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een, my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow... I maintain that the Ewells started it all... I said if he wanted to take a broad view of the thing, it really began with Andrew Jackson" (Lee 1). Scout mentions Andrew Jackson to send a sign to the reader about the time period the story takes place in and foreshadowing future conflicts. Andrew Jackson was the 7th US President and was known for the trail of tears which was caused when he refused to enforce a Supreme Court ruling that Georgia had no authority over Native American Tribal lands. Scout mentions Jackson because without him "Simon Finch would never have paddled up Alabama and where would we be if he hadn't?" (Lee 1).

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To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee is narrated by an older Scout so lots of foreshadowing is used. In the first chapter, she mentions that Jem, her older brother, broke his arm when he was thirteen. She states "When he was nearly thirteen, my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow... I maintain that the Ewells started it all... I said if he wanted to take a broad view of the thing, it really began with Andrew Jackson" (Lee 1). Scout mentions Andrew Jackson to send a sign to the reader about the time period the story takes place in and foreshadowing future conflicts. Andrew Jackson was the 7th US President and was known for the trail of tears which was caused when he refused to enforce a Supreme Court ruling that Georgia had no authority over Native American Tribal lands. Scout mentions Jackson because without him "Simon Finch would never have paddled up Alabama and where would we be if he hadn't?" (Lee 1).

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Chapter 31: Explain what Scout sees when she “stands on the Radley front porch.” How does this scene relate to the novel as a whole? What does Harper Lee want the reader to acknowledge at the end of the book? EMPATHY

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Chapter 31: Explain what Scout sees when she “stands on the Radley front porch.” How does this scene relate to the novel as a whole? What does Harper Lee want the reader to acknowledge at the end of the book? EMPATHY

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Scout realizes that Radley isn’t the ghost she imagined and when she escorts Boo home she takes a look at the neighborhood from a different perspective. After Boo goes inside she takes a look at her street and states “ I turned to go home. Street lights winked down the street all the way to town. I had never seen our neighborhood from this angle. There were Miss Maudie’s, Miss Stephanie’s - there were our houses, I could see the porch swing- Miss Rachel’s house was beyond us, plainly visible. I could even see Mrs. Dubose’s” (Lee 320). Scout realizes that Boo sees the world differently and she has to have empathy for his situation. Harper Lee wants the reader to acknowledge that everyone is different and you have to have empathy for other views.

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Chapter 27-31:Why does Scout compare this event to “shooting a mockingbird” (Lee  317)?  What does Scout ultimately realize? 

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Chapter 27-31:Why does Scout compare this event to “shooting a mockingbird” (Lee  317)?  What does Scout ultimately realize? 

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Scout realizes that exposing Boo Radley to the public would be like shootin a mockingbird. Harming Boo Radley would mean harming the innocent.

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What does Heck Tate mean when he says “let the dead bury the dead” (Lee 317)?

Heck Tate means that Bob Ewell is responsible for the death of Tom Robinson and doesn’t deserve justice. While Atticus protests this he understands that Bob doesn’t deserve to live and hence the statement “let the dead bury the dead”.

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Chapter 27-31:What really happened as Jem and Scout were walking home from the pageant? How does this event allow the book to “come full circle” (i.e., end where it started)?

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Chapter 27-31:What really happened as Jem and Scout were walking home from the pageant? How does this event allow the book to “come full circle” (i.e., end where it started)?

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Bob Ewell attacks Scout and Jem in a costume then supposdly commits suicide. Scout and Jem make it home safely. He was actually killed by Boo Radley.

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Chapter 24: How does this chapter help readers better understand the social norms of Maycomb, especially in relation to the town’s women? How is Alexandra finally made a bit more “complex”?

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Chapter 24: How does this chapter help readers better understand the social norms of Maycomb, especially in relation to the town’s women? How is Alexandra finally made a bit more “complex”?

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In this chapter, Alexandria invites her missionary circle to tea. They discuss the Mrunas, an African tribe, being converted to Christianity. They also discuss how Black servants have behaved differently since the trial. Scout watches as Alexandria tags along and is bewildered by this. Suddenly Atticus comes in and tells Calpurnia, Mrs. Maddie, Jem, and Alexandria that Tom Robinson was shot to death 17 times. Atticus takes Calpurnia to break the news to Tom’s wife. Alexandria breaks down and states “I mean this town. They’re perfectly willing to let him do what they’re afraid to do themselves- it might lose 'em’ a nickel. They’re perfectly willing to let him do what they’re afraid to do” (Lee 269). In the past Alexandria was portrayed as the mean and arrogant aunt who disliked Scout and Jem. Scout sees firsthand that Alexandria is also human and looks up to her as a role model when she goes back in and talks with her missionary circle in a calm manner. This chapter also shows that Atticus is the unofficial “leader” of the town. Whenever any difficult task comes up Atticus is automatically looked up to as the man who will complete it.

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Chapter 26: How is hypocrisy (very obviously) shown in this chapter? Relate it to the myriad events up until now (think beyond the obvious!)?

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Chapter 26: How is hypocrisy (very obviously) shown in this chapter? Relate it to the myriad events up until now (think beyond the obvious!)?

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In this chapter Miss Gates, Scout’s third grade teacher, lectures the class on the evils of Hitler’s persecution of the Jews in Europe. When discussing this with Jem Scout points out  “Well, coming out of the courthouse that night Miss Gates was - she was going down the steps in front of us, you musta not seen her - she was talking with Miss Stephanie Crawford. I heard her it’s time somebody taught ‘em (Blacks) a lesson” (Lee 283). Jem doesn’t take this seriously and gets mad at Scout for bringing up the trial. On the other hand we see that Scout’s worldview is developing and he is learning to take things with a grain of salt.

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Chapter 25: What’s your reaction to Maycomb’s reactions to the unfortunate events that just occurred?

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Chapter 25: What’s your reaction to Maycomb’s reactions to the unfortunate events that just occurred?

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Like most news, the human reaction is to make a big deal out of it for a couple of days and move on. The news of Robinsons death rocks the town for a couple of days until most move on. The town’s reaction is expected as the time period is different and the culture is different.

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Chapter 25: What’s the significance of the bug scene here? How does this (so very obviously and not so very obviously) relate to other events/situations in the story so far?

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Chapter 25: What’s the significance of the bug scene here? How does this (so very obviously and not so very obviously) relate to other events/situations in the story so far?

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In this chapter, gender roles come into play when Scout is about to smash a roly-poly bug when Jem stops her. His reasoning is that the bug has done nothing to harm her and in return she should not harm the bug. Scout notices that Jem and not her is the one acting more like a girl. Whether or not this due to Atticus’s teachings or external factors is besides the point. Lee puts this scene in so that the bug represents people at the bottom of the social ladder and Scout at the top. She sends the message that it is important to treat others the way you want to be treated.

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How does this chapter help readers better understand the social norms of Maycomb, especially in relation to the town’s women? How is Alexandra finally made a bit more “complex”?

In this chapter, Alexandria invites her missionary circle to tea. They discuss the Mrunas, an African tribe, being converted to Christianity. They also discuss how Black servants have behaved differently since the trial. Scout watches as Alexandria tags along and is bewildered by this. Suddenly Atticus comes in and tells Calpurnia, Mrs. Maddie, Jem, and Alexandria that Tom Robinson was shot to death 17 times. Atticus takes Calpurnia to break the news to Tom’s wife. Alexandria breaks down and states “I mean this town. They’re perfectly willing to let him do what they’re afraid to do themselves- it might lose 'em’ a nickel. They’re perfectly willing to let him do what they’re afraid to do” (Lee 269). In the past Alexandria was portrayed as the mean and arrogant aunt who disliked Scout and Jem. Scout sees firsthand that Alexandria is also human and looks up to her as a role model when she goes back in and talks with her missionary circle in a calm manner. This chapter also shows that Atticus is the unofficial “leader” of the town. Whenever any difficult task comes up Atticus is automatically looked up to as the man who will complete it.

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Chapter 23: Why is this “Jem’s Chapter”? Keep in mind he’s (obviously) not the only character in it, but some may argue this chapter revolves around him. Why?

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Chapter 23: Why is this “Jem’s Chapter”? Keep in mind he’s (obviously) not the only character in it, but some may argue this chapter revolves around him. Why?

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In this chapter Jem grows two chest hairs which bolsters his ego. He declares that in the fall he will be trying out for the football team. He states “under my arms too … goin out for football next year. Don’t let aunty aggravate you” (Lee 257) . This quote shows that Jem’s transformation to a man has begun and he is starting to develop a rebellious mindset. With this mindset comes a more developed view of the world and Jem goes on to tell Scout “There’s four types of people in this world. There’s the ordinary kind like us and the neighbors, there’s the kind like the Cunninghams out in the woods, and the kind like the Ewells down at the dump, and the negroes” (Lee 258). Scout  questions this assertion and by the end of the chapter Jem wonders why each group hates the other. Lee does a good job of showing the development of Jem and passing down Atticus’s maturity and mindset.

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Atticus starts off the story with strong moral values and ends with the same values. Unlike Scout, Atticus's character didn't develop but was rather tested to see if he would hold. Anyone can say they believe something, but sticking to their beliefs when times are tough are two different things. Throughout the story, Atticus didn't resort to violence and instead took the most peaceful route. Even when the town was against him Atticus defended Robinson with all his heart. At the beginning of the story Scout and Jem were embarrassed by Atticus and at the end they idolized him.

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At the beginning of the story, Scout is a quiet girl who is just entering the world. She is unaware of any evils and has yet to through any life-changing events. However, Atticus is there to guide her and Scout quickly learns that everything is not all good or bad. By the end of the story, she has developed unique qualities. She learns to read before school starts and fights boys without fear. When the novel ends she is only 8 years old but her perspective of society has changed dramatically. Scout is an example of the effects of good parenting.

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As Heck Tate investigates the incident the gang realizes that it was Boo Radley who killed Bob Ewell. While Atticus wants to take legal action Heck wants to cover up the entire incident. His reasoning being that Bob was the one responsible for Robinson's death. The story ends when Atticus is reading to Scout and the author leaves no clues as to what's to happen next. With Ewell's death, the case comes to a complete close and Scout is reassured the evil will always be met with good.

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Following Robinson's death, the publicity of the case dials down. Tom's wife, Helen, passes out even before the news reaches her steps. Mr. Underwood writes a long editorial explaining and condemning the death of Tom Robinson. Meanwhile, Bob Ewell reacts in a nasty manner stating "one down and about two more to go". Atticus goes on to assure the family that Bob Ewell is not serious about his threats

In chapter 26 Dill has left and school has started. Miss Gates, the third-grade teacher, is explaining what is going on in Europe and the horrors of Hitler's genocide of Jews. Scout is quick to point out the hypocrisy in this statement as after the trial Miss Gates had made racial comments.

In chapter 27 Ewell continues to make unwarranted claims and threatens Atticus and the family. The author dedicates a good portion of the later chapters to heighten the suspense in the town.

Finally In chapter 28, on the way home Jem and Scout get attacked by Bob Ewell and sustain minor injuries. Heck Tate finds Bob Ewell dead under a tree by suicide.

You have to believe in a cause to fully fight for it. Bob Ewell was fighting for his own sanity but in the end, knew he was in the wrong. This drove him to commit suicide. In a movie, if the villain succeeds he or she will not be happy in the end because they genuinely know they are in the wrong.

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In this chapter, Tom Robinson attempts to escape from jail and is shot 17 times. Atticus doesn't show it but is heartbroken. These events show how a tragic event can drive an honest man like Tom Robinson to hell.

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Following the trial, Atticus starts working on an appeal. During this time Tom is sent to a prison far from Maycomb. If Atticus's appeal doesn't go through then Tom will have to go to the electric chair which means certain death. Ewell threatens the Finch family, but Atticus isn't worried. Atticus isn't the only one who is fighting the verdict and one of the juries (Walter Cunningham)  wanted to acquit.

This chapter shows that even in the darkest of times things can turn around. While he still lost the case Atticus received lots of gifts from the Black community.  Walter Cunningham was part of the mob that showed up to hang Tom Robinson and during the trial, his opinions changed. While Robinson will probably go to jail these series of events inspire hope.

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In this chapter, the Finch family is left wondering if a verdict will be decided in the defense's favor. While Dill is confident of a victory Jem is unsure. Sure enough, the jury finds Robinson guilty. Despite this loss, the Black community thanks Atticus and delivers food to the Finch household as a thank-you gift.

The contrast between Atticus and the Black community is shown as Atticus thinks he is just doing his civic duty the Black community is extremely grateful and delivers loads of food to the Finch household.

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In this chapter, the children meet Mr. Dolphus Raymond. Raymond is a rich White man with a Black mistress. He is disowned by the White community and he pretends to be drunk to further the notion that he is mentally ill and not all there. Raymond is an example of an outlier and when Scout and Dill meet him they are presented with a different view of Maycomb society.

The trial is just about done and Atticus makes a convincing finish. As mentioned before Robinson is paralyzed and it's unlikely that he beat Mayella. Indeed, Atticus puts Bob Ewell in the spotlight and questions his character. A blind man could see that the Ewells were full of it and Atticus closes off by asking for a verdict in his favor.

The fact that Atticus has to ask the court to look at the case through the lenses of character and not race is ludicrous. Despite all the evidence and an outstanding performance by Atticus, the state is 50/50 on what they should decide. Decades later we see MLK preach the importance of "judging a man by the content of his character, and not by the color of his skin".

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Jim Crow laws come into play when the court finds out that Tom Robinson was alone with Mayella. Robinson's character is such that he is hardworking and moral and this proves dangerous when he goes inside the Ewell household to help Mayella. In Maycomb, the social stratification period is such that the poorest White man or woman ranks higher than the richest Black man or woman. Robinson is a nice man in a mean world and this proves to be fatal.

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In this chapter, Atticus exposes Mayella and the things that go on in the Ewell household. Atticus questions Mayella about the rape and plays his ace of spades when he shows Tom Robinsons' disability. Atticus continues to fire on all cylinders until Mayella finally breaks down. Finch makes it clear to the jury that Bob Ewell is not a good man and was responsible for Mayella's injuries.

Jim Crow laws also come into play when the court finds out that Tom Robinson was alone with Mayella. Robinson's character is such that he is hardworking and moral and this proves dangerous when he helps Mayella. He is a nice person in a mean world.

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In chapter 17 Mr. Gilmer (the prosecutor) questions Heck Tate about Mayella Ewell. Tate asserts that no doctor was called and Mayella's injuries were mostly on the right side of the face. As discussed earlier in the book a right-hand man would target the left side of a face and a left-hand man would target the right side of a face. Seeing how Tom Robinson is crippled we understand that it isn't likely that Robinson is the culprit but rather Bob Ewell. The author shows her in-depth knowledge of court cases by including this subtle detail

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After the jury found out Tom Robinson was paralyzed I thought it would have been a done deal. There is no way a paralyzed man could rape someone and the fact that the trial took so long is crazy.

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In this chapter we see the relation between the Scottsboro Trials and the Maycomb trials.   In Maycomb the case of Tom Robinson is the first of any rape case in Maycomb. Most of the town is gathered by the courtyard and the event is treated as a once in a lifetime occasion. This really shows the disparity between Blacks and Whites and who received benefits and who didn't. If a White person had been accused of rape then the trial would have gone without a hitch. During this time a series of economic programs called the New Deal were initiated by the federal government. The New Deal only benefited White people in a time of economic hardship for all races. Going further Atticus will be fighting an uphill battle as the jury and the judge are all biased.

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In this chapter we see that court cases about rape in the South are not really seen. In Maycomb the case of Tom Robinson is the first of any rape case in Maycomb. We see most of the town is gathered by the courtyard. The event is treated as a once in a lifetime occasion. This really shows the disparity between Blacks and Whites and who received benefits and who didn't The New Deal only benefited White people in a time of economic hardship.

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Atticus faces a mob with ten or twelve armed white men. In the middle of this dilemma Scout, Dill, and Jem run in the middle of it. This incident shows that mob mentality can be used as a tool for the masses and you can't be on the minority side with no weapon. Atticus was lucky to have Mr. Underwood with a shotgun.

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The Scottsboro trials have deepened my understanding of the justice system in the early 20th century.  As Atticus is preparing for the trial of Tom Robinson I realize that the odds are heavily stacked against him. During the Scottsboro trials the all White jury does not pay attention to any of the defense's evidence. Even the judge felt uneasy about the verdict and knew something had gone horribly wrong. This trial has helped me realize that every nation was built on a dark history and while modern America's justice system has advanced we mustn't take advantage of it. The news of the Scottsboro boys spread like bush fire and propaganda played an important role in determining the verdict. Whenever an issue arises we must look at it with a fresh mind and examine all sides of the story. However, in the book, Atticus will be fighting an uphill battle.

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In this chapter Jem and Scout are caught in the crossfire of Atticus's job. The trial of Tom Robinson is coming up and Scout tries to learn more and asks questions about "rape" to Atticus. Alexandra disciplines Scout and says that she is not allowed to go to Church. Alexandra is portrayed as an evil overarching figure in the book and Scout and Jem develop strategies to handle her.

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The concepts of gender roles and gender identity are furthered in this chapter when Aunt Alexandra moves to Maycomb to stay with the kids to make sure they have a "feminine influence". Scout suggests that she has no interest in clothes and won't have an interest in boys until she is older. Throughout the chapter Alexandra becomes more accustomed to the Maycomb way of life and she goes even further to characterize every family. However, Jem and Scout don't care about the values of each family and the divide between Alexandria and the kids only grows.

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In this chapter, Jem is older and has become more aware of the world around him. He demands that he be treated as a twelve-year-old. He joins the status quo and tells Scout to stop annoying him and be more like a girl. Gender Identity comes into play and Jem falls prey to the gender roles assigned in Maycomb. Scout looks to Dill and Atticus for entertainment but ironically both would be unavailable. Dill's mom remarries and Dill won't come to Maycomb for the summer. Meanwhile, Atticus is a member of the state assembly which is called into session causing Atticus to travel to Montgomery every couple of weeks. As a girl, Scout is expected to do house chores and act like a typical housewife. Earlier in the story Scout was told to quit wearing jeans and start wearing shorts as she was becoming older. Scout is an example of someone who stood up to the status quo; she would be classified "an anomaly" by her fellow townspeople.

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In this chapter Jem has reached the age of 12 and demands that he be treated as a twelve year old.

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In the video Mr. Rogers is portrayed as a saint: loving, caring, and helpful. To further this representation of Mr. Rogers the directors put a lot of thought into the words and actions that actors said and did. There was also a segment for a Civil Rights activist who explained the lengths people would go to separate White and Black folks. In one instance a man poured chemicals into a community pool to bar Black children from using it.

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The Great Depression lasted throughout the 1930s and part of the 1940s. During this time of economic stagnation, banks closed and people lost all their savings. Harper Lee's "How to Kill a Mockingbird" takes place in a rural southern town during the 1930s. An already isolated town is pushed further into desperation and take it out on people of color. A racial wealth gap expands even further and the New Deal does little to help Black people.

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Throughout the story Atticus provides his kids with life long moral lessons. In chapter 11, Jem loses his temper and destroys Mrs. Dubose’s camellia bush in a rage. As a punishment Atticus makes him read to Mrs. Dubose for two hours each day the entire month. Mrs. Dubose pases away after the punishment is over. Atticus explains to Jem “I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It’s when you know you’re licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what. You rarely win, but sometimes you do". Harper Lee shows the importance of treating others with respect even when you aren’t getting treated with respect.

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In Chapter 10 the children learn that Atticus is a good shot and are shocked to realize they never knew this. It is not the children’s fault they didn’t know this but it was Atticus’s humbleness. When Atticus is forced to shoot Tim he tries to refuse but ends up doing so. This shows that while Atticus had a wide array of skills at his disposal he only used them when he had to. Harper Lee shows the importance of humbleness and resourcefulness in this chapter. It is important to be diversified but only use your skills when you need to.

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Throughout the story Lee uses a variety of words to describe the setting and the mood around race. While the “n word” is a horrible word and should not be used it is important for people to know the meaning behind it. Lee consistently uses the words throughout the story and that helps demonstrate the strong racist mood against Blacks. When Scout and Jem pass by Mrs. Dubose's house she viciously yells “Your father's no better than the n——rs and trash he works for!" This shows that folks constantly threw the word around like it was a tennis ball. All in all, Lee does a good job of showing the mood around race.

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The image of Atticus taking the moral high ground is furthered when he greats Mrs. Dubose politely even though the teacher disrespected Jem and Scout. Scout and Jem are harassed by kids at school but Atticus tells them that they should live with doing this.

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In Chapter 10 Scout still thinks she is cowardly because she is following Atticus's request, this shows her misunderstanding of what bravery is. Even today people think there is one way to do stuff and anyone who tries something different is made fun off. This comes up again when Scout and Jem think of Atticus as lazy and cowardice because they can't "see" his work.

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When talking to Atticus Jem asks if he defends black people (in n word form). Atticus says he does and tells Jem not to talk about African Americans in that way. The fact that Jem is ashamed to know that Atticus defends Black People shows the type of thinking during that time. Atticus also shows his dignity by defending Tom Robinson and implies that he should maintain the moral high ground

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In Chapter 8 Maycomb experiences the coldest weather since 1885 and Mr. Avery tells the kids that when they disobey the weather will change. This shows the power of authoritative figures and how one news network is bad. Also since snow is entirely unheard of in Maycomb shows that a storm is arising. A foreshadowing of a major disruption to Maycomb's life.

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Scout is tested and learns to put herself in others shoes, in this case Jems, and sympathize with them. Jem's assumption about the Radley's being horrible people is furthered when she confronts Nathan and he starts crying.

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In chapter 4 Scout realizes the ineffectiveness of the school system based on the fact that Atticus was educated at home and has been in the state legislature for years. Jem and Scout also ensure they aren't stealing shows their need to do the right thing. In Chapter 5 Scout tries to play with the boys but is not allowed because she is "too girly". Miss. Maudie also floats the notion that different men interpret the bible in different ways. The chapter dives deeper into the social issues of religion, gender, and trust. In chapter 6 the children realize that their assumption about the Radley's was false and they understand that everything is not black and white but sometimes gray.

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-Education
-Land Ownership
- Two Parents
- Generational Wealth

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The society in the book is extremely judgmental and the Crawfords spread rumours the Merriweathers (3rd born is mordbid, the Delafields (Lie) and the Bafords (walk like that). The Ewells (Baris), Cunninghams ( don't take money when in need) and Radleys (stay out of town affairs).

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The first 3 chapters were filled with advanced vocabulary and gave an overview of the story and set the stage for the future. We know that people in the story are uneducated, unhealthy, and not the best people. I believe the author stereotyped these people in that way to get a point across. Maycomb also has a caste system with blacks at the bottom followed by poor whites and richer whites at the top. Based on historical references I believe the story takes place anywhere after Reconstruction and before the 1930s. So I think it takes place in the 1920s or 1910s. I also believe aticus has an unkown father and simon finch is the grandpa.

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It is not that hard to move up the social pyramid. We live in an age where people are not discriminated on the basis of their race or gender. Most people that moved upward in the social hierarchy did so by engaging in the capitalist system by providing a need or want for others. Few stole the money from other people. Those that are stuck at the bottom are there because of their personal choices or generational factors like single motherhood. Almost everyone starts out at the bottom of the pyramid and they enter the world with some disadvantage. One person in a family needs to break the chain.

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If people didn't believe that the system was right then it would not last. The Caste System in India was divided into 4 groups. The American Slave Trade ended in 1865. The American Dream is achievable. A system of meritocracy based on personal merit and individual talents. The American dream is that anyone, no matter how poor, can pull themselves up for the bootstraps. It is a justification for inequality as it is an actual principle of stratification.