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Childhood apraxia of speech(CAS) is a motor speech disorder. Children with CAS have problems saying sounds, syllables, and words. This is not because of muscle weakness or paralysis. The brain has problems planning to move the body parts (e.g., lips, jaw, tongue) needed for speech

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a motor disorder caused by damage to the brain (specifically the posterior parietal cortex), in which the individual has difficulty with the motorplanning to perform tasks or movements when asked, provided that the request or command is understood and he/she is willing to perform the task.

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A speech-language pathologist (SLP) uses a combination of formal and informal assessment tools to diagnose apraxia of speech and determine the nature and severity of the condition. The assessment typically includes examinations of the individual’s oral-motor abilities, melody of speech, and speech sound production in a variety of contexts.

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There are two main types of speech apraxia: acquired apraxia of speech and developmental apraxia of speech.
-Acquired apraxia of speech can affect a person at any age, although it most typically occurs in adults. It is caused by damage to the parts of the brain that are involved in speaking, and involves the loss or impairment of existing speech abilities.
-Developmental apraxia of speech (DAS) occurs in children and is present from birth. It appears to affect more boys than girls. This speech disorder goes by several other names, including developmental verbal apraxia, developmental verbal dyspraxia, articulatory apraxia, and childhood apraxia of speech. DAS is different from what is known as a developmental delay of speech, in which a child follows the “typical” path of speech development but does so more slowly than normal.The cause or causes of DAS are not yet known.

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Adult

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An SLP can work with people with apraxia of speech to improve speech abilities and overall communication skills. The focus of intervention is on improving the planning, sequencing, and coordination of muscle movements for speech production. The muscles of speech often need to be "retrained" to produce sounds correctly and sequence sounds into words. Exercises are designed to allow the person to repeat sounds over and over and to practice correct mouth movements for sounds. The person with apraxia of speech may need to slow his or her speech rate or work on "pacing" speech so that he or she can produce all necessary sounds. In severe cases, augmentative and alternative communication may be necessary (e.g., the use of simple gestures or more sophisticated electronic equipment).

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-To diagnose developmental apraxia of speech, parents and professionals may need to observe a child’s speech over a period of time.
-In formal testing for both acquired and developmental apraxia, the speech-language pathologist may ask the person to perform speech tasks such as repeating a particular word several times or repeating a list of words of increasing length (for example, love, loving, lovingly).
-For acquired apraxia of speech, a speech-language pathologist may also examine a person’s ability to converse, read, write, and perform non-speech movements.
-Brain-imaging tests such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may also be used to help distinguish acquired apraxia of speech from other communication disorders in people who have experienced brain damage.

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Apraxia of speech is caused by damage to the parts of the brain that control coordinated muscle movement. A common cause of acquired apraxia is stroke (a clogged or burst artery interrupts blood flow to the brain. A stroke can cause paralysis or muscle weakness, loss of feeling, speech and language problems, memory and reasoning problems, swallowing difficulties, problems of vision and visual perception, coma, and even death.)
Other causes include traumatic brain injury, dementia, brain tumors, and progressive neurological disorders.

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difficulty imitating and producing speech sounds, marked by speech errors such as sound distortions, substitutions, and/or omissions;

inconsistent speech errors;

groping of the tongue and lips to make specific sounds and words;

slow speech rate;

impaired rhythm and prosody (intonation) of speech;

better automatic speech (e.g., greetings) than purposeful speech;

inability to produce any sound at all in severe cases.

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-Aphasia is caused by any injury, lesion, tumor or infection that affects the left hemisphere of the brain in the frontal, temporal or parietal lobes.
-disability with communication which involves how we use language. It affects the ability to process language. This means there exists a problem in either of the two ways in which we communicate – receiving of information (through reading, hearing and visual) and expression of information (through speaking and writing).
-Apraxia may occur from damage caused to the motor speech area also known as Broca’s area.
-patients suffer not from the ability to come up with the right word/term but are unable to activate their speech muscles to form those words. So they may know exactly what they want to say and have the word ready for it, but their speech motor abilities deceive them.

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Individuals with apraxia of speech know what words they want to say, but their brains have difficulty coordinating the muscle movements necessary to say all the sounds in the words. As a result, they may say something completely different or make up words (e.g., "bipem" or "chicken" for “kitchen"). The person may recognize the error and try again—sometimes getting it right, but sometimes saying something else entirely. This situation can become quite frustrating for the person.

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Individuals with apraxia of speech know what words they want to say, but their brains have difficulty coordinating the muscle movements necessary to say all the sounds in the words. As a result, they may say something completely different or make up words (e.g., "bipem" or "chicken" for “kitchen"). The person may recognize the error and try again—sometimes getting it right, but sometimes saying something else entirely. This situation can become quite frustrating for the person.

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Apraxia is a poorly understood neurological condition. People who have it find it difficult or impossible to make certain motor movements, even though their muscles are normal.With apraxia of speech a person finds it difficult or impossible to move his or her mouth and tongue to speak. This happens, even though the person has the desire to speak and the mouth and tongue muscles are physically able to form words.

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Apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder. The messages from the brain to the mouth are disrupted, and the person cannot move his or her lips or tongue to the right place to say sounds correctly, even though the muscles are not weak. The severity of apraxia depends on the nature of the brain damage. Apraxia can occur in conjunction with dysarthria (muscle weakness affecting speech production) or aphasia (language difficulties related to neurological damage). Apraxia of speech is also known as acquired apraxia of speech, verbal apraxia, and dyspraxia.

Children can also have apraxia, referred to as childhood apraxia of speech.