# data[].attributes.body
Clark, D. (1997, May 11). Leadership models. Retrieved February 24, 2017, from     http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadermodels.html

Hellston, L., Noonan, Preston, J. & Prytula M. (2013). Principals' perceptions of assessment leadership: A study of the assessment practices of
school principals in saskatchewan (Canada). International Studies in Educational Administration. 40. pp.57-75

Owings, W. & Kaplan L. (2012). Leadership and organizational behavior in education. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Pearson.

# data[].attributes.body
The Multiple Frames Theory appears to be based mostly on social services and less on formal theoretical ideas. It fails to consider gender in leadership when researchers have found distinct differences between male and female school leaders. More than one frame might need to be applied to a situation at the same time. "For instance, meetings can be viewed from structural, human resources, and symbolic frames (Owings & Kaplan, 2012, p.77)." Too much reliance on one frame would be inadequate (Clark, 1997).

# data[].attributes.body
The symbolic frame is the cultural lens, through which the school leader looks at the spirit and mission of the school and seeks to unite teachers, students, parents and the community behind  a shared set of beliefs and values that direct behavior and promote loyalty to the school. This approach works best when goals are unclear (Hellsten, Noonan, Preston & Prytula, 2013).

# data[].attributes.body
The political frame is a practical lens through which a school leader looks at the politics within a school with regard to competing groups and interests.  The school leader uses compromise and negotiation to allocate resources among these competing groups. This approach works best when goals are in conflict, or resources are limited (Hellsten, Noonan, Preston & Prytula, 2013).

# data[].attributes.body
The human resource frame is the emotional lens through which the school leader looks subjectively at the needs, feelings,  and abilities of people, with the goal of helping people to do their job. This approach works well when employee morale is a. priority ( Hellsten, Noonan, Preston & Prytula, 2013).

# data[].attributes.body
The structural frame is a division's line of authority lens through which the school leader looks at the rules and policies affecting teachers, students, parents, administrators, and community members This approach works best when there are clear goals (Hellsten, Noonan, Preston & Prytula, 2013).

# data[].attributes.body
Lee Bolman and Terrence Deal (2008), contend that the world has become a much more complicated and multi-faceted place, requiring a school leader to look at the challenges they face in multiple ways. In addition, schools' organizations differ, depending on the context in which they exist. The needs of an urban inner-city school are vastly different than those of a small rural school. For that reason, school leaders must be able to see their organization through multiple lenses, or frames. Bolman and Deal (2008), identified four frames through which school leaders see their organization: the structural frame, the human resource frame, the political frame, and the symbolic frame. This organizational theory goes "beyond narrow and mechanical thinking to a more expressive, artistic conception that encourages flexibility, creativity, and interpretation (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p100)." When faced with different situations, school leaders must be able to adapt their way thinking to understand and successfully address situations as they arise (Owings & Kaplan, 2012).