Insulin shock therapy - 1927

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Olivia Zanella - Insulin shock therapy - 1927

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Insulin shock therapy or insulin coma therapy is a form of treatment where patients are repeatedly injected with large doses of insulin which produced daily comas over the course of several weeks. Different hospitals and psychiatrists had their own methods of delivering this therapy. This treatment was commonly used for schizophrenia and one of many shock therapies. in the 1960s insulin shock treatment died out and was replaced bu neuroleptic drugs. Patients were unable to give consent.

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 The Four Humors 11th-15th century - Ruby R

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 The Four Humors 11th-15th century - Ruby R

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Today, neuroscientists recognise a connection between Shakespeare's age and our own in the common understanding that the emotions are based in biochemistry and that drugs can be used to alleviate mental suffering. The language of the four humors pervades Shakespeare's plays, and their influence is felt above all in a belief that emotional states are physically determined. the four bodily humors—blood, bile, melancholy, and phlegm which related to fire, earth, water and air. These four humours were understood to define people's physical and mental health and determined their personality, as well.

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Egyptian Society 5000 BC (Trepanation) - Abby Detrey

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Egyptian Society 5000 BC (Trepanation) - Abby Detrey

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Attempts to treat mental illness can be traced back to 5000 BCE, the process of making a hole through the skull to the surface of the brain might be carried out to treat a range of medical conditions or for more mystical reasons. Early man believed that mental illness was caused by supernatural events such as spiritual or demonic possession, sorcery, the evil eye, or an angry deity, and therefore treated it with equally mystical, and sometimes brutal, treatments. What happens when a person's mind turns against him, and what, if anything, can be done to prevent this tragic event. Looking at ethics unless they would be abused as they thought it was “demons”.

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Lobotomies were introduced to resolve severe mental health issues in extreme cases, after traditional methods of electroconvulsive therapy were not proving successful.

To undergo this procedure, patients were forcibly shocked into comas, then doctors would drill through a patient's eye socket into their frontal cortex to sever the nerves connecting this to the brain. This was done with the intention of reducing emotion (such as those leading to extreme depression) in patients.

This was a highly unethical practice, as there was no voluntary participant or informed consent. Furthermore, there was significant harm done to the participants as a result of the experiment, as it often made participants lethargic, and lose maturity, whilst unable to control impulses and potentially complete absences of feeling. Additionally, the procedure’s death rate was about 25 percent.

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A lobotomy is the treatment of a mental health disorder by removing parts of the brain's prefrontal cortex, like the anterior part. In the past, this procedure was used for treating conditions other than mental disorders in some Western countries for over two decades and while patients who underwent this treatment would manage to recover, they often experienced severe side effects. The person who discovered the lobotomy was a Portuguese neurologist named Antonio Egas Moniz, who went on to share the Nobel Prize for Psychology or Medicine for discovering how to cure people of mental health conditions using the lobotomy. However, the lobotomy is now considered an inhumane way of treating mental health disorders and as a result, Antonio Egas Moniz's Nobel Prize has been heavily criticized and scrutinized.

Patients who had lobotomies performed on them would experience serious side effects like confusion, being stuporous, involuntary bowel movements, an increase in appetite, weight gain and seizures. In extreme cases, some patients even died after a procedure while others committed suicide. Initially, it was believed that this operation was to help reduce the symptoms of mental health disorders. Instead, it resulted in a lack of spontaneity, responsiveness, self-awareness and self control as well as emotional bluntness and low intellect.