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power belongs to the people/citizens rather than congress or state governments

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ratification: the articles of confederation required UNANIMOUS consent.

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Article V shows the amendment process and shows how hard it is to get an amendment finalized

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The Key Ideas of the US Constitution are :
Federalism
separation of powers.
popular sovereignty.

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This text sets up the supreme court

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- designed with fixing up the problems seen under the Articles of Confederation.
- United States created the Article to grab land and power to defend itself.
- Also designed to prevent large states from getting more representatives than smaller states. (Checks and Balances)
- Focused on Federalism: Division of Labor which states would regulate things within their territory as the federal government would regulate everything that was similar to it under the constitution.
- Framers created Article 1 expecting congress to have more power under the constitution than under AOC.

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The power belongs to the people, it doesn't belong to the congress, not the state government, but the people.

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our natural rights are provided by god/nature

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Article VI talked about how it establishes the constitution as the Supreme Law of The Land

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they need to make a proposal then a ratification

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they need to make a proposal then a ratification

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Two stages to writing and ratifying the constitution

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Two stages to writing and ratifying the constitution

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first: it was drafted at the Philadelphia convention in 1787

outcome of that convention: the fed govt. needed to be made stronger

second stage: it went to the states

I.Q.: was the federal govt being given TOO much power?

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As the federal government grows and expands that creates more work for the supreme court like what does due process mean, what does equal protection mean...

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They believed our rights did not come from the government, god gave them the rights or they were born with it

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The framers wanted an executive leader that was powerful at what they were doing, but not so much that it would become a tyranny.

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Article V shows how an amendment is started in congress and how 2/3 of each house (Legislative, Executive, Judicial) has to approve the amendment

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The Article has 4 sections: the Full Faith and Credit Clause, and Privilege and Immunities Clause, the Admisson Clause, and the Guarantee Clause

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government has to represent people and that's where they get their power from

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It is very hard to amend the constitution. 3/4 states and 2/3 of each house must approve it.

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It was a huge shift because, during the seceding of the southern states, Abraham Lincoln resisted the succession as the quote states "We the people of the United States" which lead to him making a point that the states would have to agree before any state could leave the United States.

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Article 2 had established the executive branch, who is eligible for presidency, how is the president elected and what are the president's powers.

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An amendment starts in Congress. 2/3 of Senate and 2/3 of House of Representatives must consent, them 3/4 of the states must follow. Framers of Constitution anticipated necessary change to the document. Amendments are proposed, then ratified. Congress can propose amendments with 2/3  vote. State legislatures can call for Constituional Convention with 2/3 vote. Alternative mechanism in place to bypass the Congress in the case of corruption, uses state-led Constitutional Convention. Amending the Constitution is very difficult. Bill of Rights, first 10 amendments, ratified in 1791. Progressive era early 1900s, many amendments. Amendments occur because of shifting societal values and circumstances, requires strong support. Most recent (27th amendment was an old concept that implemented Congress slalary change decisions after an election cycle) Constitutional Amendment 1971 (26th), lowered voting age to 18.

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Powers of the Executive Branch:
-Commander in Chief of the Army & Navy
-Power to pardon
-Could nominate people to the Supreme Court

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The purpose of article 4 was to make sure the Federal Government didn’t have too much power.

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The supreme court answers questions like this by asking themselves if there has been a precedent similar to this before, they must question the effect that a decision will have on a country

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they made it hard to amend the constitution 

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they made it hard to amend the constitution 

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- called for a bill of rights as a precondition of ratifying the constitution

- ratification procedure was controversial

- antifederalists (people who didn't believe/like the govt) called for unanimity

- the AoCs that state legislatures NEEDED to approve amendments. But the constitution calls for SPECIALLY-CONVENED state bodies to vote for ratification (very specific and restrictive)

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The key ideas about this section of the U.S. Constitution, Article 3, is that
- It was up to congress to decide what federal courts we'd have, if any
- The framers figured that many people would interact with state courts
-  The judicial power of the United States in the Supreme Court is emphasized
- Was said that inferior courts should be established by congress

What were the key powers or responsibilities of the US in this section?

- The responsibilities initiated in this article are empowering the courts to handle cases or controversies under federal law

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Article 2 was the beginning of the Executive branch. The Founding fathers struggled to make it so a person wasn't similar to a king, like the system they just fought against. decided against giving people life long terms in power.

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Talks about how our gov is supposed to work

Creates the legislative branch of government

Overcomes problems with articles of confederation

AOC congress was weak, could not tax states

It is a two house structure because it was a compromise between the large and small states.

Similar to UK system with house of commons and house of lords

Combination of popular and elite power

Originally, state legislatures choose senators

The 17th amendment changed all that now that people choose

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The Full Faith, Credit, Privileges, and Immunity Clause talks about how states will treat its citizens and other. The Admission clause talks about how states are registered to be part of the country. The Guarantees clause talks about states will be guaranteed a republic form of government.

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the supreme sets up the text

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Judges must separate constitutional conclusions from political conclusions

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how close did opponents of the Cons. come to preventing ratification?

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how close did opponents of the Cons. come to preventing ratification?

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A: IT WAS VERY CLOSE!

- Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York all opposed ratification of the constitution

- some of the states didn't ratify at all, and 90% of citizens from RI voted AGAINST the cons.

- N.C. waited out the vote

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Judicial Branch- Judges dispute, run courts
Executive Branch- carries out laws
Legislative Branch: Makes the law
(Framers thought congress would be most powerful, didn't anticipate executive and judiciary power

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The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in several states.

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If a president didn't like Congress laws they could veto power, congress can override veto, hold oversight hearings, defund agencies, deny nominations, and the congress can impeach and convict the president

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That some of the rights was created by God of giving the congress and citizens power and not to the state of government.

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-Article 6 states that the constitution is the supreme law of the land, meaning it is the highest law.
-Constitution beats state and federal law. Creates a hierarchy of laws.
-Separates Church and state, protects religion from being corrupted by politics and politics from becoming a religious battleground.

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Article Two tells us who is eligible for the office of the United States, how they get elected, and what power they hold. Before the Constitution, the framers decided to make a executive counsel of three or more executives that would jointly exercise whatever executive power they vested in the executive essentially having a triumvirate.

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Major players in the ratification struggle 

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Major players in the ratification struggle 

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the federalists: pro-constitution (A. Hamilton and J. Madison)

The federalists papers were written around this time- essays urging the new york convention to ratify the constitution

anti-federalists: anti-constitution. there were people who opposed the constitution from many angles (not a united people)