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Modes of Classroom Discourse

The SETT Framework identifies four modes of classroom interaction, each serving a different pedagogic purpose:

a. Managerial Mode

Focus: Organizing the classroom (instructions, discipline, transitions).

Features: Brief, directive language, little learner talk.

Example: “Open your books to page 15.”

b. Materials Mode

Focus: Working with textbooks or other materials.

Features: IRF patterns (Initiation-Response-Feedback), display questions.

Example: “What’s the answer to question 3?”

c. Skills and Systems Mode

Focus: Language accuracy (grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation).

Features: Repair, scaffolding, form-focused feedback.

Example: “Can you say that again with the correct tense?”

d. Classroom Context Mode (sometimes called Communicative Mode)

Focus: Meaningful communication and fluency.

Features: Open-ended questions, student-led interaction, less teacher control.

Example: “Tell me about your weekend.”

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An educational tool used to guide decision making for providing appropriate assistive technology to students with disabilities .

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Teachers often move between modes during a lesson. For example, a lesson might start in managerial mode (giving instructions), shift to materials mode (doing an exercise), then go into classroom context mode (having a discussion).

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The SETT Framework is a tool used in education to help determine the most effective supports, especially assistive technologies, for students with learning needs. It stands for Student, Environment, Tasks, and Tools. The framework begins by understanding the student’s strengths, challenges, and preferences. It then considers the learning environment, including physical space, social interactions, and teaching methods. Next, it identifies the specific tasks the student needs to complete in order to participate and learn effectively. Finally, it focuses on selecting the right tools—whether technological or strategic—to support the student in those tasks. This student-centered approach ensures that support is tailored, relevant, and practical.

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SETT Framework

1. S – Student

What does the student need help with?

What are their strengths and challenges?

2. E – Environment

Where does the student learn (classroom, home, etc.)?

What tools and support are already there?

3. T – Tasks

What tasks does the student need to do (reading, writing, talking)?

Which ones are hard for them?

4. T – Tools

What tools (tech or non-tech) can help?

Which ones match the student’s needs and tasks?

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The SETT Framework helps teachers reflect on and improve their classroom talk by analyzing their verbal interactions with students. Here’s a simplified breakdown:

1. Key Modes of Teacher Talk

Teachers adjust their talk based on classroom needs. Common modes include:

Managerial Mode – Giving instructions, organizing tasks.

Materials Mode – Focusing on worksheets, textbooks, or resources.

Skills & Systems Mode – Teaching language structures, grammar, or skills.

Classroom Context Mode – Discussing real-world connections or student experiences.

2. Key Features of Effective Teacher Talk

Elicitation – Prompting student responses (e.g., "What do you think?").

Repetition – Repeating key points for clarity.

Reformulation – Correcting student answers subtly.

Clarification Requests – Asking students to explain further.

Wait Time – Giving students time to think before answering.

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The SETT Framework is a tool used to guide decision-making in selecting assistive technology for students with special needs. The SETT framework helps educators, therapists, and families make collaborative, student-centered decisions to support inclusive education and meaningful learning outcomes.The main components of the SETT Framework are the four key areas that guide the process of selecting appropriate support for students with special needs. Each component is interrelated, and the framework is most effective when all four are considered collaboratively to make informed decisions about assistive technology or instructional support.

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The SETT Framework is a tool used in education to help determine the most effective supports, especially assistive technologies, for students with learning needs. It stands for Student, Environment, Tasks, and Tools. The framework begins by understanding the student’s strengths, challenges, and preferences. It then considers the learning environment, including physical space, social interactions, and teaching methods. Next, it identifies the specific tasks the student needs to complete in order to participate and learn effectively. Finally, it focuses on selecting the right tools—whether technological or strategic—to support the student in those tasks. This student-centered approach ensures that support is tailored, relevant, and practical.

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S – Student

Who is the student?

What are the student’s strengths and needs?

What is their current level of ability (academically, socially, physically)?

E – Environment

Where does the student spend their time (e.g., classroom, home)?

What materials and supports are already available?

What are the physical, social, and instructional conditions?

T – Tasks

What tasks does the student need to do?

What are the learning goals?

What activities are hard for the student without support?

T – Tools

What tools can help (e.g., assistive technology, apps, devices)?

What supports or strategies can help the student succeed in their tasks?

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the SETT framework is designed to help teachers both describe the classroom interaction of their lessons and develop an understanding of interactional processes as a way of becoming a ‘better’ teacher.

SETT consist of 4 micro contexts. These were called modes :

managerial mode

classroom context mode

skills and system mode

material mode

# each mode is made up of specific interactional features (such as dislapy questions, repair, content feedback)

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The Walsh SETT Framework (Self Evaluation of Teacher Talk) is a tool used to analyze how teacher talk shapes learning in the classroom, especially in language settings. It identifies four modes of interaction—Managerial, Materials, Skills and Systems, and Classroom Context—each with a different purpose, such as giving instructions or encouraging real communication. The framework focuses on key features like wait time, scaffolding, repair strategies, and the type of questions asked (open vs. closed), all of which influence how much students participate and learn. Overall, SETT helps teachers reflect on their control of communication and make their talk more learner-centered to create better learning opportunities.

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The SETT Framework is a structured, four-part model (Student, Environment, Task, Tools) developed by Joy Zabala to guide collaborative decision-making about assistive technology (AT). It helps teams understand the needs of a student, the environment in which they learn, the tasks they need to perform, and potential tools to support their success. This framework is used to ensure appropriate AT selection and implementation, fostering student participation and achievement.

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Main Components of the SETT Framework

- Managerial Mode

- materials mode

-skills and system mode

- classroom context mode