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The scientific and aesthetic theory of color has transformed over the course of centuries. Ancient philosophers like Aristotle believed that all colors were created by mixing white (light) and black (dark), which intertwined with the four elements of ancient times: water, air, earth, and fire. His ideas remained frequent for more than two millennia.

Isaac Newton transformed the idea of color theory during the 1660s by experimenting with prisms. He demonstrated how white light is made up of seven colors, which are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) which is mentioned in his book, "Opticks". Newton's work provided the scientific basis for optics and color chemistry that is used today. Later Jacob Christoph Le Blon developed the first three-color printing system by using the colors red, yellow, and blue to create primary colors. His work focused on the difference between additive (light) and subtractive (pigment) color systems, which are principles used today in printing and screens. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, then provided a new insight by examining how humans see color. He believed that color was not only physical but also an individual and emotional experience that has an impact on both science and art. Color theory has progressed overtime from philosophical concepts to scientific approaches, which resulted in breakthroughs in chemistry, art, and technology.

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Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) is the light emission phenomenon where the electric field rotates in a circular motion. CPL is an important phenomenon for future technologies such as optical storage, biological imaging, 3D display, and anti-counterfeiting security labels.

BODIPY dyes are small organic molecules that display the strong absorption and the intense emission of light and focus in the visible and near-infrared spectrum. They are stable and very versatile, in which they are utilized as biological labels, solar cells, photodynamic therapy, and light-harvesting devices. CPL has been previously realized in complex or multi-chromophore systems. A new strategy has now demonstrated that simple BODIPY molecules can emit CPL by directly appending a chiral (handed) structure, in this case a binaphthyl unit, onto the BODIPY dye.

The experiments have left the scientists to discover that the mirror-image CPL spectra of the enantiomers (R)-1 and (S)-1, as theoretically predicted for efficient CPL induction. Although the CPL activity (glum values) had been limited, the possibility of designing responsive, efficient CPL-active materials on the basis of simple dyes still remains. This advancement leads to molecular design to optics, both contributing to science/chemistry and molecular color management to be used in everyday life.

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Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) use dyes in order to capture sunlight as well as generate electricity. In a DSSC, light is used to energize electrons in a dye molecule, which transfers the electron to a semiconductor, usually titanium dioxide (TiO₂). This flow of electrons generates electricity.

A DSSC is manly based on the light absorption and chemical binding of the dye to TiO₂. Natural dyes from beetroot and pomegranate were compared with a synthetic one known as Rose Bengal. Anthocyanins with hydroxyl groups in pomegranate dye achieved 0.34% efficiency by binding with TiO₂. Beetroot dye contains carboxyl-functional betalains and has achieved 0.30% efficiency. Rose Bengal, is a synthetic dye that contains a carboxyl group, which was 0.25% efficient, slightly lower.

The computational studies (DFT and TD-DFT) confirmed that natural dyes have suitable energy levels for effective electron transfer. Overall, the research shows how natural dyes can be cost-efficient, eco-friendly, and have the same or higher effectiveness compared to dyes that are man-made .

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Flame tests are a qualitative analysis method that is used to identify metal ions based on the color their compounds exhibit when it is heated under a flame. All metal ions yield a specific color as the electrons are heightened. Then they shift towards energy states that are of a higher level, and finally return to lower energy levels. After that energy is released in the form of visible light. The important colors of familiar Elements from the Flame test include, Lithium = Red, Sodium = Orange, Potassium = Lilac, Calcium = Orange-Red, and Copper = Blue-Green.

These colors are used to show the presence of some elements, with Group 1 metals like sodium and lithium that create the most distinct and well-known colors. The way this works is that, when the metal ions are heated, the electrons go up to higher energy levels. As they drop back to their original positions, energy is emitted in the form of light, creating the flame's color.

Overall, Flame tests are a quick way to identify unknown metal compounds by comparing the colors when in the flame with the ones that are known.

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This study shows how full-color transmitted light microscopy is used to examine dye solution behavior within microfluidic devices. Researchers use the equation C = n/V (concentration = moles/volume) to quantify the diffusion of dyes within narrow channels. High-resolution imaging focuses on tracking the color intensity over time within diffusion coefficient calculation, as well as concentration gradient mapping.

Dyes such as Fluorescein, Rose Bengal, and various food dyes were dissolved in PBS buffer in which their conditions remained constant. Experiment-specific devices and image analysis codes were used for experiments that monitored changes. Experiments demonstrate quantifying light absorption and dye mixing based on color, which helps with the formulation of fluid analysis for chemical reactions, drug delivery, and sensing environments.

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1. Butterfly Pea (BP)

Blue → Purple → Pink color change

pH Range: Alkaline to acidic condition

Gradual pH-induced transition in response to changing acidity due to fermentation by-products.

2. Red Cabbage (RC)

Purple → Red → Yellow color change

pH Range: Neutral to acidic

(The impact is that it is sensitive to small pH differences, ideal for monitoring small changes in kimchi fermentation.)

3. Aronia (AR)

Color Change: Dark Purple → Red

pH Range: Acidic

(The impact is that it is visible and distinct changes which enable monitoring of kimchi sourness with time.)

4. Shikonin (SK)

Color Change: Violet → Brown

pH Range: Alkaline to acidic

(The impact is that it shows distinct color change, though less sensitive than other pigments.)

5. Alizarin (ALZ)

Color Change: Violet → Yellow

pH Range: Alkaline to acidic

(The effect is that one of the most distinct and constant color shifts is used successfully for monitoring over-fermentation of kimchi.)

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A study shows how alkaline indicators (ALZ, BP) display the most vivid color transitions from fresh (neutral pH) to over-fermented (acidic pH) kimchi. As for Natural Pigments, they offer a safer, yet more environmentally friendly alternative to artificial dyes which helps in tracking food.

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Color is part of our world us, thanks to chemistry. It is found in paints, where nanotechnology has transformed coatings with pigments that are brighter, stronger, and UV-resistant which are ideal for cars, buildings, and consumer goods. Low-VOC chemical formulations also reduce environmental harm.

Fashion involves the chemistry uses bright, long lasting dyes that do not fade. The more recent developments are "green," low-impact dyes that require less water and energy to create, which goes to show that sustainability and fashion coincide with one another.

In regards to food, artificial colors like Tartrazine and Brilliant Blue are chemically formulated to maintain their color throughout processing and storage. Not only do these colors attract the eye, but they also influence how we perceive taste. While health concerns like hyperactivity in children have been controversial, dye safety continues to be monitored. The trend toward natural alternatives reflects growing demand for safer and more sustainable solutions.

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In conclusion, chemistry color spans from ancient philosophy to science today, from Aristotle's early ideas of the elements to Newton's finding the spectrum of light. We now see it in terms of its molecular level BODIPY dyes can release circularly polarized light, which breaks new ground among imaging and display technologies.

Natural dyes such as, beetroot and pomegranate work equally well as the synthetic ones. This offers a sustainable alternative for dye-sensitized solar cells. Visible light is used in flame tests in order to identify metal ions, and microfluidic systems precisely quantify dye diffusion based on color intensity.

Even food is a part of chemistry, with natural pH indicators like red cabbage and alizarin monitor kimchi freshness efficiently. Chemistry is essential for everyday like by creating pigments in paints, clothes, and foods more intense, durable, and eco-friendly. Overall, chemistry doesn't just define color, it controls how it is seen, applied, and manipulated throughout technology, science, and life.

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Libraries, S. (2019). The Science of Color. Smithsonian Libraries. https://library.si.edu/exhibition/color-in-a-new-light/science

Sánchez-Carnerero, E. M., Moreno, F., Beatriz Lora Maroto, Agarrabeitia, A. R., Ortiz, M. J., Vo, B. G., Muller, G., & Santiago. (2014). Circularly Polarized Luminescence by Visible-Light Absorption in a Chiral O-BODIPY Dye: Unprecedented Design of CPL Organic Molecules from Achiral Chromophores. 136(9), 3346–3349. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja412294s

Kumar, A., Chaudhari, A., Kumar, S., Suman Kushwaha, & Mandal, S. (2024). Comparative Study of Natural and Synthetic Dyes in DSSCs: An Experimental and Computational Approach. Physica. B, Condensed Matter, 415978–415978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2024.415978

Clark, J. (2020). Flame Tests. Chemistry LibreTexts; LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/2Reactions_of_the_Group_1_Elements/Flame_Tests

Werts, M. H. V., Raimbault, V., Texier-Picard, R., Poizat, R., Français, O., Griscom, L., & Navarro, J. R. G. (2012). Quantitative full-colour transmitted light microscopy and dyes for concentration mapping and measurement of diffusion coefficients in microfluidic architectures. Lab on a Chip, 12(4), 808. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2lc20889j

Oun, A. A., Roy, S., Shin, G. H., Yoo, S., & Kim, J. T. (2023). pH-sensitive smart indicators based on cellulose and different natural pigments for tracing kimchi ripening stages. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 242, 124905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124905

Alum, B. N., & Kiu Publication Extension. (2024). Advances in Color Chemistry and their Impact on the Paint Industry. INOSR APPLIED SCIENCES, 12(2), 43–50. https://doi.org/10.59298/INOSRAS/2024/12.2.435000