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deviation: violence broke out, businesses were looted and burned 

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deviation: violence broke out, businesses were looted and burned 

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deviation: acquittal of police after beating of motorist Rodney King; probation for store owner who shot Latasha Harlin

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deviation: acquittal of police after beating of motorist Rodney King; probation for store owner who shot Latasha Harlin

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Each excerpt contains at least one example of a sanction. Name the example and the type of sanction (formal or informal) and explain why.

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Each excerpt contains at least one example of a sanction. Name the example and the type of sanction (formal or informal) and explain why.

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"...approximately 50 supporters ... had assembled peacefully behind the barricade, in nearby yards, and elsewhere in the neighborhood, including in front of the house [and] directly behind the Gonzalez family’s home to demonstrate their support for Elián and the Gonzalez family. Some supporters were talking; others were praying. Approximately eight women sitting in lawn chairs were representatives of an organization known as “Mothers Against Repression.”

# data[].attributes.subject
"...approximately 50 supporters ... had assembled peacefully behind the barricade, in nearby yards, and elsewhere in the neighborhood, including in front of the house [and] directly behind the Gonzalez family’s home to demonstrate their support for Elián and the Gonzalez family. Some supporters were talking; others were praying. Approximately eight women sitting in lawn chairs were representatives of an organization known as “Mothers Against Repression.”

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source: Why the Elián Gonzalez saga resonates 20 years later, Vox.com, November 11, 2019

informal: neighbors gathered around home of the Gonzalez family giving support

formal: organization formed to support called “Mothers Against Repression”

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“All in all, Super Bowl Sunday makes for a great excuse to enjoy all your favorite dishes and snacks, made all the more crave-able thanks to the commercials touting the most refreshing beers, mouthwatering ingredients, and binge-able junk food. And in the spirit of competition, I've pitted the Super Bowl commercials against one another — these are the ones that score the most TDs in my book.”

# data[].attributes.subject
“All in all, Super Bowl Sunday makes for a great excuse to enjoy all your favorite dishes and snacks, made all the more crave-able thanks to the commercials touting the most refreshing beers, mouthwatering ingredients, and binge-able junk food. And in the spirit of competition, I've pitted the Super Bowl commercials against one another — these are the ones that score the most TDs in my book.”

# data[].attributes.body
I Watched All The Super Bowl Commercials—Here Are The Best Ones So Far, Delish.com, February 10, 2025

informal: an article that lists the Super Bowl commercials considered the best, which enforces the notion that they are as popular as the game itself

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“Five men, one of whom said he is a former employee of the Central Intelligence Agency, were arrested at 2:30 a.m. yesterday in what authorities described as an elaborate plot to bug the offices of the Democratic National Committee here….They were surprised at gunpoint by three plain-clothes officers of the metropolitan police department in a sixth floor office at the plush Watergate, 2600 Virginia Ave., NW, where the Democratic National Committee occupies the entire floor.”

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“Five men, one of whom said he is a former employee of the Central Intelligence Agency, were arrested at 2:30 a.m. yesterday in what authorities described as an elaborate plot to bug the offices of the Democratic National Committee here….They were surprised at gunpoint by three plain-clothes officers of the metropolitan police department in a sixth floor office at the plush Watergate, 2600 Virginia Ave., NW, where the Democratic National Committee occupies the entire floor.”

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source: 5 Held in Plot to Bug Democrats' Office Here, Washington Post, Sunday, June 18, 1972

Formal sanctions: legal - They were held at gunpoint by law enforcement and arrested

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Gossip or social exclusion if someone breaks accepted social rules

Disapproving looks or comments for cutting in line, using offensive language, or being rude

Cancel culture or online backlash for statements or actions perceived as discriminatory or disrespectful

loss of public support, trust

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Fines or imprisonment for illegal actions like theft or violence

Academic suspension or expulsion for plagiarism or misconduct

Job termination for violating company policies

License revocation for medical or legal professionals who violate ethical codes

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Praise or compliments for polite or respectful behavior ("You did great!")

Social acceptance and inclusion (being invited to parties, respected by peers)

Public support (for example: applause) for a good deed or performance

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Scholarships or grants for students demonstrating academic achievement

Employee promotions for hard work

Public awards (e.g., National Teacher of the Year) that elevate leadership, strong work ethic, achievement

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introduction of Iphone, the first smartphone (2007)

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introduction of Iphone, the first smartphone (2007)

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old norm:

mobile phones used to make calls, send texts

sanctions:

people stood in line for hours waiting to buy latest iphone

other mobile companies made their own version

apps made regular tasks easier, such as paying for parking, food delivery

new norm:

most people need smartphones to carry out basic functions

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Rosa Parks refusing to give up bus seat (1955)

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Rosa Parks refusing to give up bus seat (1955)

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old norm:

Black people were expected to give up seats to white people on public buses in the South

sanctions:

Parks was arrested

Black people boycotted the public buses, walked to work instead

gained attention of national media

new norm:

all public transportation was integrated

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injunctive - what people are expected to do

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injunctive - what people are expected to do

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sanctions - means of enforcing social norms

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sanctions - means of enforcing social norms

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formal: laws, regulations

informal: gossip, body language

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social norm: commercials during sports events are usually a time when people get up to get more snacks, etc

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social norm: commercials during sports events are usually a time when people get up to get more snacks, etc

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deviation - when a social norm is not followed

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deviation - when a social norm is not followed

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deviation - Apple 1984 commercial changed the norm to make commercials nearly as highly anticipated as main event

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deviation - Apple 1984 commercial changed the norm to make commercials nearly as highly anticipated as main event

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sanction (informal): annual list recapping the "best" Super Bowl commercials

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sanction (informal): annual list recapping the "best" Super Bowl commercials

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deviation - 5 men breaking into the DNC offices to plant listening devices, Nixon covering it up

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deviation - 5 men breaking into the DNC offices to plant listening devices, Nixon covering it up

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sanctions (formal) - 5 men arrested and convicted, Nixon faced impeachment

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sanctions (formal) - 5 men arrested and convicted, Nixon faced impeachment

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deviation - involuntary enlisting through draft

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deviation - involuntary enlisting through draft

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sanctions (informal) against war - protests on university campuses

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sanctions (informal) against war - protests on university campuses

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obeying traffic laws - speed limits, using turn signals, stopping at red lights

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formal - paying fines for exceeding speed limit

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rise in service industries - gas stations, motels, roadside diners

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rise in service industries - gas stations, motels, roadside diners

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mass production made cars more affordable, increased demand for steel and rubber

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mass production made cars more affordable, increased demand for steel and rubber

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led to creation of car financing industry

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led to creation of car financing industry

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common for teens to drive a parent's car or have one of their own

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Muhammed Ali refusing Vietnam War draft (1967)

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Muhammed Ali refusing Vietnam War draft (1967)

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old norm:

anyone drafted was expected to fight in Vietnam War

sanctions:

Ali was stripped of his heavyweight title, banned from boxing

his stance garnered support from those opposed to the war

new norm:

public opinion eventually turned against war