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A political attitude favoring or advocating changes or reform. Progressivism is often viewed in opposition to conservative or reactionary ideologies.

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An idea developed by William James and John Dewey that argued that the "good" and "true" could not be known in the abstract as fixed and changeless ideals. They said that people should take a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge.

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people have the right to propose a new law.

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a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto.

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the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office

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Voters do not reveal who they vote for or how they vote on an issue because their decision is made in private. This keeps the election fair and free from threat or intimidation.

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a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office. A measure fought for by progressives

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allowed for popular election of senators, an example of national political reform

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This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business.

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insurance, provided either by government or employers of both, providing benefits to employees suffering work-related injury or disability

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This party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. The platform called for more radical reforms such as public ownership of the RRs, utilities, and even of major industries such as oil and steel. This political party formed in 1901 with a strong representation from immigrants and provided a political outlet for worker grievances, but fared poorly beyond a few local elections in industrial areas.

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(Women's Christian Temperance Movement) Reformers who wanted to ban alcohol use and prostitution.

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This amendment had its roots in the religious revival in the 1820s. Since then over half the US states had put in state laws that had the same affect as this amendment. This amendment made it federal law in all states starting in 1919 that the sale, transportation, and manufacture of alcohol for beverage purposes was illegal. This led to the bootlegging and gangsters in the 1920s.

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Prior to the passage of the 18th amendment, many people joined temperance societies and the progressive movement, petitioning for prohibition. By 1917, most states put restrictions on the sale and manufacture of intoxicating beverages. At the height of World War I, many wartime concerns included conserving grain and maintaining a sober workforce. Congress later passed the 18th amendment, strictly prohibiting the sale and manufacture of alcoholic beverages. The 18th amendment was later supplemented by the Volstead Act in 1919. Before the Prohibition Era, many worked to eliminate alcohol. However, quickly after 1919, their positions shifted. The 1920s and 1930s proved to Americans that regulating morality was counterproductive.

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The Comstock Act, 17 Stat. 598, enacted March 3, 1873, was a United States federal law which amended the Post Office Act[1] and made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail, including contraceptive devices and information. In addition to banning contraceptives, this act also banned the distribution of information on abortion for educational purposes.
based on moral concepts

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The Eugenics movement was an effort to grade races and ethnic groups based on their genetic qualities. The sterilized those who were undesirable for reproduction and believed human inequalities were hereditary and immigration was contributing to the number of unfit people

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The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was an American women's rights organization formed in May 1890 as a unification of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA).[1] The NAWSA continued the work of both associations by becoming the parent organization of hundreds of smaller local and state groups,[2] and by helping to pass woman suffrage legislation at the state and local level. The NAWSA was the largest and most important suffrage organization in the United States, and was the primary promoter of women's right to vote. Like AWSA and NWSA before it, the NAWSA pushed for a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women's voting rights, and was instrumental in winning the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920.

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In 1913, Paul founded the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage (later renamed the National Woman's Party in 1916). They pressured Congress to enact a woman suffrage constitutional amendment. (NWP - 1913) women's organization founded by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns.

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gave women the right to vote, an example of national social reform

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This movement came about in the late 1800s and early 1900s and was coined by Pinchot. It stressed the protection and preservation of the environment and the natural resources. The preservation of the forests and wildlife were main parts of conservation. This movement became prominent under Roosevelt as people became concerned about the disappearance of the frontier. Others worried that too much city life and industrialism would not be beneficial, and some the the wild needed to be saved. The Call of the Wild by Jack London along with the Boy Scouts came about during this movement.

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Progressive concept by Roosevelt that would help capital, labor, and the public. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good.

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Roosevelt wanted to break up trusts, but made a distinction between regulating "good trusts" which through efficiency and low prices dominated to a market and breaking up "bad trusts" which harmed the public and stifled competition.

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A popular novel by Upton Sinclair that exposed the awful conditions of meat slaughterhouses --> this led to increased legislation

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came out of pressure on Congress placed by Roosevelt after he read The Jungle and sent men to inspect Chicago slaughterhouses. Increased the amount of slaughterhouse regulation

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came out of pressure on Congress placed by Roosevelt after he read The Jungle and sent men to inspect Chicago slaughterhouses. It forbade the manufacture and the sale of adulterated and fraudulently labeled products

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under Wilson, it specified certain actions as being illegal, while exempting labor unions and agricultural organizations

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This tariff was named for Representative Sereno E. Payne and Senator Nelson W. Aldrich (R-RI), began in the United States House of Representatives as a bill lowering certain tariffs on goods entering the United States. It was the first change in tariff laws since the Dingley Act of 1897. President William Howard Taft called Congress into a special session in 1909 shortly after his inauguration to discuss the issue. Thus, the House of Representatives immediately passed a tariff bill sponsored by Payne, calling for reduced tariffs. However, the United States Senate speedily substituted a bill written by Aldrich, calling for fewer reductions and more increases in tariffs.

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This was an incident caused by the opening of lands in Montana, Wyoming, and Alaska to corporations under President Taft. Ballinger was in favor of corporations in these areas, but he was critcized by Pinchot who was in charge of the Agriculture's Division of Forestry. President Taft removed Pinchot from office on the grounds of insubordination, which sparked this controversy. This contributed to the widening gap between President Taft and the former President Roosevelt.

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authorized federal income tax, an example of national economic reform

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is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act. Its principal mission is the promotion of consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of what regulators perceive to be harmfully anti-competitive business practices, such as coercive monopoly. The Federal Trade Commission Act was one of President Woodrow Wilson's major acts against trusts. Trusts and trust-busting were significant political concerns during the Progressive Era. Since its inception, the FTC has enforced the provisions of the Clayton Act, a key antitrust statute.

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American battleship that blew up in Havana, Cuba, and ultimately started the Spanish-American War of 1898.

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Federal ban on the interstate shipment of goods manufactured by children under the age of 14. The culmination of Progressive efforts since 1904 and of state laws, this was designed to reduce the use of young children in factories for long hours and low pay.

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) created in 1909 by a group of liberals (including Du Bois, Jane Addams and John Dewey) to eradicate racial discrimination

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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically. Monroe Doctrine. 1823 US foreign policy by President James Monroe forbidding European colonization of the Western Hemisphere in exchange for the US avoiding unnecessary involvement European affairs.

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A Nationalist-initiated conflict broke out in Cuba in 1895, the Spanish, remembering the lengthy Ten Years' War, sent 200,000 troops to Cuba. The Cuban insurrectos responded by wrecking Spanish property in hopes that the Spanish would leave, or at least hoping for US intervention (since the US had significant economic investment in Cuba). The insurrectos directed their destructive rampage at both sugar mills and sugar fields.

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War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

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Sensational newspaper reporting by William Randolph Hearst and Jay Pulitzer's news journals that helped instigate a war with Spain.

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The Open Door Policy is a concept in foreign affairs, which usually refers to the policy in 1898 allowing multiple Imperial powers access to China, with none of them in control of that country. As a theory, the Open Door Policy originates with British commercial practice, as was reflected in treaties concluded with Qing Dynasty China after the First Opium War (1839-1842).

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1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils".

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Roosevelt's international affairs philosophy - ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen; used by T.R. to improve world peace, "Speak softly and carry a big stick." Said that the "big stick" could be used to keep other countries in line and to make sure that the countries of Latin America behaved themselves

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A strip of land across Panama bought for $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000. As one of the great engineering feats of the time, it reduced shipping costs by cutting through the Panama Isthmus and helped extend U.S. naval power by allowing the fleets to move between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

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The Monroe Doctrine is a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention.

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-The Roosevelt Corollary is a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine that was articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union Address in 1904. The corollary states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European Nations and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly.

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Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where T.Roosevelt mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. TR won the nobel peace prize for his efforts, the 1st pres. to do so.

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The Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 was an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration, and Japan would not allow further emigration to the U.S. The goal was to reduce tensions between the two powerful Pacific nations. The agreement was never ratified by Congress, which in 1924 ended it.
Treated Japanese as second class citizens

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It was a Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine; stated that non-European powers could not own territory in the Western Hemisphere.

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Wilson's commitment to the ideals of democracy and peace was shared by William Jennings Bryan (secretary of state). Bryan's pet project was to negotiate treaties in which nations pledged to 1. submit disputes to international commissions and 2. observe a one-year cooling-off period before taking military action.

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This was a method of ensuring protection and peace between other countries and America by investing money in foreign outlets developed by President Taft. By investing in foreign countries, American could push its political and commercial interests. The US would loan money to foreign countries in exchange for some form of financial control in the foreign country. This policy would improve the relationship between the US and foreign countries as well as US trade. Philander Knox was a supporter of this. Taft used this policy (successfully and unsuccessfully) in China, East Asia, and the Dominican Republican (among others).

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In American diplomacy, the traditional belief that the United States should refrain from involvement in overseas politics, alliances, or wars, and confine its national security interst to its own borders.

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The Central Powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. They formed prior to the Triple Entente and were called the Triple Alliance.

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The Allied Powers consisted of France, Russia, and Great Britain during WWI. The alliance was created in 1907 and was called the Triple Entente.

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Sunk in 1915 by a German submarine. 139 American killed. Forced Germany to stop submarine warfare.

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The Zimmermann Telegram was a telegram from Germany's foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmermann, to Mexico. In return for Mexico joining the Central Powers, Germany would help recover the territories that Mexico had lost to the U.S. The telegram was intercepted by the U.S. and caused them to join the Allied Powers.

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American Expeditionary Force was the first American ground troops to reach the European front. Commanded by Pershing, they began arriving in France in the summer of 1917.

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these recruits were supposed to receive 6 months of training in America and 2 more overseas, but the urgency was so great that many of these boys were swept swiftly into battle scarcely knowing how to handle a rifle

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A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield. , Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

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the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations

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Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons

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Part of Versailles Treaty. Great step forward from international anarchy of 1914. U.S. Never Joined - Senate Wouldn't Ratify Despite Best Efforts of Woodrow Wilson. Germany did not join until 1926. Russia joined in 1934. League would only be as powerful as powers would allow it to be . Started operations in 1920 at HQ in Geneva, Switzerland.

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the reduction of state armed forces, it is the opposite of militarization in many respects

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the act of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war

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This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45.

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created 1917 - It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

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Propaganda was a form of advertising that tried to promote democracy, national unity, and the integration of immigrants. Propaganda focused of patriotism and was spread by the Committee on Public Information.

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Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort

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The WPB converted and expanded peacetime industries to meet war needs, allocated scarce materials vital to war production, established priorities in the distribution of materials and services, and prohibited nonessential production.

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The Red Scare was the fear of Socialism and radical takeover after WWI. The influx of pro-socialist immigrants scared Americans. The Communist movement in the U.S. lost many followers during this time. The media blamed many of the nation's problems on the Communist radicals.

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Political belief in promoting social and economic equality through the ownership and control of the major means of production by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations

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is an economic system in which the distribution of property and resources is primarily controlled by the government

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The advocacy of stateless society achieved by revolutionary means. Feared for their views anarchist became scapegoats for the 1886 Haymarket Square bombing.

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Brought forth under the Wilson administration, they stated that any treacherous act or draft dodging was forbidden, outlawed disgracing the government, the Constitution, or military uniforms, and forbade aiding the enemy.

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The Schenck vs. United States court case in 1919 reenforced the conviction of Charles Schenck. Schenck was an official of the Socialist Party and encouraged people to resist joining the army, and as a result, was arrested. This case demonstrated the limit on freedom of speech.

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The Palmer Raids were a series of raids led by A. Mitchell Palmer, the Attorney General. Palmer's men raided radical organizations. On New Years 1920, Palmer captured about 6,000 radicals.

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Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

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movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

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newcomers from Europe were restricted at any year to a quota, which was set at 3% of the people of their nationality who lived in the U.S. in 1910.

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cut the quota down to 2% and the origins base was shifted to that of 1890, when few southeastern Europeans lived in America.