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Phonetics:
Phonetics is the branch of linguistics that studies the physical sounds of human speech. It focuses on how sounds are produced (articulatory), transmitted (acoustic), and perceived (auditory).

Phonology:
Phonology is the study of how sounds function within a particular language. It analyzes sound patterns, rules, and how sounds interact in speech.

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These are the locations in the vocal tract where the airflow is obstructed to produce different sounds:

Bilabial: both lips (e.g., /p/, /b/)

Labiodental: lower lip and upper teeth (e.g., /f/, /v/)

Dental: tongue against the teeth (e.g., /θ/, /ð/)

Alveolar: tongue near the alveolar ridge (e.g., /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/)

Palatal: tongue near the hard palate (e.g., /ʃ/, /ʒ/)

Velar: back of the tongue against the soft palate (e.g., /k/, /g/)

Glottal: sound produced at the glottis (e.g., /h/)

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Articulators are parts of the vocal tract used to produce sounds:

Active articulators: tongue, lips, lower jaw

Passive articulators: upper teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum

Other: vocal cords (glottis), nasal cavity

These work together to shape airflow and produce distinct speech sounds.

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Voiced Sounds: These are produced when the vocal cords vibrate.
Examples: /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/

Unvoiced Sounds: These are produced without vibrating the vocal cords.
Examples: /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, /f/

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Articulators involved in sound production.

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Content words are words that carry the main meaning of a sentence. These include nouns, main verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

Examples:

Teacher

Quickly

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Function words are grammatical words that help connect content words. These include prepositions, conjunctions, articles, and auxiliary verbs.

Examples:

and

the

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Falling intonation happens when the pitch of the voice drops at the end of the sentence. It is used in statements, commands, and wh-questions.

Examples:

She is going to the market.

What are you doing?

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Rising intonation is when the pitch of the voice goes up at the end of the sentence. It’s used in yes/no questions and expressions of doubt or surprise.

Examples:

Are you ready?

Did she call you?