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The guild lines for how the amount you should drink as a maximum over a week span changes on your gender for men it advised that you should not consume over 21 units which is equivalent to 7.5 pints or 2 full bottles of wine for women due to them being stereotypically smaller they are at a greater risk compared to men they should have 14 units which is equivalent to 5 pints or 6 small wine bottles.

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There are numerous organisations designed to steer addicts away from continuing one of these is Alcoholics Anonymous mainly known as the AA this is a nonprofit organisation that helps people achieve sobriety. Alcoholics and past alcoholics will come and share stories and experiences with ways they are trying to quit. This helps as it shows that people struggling come from all different backgrounds and that they are not struggling on their own helping more than 2 million from addiction. There is also challenges in place to help addicts stop such as stop-tober and dry-January these serve as initiatives to encourage people to take a break from alcohol whilst improving sleep,mood and reducing the risk of long term effects.

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Health is a state of complete emotional and physical well being an example of this is Nile Wilson a bronze Olympian he is very fit however he was suffering from a gambling addiction, depression and eating disorders. He is a good example because he shows how even the fittest people are not always the healthiest.

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Tyson fury is a professional heavyweight boxer born in 1988. he earned himself multiple world championships and the name Gypsy king. From the dates of his first professional fight in October of 2008 to December 2022 he hadn’t lost a fight. His biggest fight was in 2024 to defend his heavyweight title for the fourth term (ESPN). Tyson fury had serious problems with his mental health with this he turned to drugs and alcohol leading to a downwards cycle causing him to be unfit and unable to win championships which made fin drink more to deal with the loses. During his lowest point he admitted to feeling suicidal as he lost interest in everything that once completed him. He managed to get his energy back by seeking out to help and setting goals of his own for motivation which led to his comeback and more success.

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Lance Armstrong is a cyclist that won the Tour de France between the years 1999-2006 he took multiple drugs to help him achieve these goals such as EPO, human growth hormone and diurects. Usage of epo to boost his red cell production further improving his endurance. The usage of human growth hormone helped him with his strength to exhert the maximum power through each rotation and diurects helped him pass tests to get away with these drugs. In the end he was accused based on blood samples and testimonies from witnesses

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Stress is the Body’s response to being overwhelmed, overworked, bad situation and danger. It’s the body’s survival system used to help a person react quickly when something important happens. Stress can be a positive in situations such as being used as a motivation or increasing alertness however stress over a long period of time can cause major problems. It is important to remember that it effects everyone differently so there is not a one box fits all effect.

In the UK 74% of adults have felt overwhelmed by stress and at some points in the past year with 11% feeling stressed every day. 63% of people are stressed at least weekly. Women reported feeling stressed more frequently than men women are on average stressed 11.7 days a month compared to 8.7 days for men

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What is diet

The word diet is used a lot but the proper definition is how much food and drink you aim to consume over a set amount of time a adult woman should aim to have 2000 calories a day whereas a adult man should have 2500 this change is due to men usually being bigger needing more energy to power their body however this whole measurement changes between person as an athlete will need much more then a office worker as they need more calories to fuel their sport. A balanced diet should include fruits, vegetables, protein and dairy and limited amounts of sugars and saturated fats. There is also a recommended amount of 2/3 litres of water intake a day however this can increase with activeness or a hot climate. For adults a daily recommended amount of sugar is 30gs which is surprisingly low and correlates to 1 double decker bar. Adults should also stick to no more than 6 gs of salt per day sticking to these helps reduce the risk of getting life threatening conditions. With a healthy diet comes regular intake it is important to eat at regular times when possible because if not it can cause metabolism problems and issues sleeping.

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Statistics on diets

80% of the children born in 2022 are expected to be obese

In the years 2019/20 10780 of hospital admissions directly attributable to obesity costing the nhs £74 billion. In 2019 18% of boys were obese and 13% of girls were obese.

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Prescribed drugs are legal and given out by doctors to treat medical conditions however they can affect performance and eligibility to take part in sport some improve physical ability which puts athletes at a clear advantage so they are banned under anti-doping rules. Prescribed drugs also come with risks of becoming addicted and relying on the drug sometimes taking it at times which is unneeded which also could lead to an overdose. Prescribed drugs are essential if they’ve been set but athletes must balance health needs with the anti doping regulations in order to avoid penalties, stay healthy and keep their reputations.

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The reason for smoking changes for every person. Smoking is heavily linked to stress and that is why people with lower incomes are more likely to smoke to use it as a coping method and after they use it a couple times the nicotine in it gets the hooked. After this it may continue to get worse as just like drugs the effect doesn’t hit as much so they may take more to feel the feeling. Smoking has a direct correlation to cancer as 47% of those which have cancer smoke. It can also lead to deadly health negatives emphysema and bronchitis. There are ways to stop or cut down these include converting to a vape. A vape will still give get the addictive substance to the body but will decrease the amount of deadly chemicals this is much safer to our knowledge however they are that recent we do not yet know the long term effects. There are also sites available yes to quit and live well smoke free which will help give advice and information to stop. The packaging of cigarettes also works as a intuitive to stop as the images of health problems caused can scare people from taking them.

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Alcohol is often used in social environment and commonly used at parties and celebration to put people at ease and boost confidence. Some see alcohol as an escapism from stress with 3 in 5 people saying they drink to deal with pressure of life. Alcohol is also used regularly as religious practices for example Jesus turned water to wine in the bible and wine being used in Judaism for Passover so this shows how alcohol is put onto peopled daily life. 80% of people in a large scale survey have stated they have tried alcohol at some point in their life wit this number roughly 8-11% are likely to have serious problems with alcohol.

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Having a healthy dies gives you more long lasting energy where poor diets with food high in sugar gives energy in short spikes. A healthy diet is directly correlated to lowering the chance of having conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure and obesity that is noted as having a BMI (a screening tool which is measured by weight in kg÷ height in meters²) of 30 or higher. Diets that consists of omega3 and multiple vitamins is shown to reduce depression and the risk of suffering with anxiety.

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The reason people have a poor diet changes between families but some reasons can include convenience and time it is a lot easier after having a long day at work to get a take away on the way home this takes away the time it takes to plan, buy and cook the meal. It can also be heavily linked to advertising fast food is advertised to draw customers in and make the meals seem more appealing and better for the customer then they actually are. Socioeconomic background has a huge impact on bad diets as people from lower-income families face difficulties as they may not have the correct utilities to cook a healthy meal.

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There are many risks of smoking both short term and long. Short term risks of smoking can include shortness of breath often followed with coughing or throat irritation this is due to a reduction in oxygen. The nicotine in the cigarette will cause the bodies heart rate to increase as well as the blood pressure. Long term risks of smoking can include both cases of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (emphysema and chronic bronchitis) which are both irreversible. Also a staggering 85%-90% of lung cancer cases are linked to smoking. Smoking also causes physical changes to the body making it age faster with wrinkles and skin sags whilst reducing life expectancies with 50% of long term smokers dying with related problems.

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People smoke for multiple different reasons most linked to physiological factors or addiction. Nicotine in a cigarette is extremely addictive and causes the smoker to face cravings or withdrawal symptoms when trying to quit. Nicotine also removes withdrawal stress which many people become addicted to the feeling of and use it as a way to calm down. Cigarettes was also a cultural norm with most of the older generation to smoke with many growing up with family and friends smoking and before government aims to reduce the amount of smokers and making it more expensive it used to be very cheap. Amongst Englands 11-15 year olds 11% have admitted to trying a cigarette at least once although “at least once” is a big group there is a smaller group that end up getting hooked onto the feeling.

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One of the best ways to quit is by planning it out. Pick a date within the next 2 weeks this is not long enough to lose motivation but enough to prepare. Then it will be preparation time this is time to remove items that will trigger you to want to smoke. This may be items such ass lighters and ashtrays but these will be different for everyone. You may also find getting replacements help such as nicotine gum pouches or vapes which still gives the addictive part of a cigarette without as many harmful it is important to remember these also cause other issues. This way of quitting doesn’t work for everyone so you can also seek support.

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A e-cigarette is a device which heats up vape liquid to create a gas that is inhaled. E-cigs often contain nicotine, different flavouring and other chemicals. Unlike cigarettes they do not contain the harmful substance tobacco that produces tar and carbon monoxide which can cause lung and heart damage. The nicotine which is in both cigarettes and e-cigarettes is highly addictive and can affect mood, memory and focus which will cause future problems. E-cigarettes were primarily made for current smokers to use to help cut down but it can also negatively be used the other way round and be used as a gateway into smoking for vapers.

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Mental effects of stress

Stress is shown to cause depression if prolonged this causes emotion regulating to stop so relationships may be effected as you loose the will to put effort in. Also it may lead to a short temper so you will get to breaking point faster.

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Physical effects of stress

There are multiple effects on the body some are temporary and some are permanent. The temporary effect of stress is a faster heart rate this releases adrenaline which gives the body a sense of fight or flight. This hormone can also cause muscle pain as it causes the muscles to tighten and stay contracted. Stress also causes the body to have a temporary increase in blood pressure however if this happens frequently it can cause habits which keep it high. With this being said stress over a long period of time can also cause permanent changes to the body with some effect being changes to the structure and shrinking regions such as the hippocampus and PFC which can cause a person to become anxious and react to conflict in different ways. Chronic stress also contributes to angina, strokes and heart attacks as it strains the heart and narrows the arteries which are life threatening problems.

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How stress effects your sporting ability

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How stress effects your sporting ability

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There are multiple ways stress can impact this can be positive and negative. For footballers stress before a game increases focus and the adrenaline created will boost their focus which could improve their performance however an excessive amount could hinder it as it will cause coordination to decrease, muscles tensing and a faster heart rate. With this to much stress may cause players to over think and doubt their ability. This is why athletes must manage their stress efficiently to get the best performance.

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There are many ways of dealing with stress and you should find one that fits you and your lifestyle best some people may choose to spend time with their friends where others find it beneficial to go on holiday for a break the most important thing is to do something you enjoy which will reduce HPA and stress.

there are also many charities and organisations set up to help those struggling. These all help in different ways with some giving advice whereas others give information and guidance skills.

These are some of the many:

The mix (offers free counseling, crisis support and self help resources).

Childline (offers free confidential support for young people).

Mind (offers information and services to improve mental health and shows coping mechanisms).

Stress management society (gives people guilds and workshops to improve well being and notice signs of stress before they develop).

The mental heath foundation (gives practical based guilds and community resources that support wellbeing).

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There are multiple issues of excessive drinking over a long period of time some of these can include alcohol poisoning which causes the person to have problems staying awake and high amounts of nausea. Other problems can be a decline in mental health as people become addicted they befell the Erge to have it to feel happy. Another problems can be weight gain as the body saves it as fat it can be temporary bloating however a long term effect will cause it to stay. Alcohol also increases blood pressure and increases the risk of brain damage due to the fact it kills brain cells and can lead to problems such as brain damage and strokes. Liver damage is also another effect of long term excessive drinking which may also lead to cirrhosis where the tissue in the liver is permanently scarred.

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How alcohol affects your ability to do sport

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How alcohol affects your ability to do sport

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Drinking causes immediate and long term effects to performance because alcohol causes the lactate in the body to build up which leads to the muscles to cramp up so during any sport drinkings long term effect also causes problems with recovery. The body will also feel very dehydrated as this is a side effect of alcohol however this causes performance problems.

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DIURECTS

This is used for rapid weight loss so predominantly useful for boxers and wrestlers. This drug is also useful for masking other drugs so it is used by any athletes with consumption of others it masks other drugs by causing the kidney to excrete more water and salt which reduces the overall overall fluid causing the increasion of urine production

PEPTIDE HORMONES

Peptide hormones are used to increase red blood cells and recovery speed so this is useful to most athletes especially those in rugby and other contact sports as they are likely to get injured but to get back to it. However the negatives or peptide hormones is that it can cause bones to grow abnormally, the blood to thicken and pain in joints.

NARCOTICS

Narcotics are used predominantly by athletes in football, wrestling and cycling. They take this to deal with pain, manage stress or sometimes to enhance their performance in sport however they are banned and can cause multiple other problems such as addiction, constipation, breathing issues or in some cases further injury.

STIMULANTS

stimulants are mostly taken by endurance sports as it delays fatigue. It is also used by gymnasts and wrestlers to lose weight. Stimulants create high alertness which is good for basketballers and hockey players. But stimulants are highly addictive. Can cause a increased heart rate or other related problems and lead to anxiety.

ANABOLIC STEROIDS

Anabolic steroids are used to gain more muscle mass. bodybuilder and sprinters predominantly use it as it causes them the most benefit. However steroids may cause the user to get liver damage or become infertile. It will also change the way you think by causing “roid” rage or hormonal imbalances.

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Fitness is the ability to perform aspects of physical occupations and daily activities for example for a footballer it would be playing a full 90 minute game but for a child it would be participating in a pe lesson as you can see it changes between individuals as everyone has different aspects of fitness.

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benefits of exercise on the cardiovascular system

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benefits of exercise on the cardiovascular system

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Exercise is proven to improve the amount of capillary’s in your body and red blood cells cells. Your heart becomes stronger meaning it can pump blood around the body more efficiently so resting heart rate will decrease. Your body will also become less prone to plaques as it makes it harder for fatty plaques to accumulate in artery’s.

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benefits of exercise on respiratory system

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benefits of exercise on respiratory system

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Exercise is shown to benefit the respiratory system as it increases the amount of alveoli meaning that diffusion can happen more which makes it easier to breathe as your lungs are more efficient. This will also decrease your resting heart rate as you can have longer breathes because exercise will strengthen your intercostal muscles.

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It is recommended for adults to participate in 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic activity a week or 75 minutes of very intense activity. In addition they should do at least 2 sessions of stretching or weights training. The governments guildlines are in place to promote public health by detailing activity levels that can reduce the risk of diseases like diabetes and cancer. They also work to improve mental health as studies show a healthy lifestyle can improve a well being. These guildlines manage economic problems which provides for multiple different age groups and backgrounds ensuring they can stay healthy.

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To have a sedentary lifestyle is to have behaviours that need low levels of energy. It can lead to health problems such as diabetes, obesity or cancer. This type of lifestyle is worsened by advances in technology as traditional things like walking to the shops have become out dated as people can either order deliveries or drive there. Jobs are also getting out dated by technology where physically demanding jobs such as factory workers. These have all been taken by tech and can be done faster at a cheaper rate. However this has caused people to become lazy.

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STIMULANTS

Stimulants are drugs which increase the activity of the CNS which will cause fast reactions and little thought process of doing an activity there are multiple drugs which are in this category some of these are Cocaine which causes the user to become talkative and feel pleasure however it will also lead to negative effects such as paranoia and a increase in heart rate it is highly addictive and in extreme situations causes seizures or even death. Another drug under this category is MDMA and ecstasy causes a short euphoria but can cause the taker to have a dry mouth, nightmares and nightmares.

OPIOIDS

Opioids are drugs which will relieve pain and cause numbing they can be used legally in hospitals however on the street they are highly illegal a form of this is heroine it causes false positives such as euphoria and relief but is highly addictive and may lead to insomnia or death.

HALLUCINOGENS

Hallucinogens are drugs that alter your state of perception and makes you see things that aren’t really there LSD is a form of hallucinogens it gives a feeling of euphoria and paranoia but may cause the taker to become sweaty and dehydrated get addicted and in the long run lead to depression.

CANNABIS

Cannabis are drugs which come from the cannabis plants and contain THC the most notable cannabis drug is marijuana this makes a mellow effect for the taker it is the most legalised as itn some states of America it’s legal but it leads to bad judgements, impaired memory and can have a major effect on brain development for the taker.

STATISTICS

The statistics taken for the uk in 2015 :

Hospitals reported 8000 patients in 2015 which is 6% more than the year before.

There was 15000 reports of poisoning of drugs

There was 2479 drug related reported deaths

from a survey taken 15% pupils have taken drugs with 6% of 11 year olds tried drugs

INITIATIVES TO STOP

there are many ways to seek help with stopping drugs with most urban areas having rehab centres to help stopping takers from their addiction. There are many sites such as Talk to FRANK which is a site where you can gain facts, support and advice for drugs and alcohol. At A lot of festivals now there are drug test centres which are legal as they know people are going to take drugs so their goal is to ensure that the drugs they take are safe and not spiked with more harmful stuff.

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Socioeconomic background which is things like income, education, location and these factors have a massive impact on health. People from these backgrounds are more likely to have less money leading them to live in worse conditions and less availability to healthy foods which causes numerous problems. The stress of having to manage finances can also lead to stress which stated may lead to health problems such as depression. And lower education levels and not being exposed to the positives of a healthy lifestyle can increase the risk of smoking and increase the chances of having a sedentary lifestyle. These groups of people are born into the problem they face and are commonly more likely to catch illnesses and die younger and again lack of good education causes their families to be stuck in the cycle of a poor lifestyle.