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An abrasion is a superficial wound caused by scraping or rubbing away the top layers of skin, often from friction against a rough surface like pavement or carpet.

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Stop any bleeding with gentle pressure using a clean cloth or sterile gauze.

Rinse the wound thoroughly under cool running water for 5-10 minutes to remove dirt and debris

Gently pat dry with a clean towel; do not rub.

Apply an antibiotic ointment to prevent infection, then cover with a sterile adhesive bandage or non-stick gauze.

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Change the dressing daily or if it becomes wet/dirty. keep the area clean and moist with ointment.

Watch for signs of infection.

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A laceration is a cut through the skin caused by a sharp object, resulting in irregular, torn edges. It can vary in depth, from superficial to deep, and may involve underlying muscle, fat, or nerves. Bleeding is often profuse.

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Apply firm, direct pressure with a clean cloth or sterile dressing to control bleeding for 5-10 minutes; elevate the area if possible.

Once bleeding stops, rinse gently with saline or clean water; do not scrub.

Do not remove embedded objects; cover loosely with a sterile bandage.

Seek immediate medical help if bleeding doesn't stop or the wound is deep/wide.

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Keep the wound clean and covered; change dressings as needed.

Sutures or staples may be required if the laceration is longer than 1/2 inch, deep, on the face/hands, or gaping open—see a doctor within 6-8 hours for best healing.

Referral to a healthcare provider for tetanus shot if not current, or for antibiotics if contaminated.

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A puncture wound is a deep, narrow injury caused by a pointed object like a nail, needle, or splinter, penetrating the skin and possibly deeper tissues. It often has a small entry point but high risk of infection due to trapped bacteria.

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Do not remove the object if embedded; stabilize it and seek emergency care.

If no object, allow minor bleeding to flush the wound, then rinse with clean water.

Apply gentle pressure to stop bleeding; cover with a loose sterile bandage—do not seal tightly.

Clean the surrounding skin with soap and water.

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Soak the area in warm, soapy water 2-3 times daily to promote drainage.

No sutures usually needed, as closing can trap infection; monitor for signs of tetanus (especially if rusty object).

Referral to a doctor immediately for deep punctures, animal bites, or if in high-risk areas

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An avulsion is a severe wound where a flap of skin or tissue is forcibly torn away from the body, either partially (flap remains attached) or completely (tissue detached). It often results from machinery, animal bites, or trauma and involves significant bleeding.

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Control bleeding with direct pressure using a sterile pad; do not pull off detached tissue.

If tissue is detached, rinse it gently with saline, wrap in moist gauze, place in a sealed plastic bag on ice, and take to ER.

Rinse the wound site with clean water; cover loosely to protect the flap.

Call emergency services immediately due to blood loss risk.

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Surgical reattachment may be possible if tissue is preserved and brought to the hospital quickly (within hours).

Sutures or skin grafts often required; referral to a specialist (e.g., plastic surgeon) is essential.

Post-op: Keep elevated, use prescribed antibiotics/pain meds, and follow wound care instructions.

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An incision is a clean, straight cut through the skin, typically caused by a sharp-edged object like a knife or surgical tool. It has smooth edges and may extend to deeper layers, often with controlled bleeding.

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Apply gentle pressure with a sterile gauze to stop bleeding.

Rinse with saline if minor; for surgical incisions, follow provider instructions (often left open initially).

Cover with a sterile dressing; avoid touching the wound.

Seek medical evaluation for non-surgical incisions to assess depth.

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Keep clean and dry; change dressings as directed (e.g., daily for surgical sites).

Sutures, staples, or glue are common for closure; do not remove yourself—return for follow-up removal (7-14 days).

Referral to a doctor for all incisions deeper than superficial; antibiotics if surgical or contaminated. Watch for dehiscence (opening); no heavy lifting for 4-6 weeks post-surgery.

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Universal precautions are infection control practices to protect both the caregiver and patient from bloodborne pathogens (e.g., HIV, hepatitis). Always assume all blood/body fluids are infectious.

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Use disposable gloves (latex-free if allergic) when touching wounds, blood, or soiled items. Change gloves between patients/tasks.

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Wash hands with soap/water for 20 seconds before/after glove use, or use alcohol-based sanitizer.

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Use barriers like gowns, masks, or eye protection if splashing is possible. Never recap needles—dispose in sharps container.