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A Cyntia fala como os Brasileiros usam diferentes palavras da língua inglesa as quais eles não usam da maneira correta. A lista de estas palavras incluem shopping, pen drive, show, notebook, site, ect. Eu acho interessantíssimo como uma população de pessoas podem usar palavras de uma lingua diferente, é usar-as incorrectamente.

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Palavras em inglês que usamos errado no português

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Oi pessoal, tudo bom? O inglês já ta tão inserido no nosso dia dia que as vezes nem percebemos que usamos palavras do inglês como notebook e pen drive. Mas o problema é que as vezes usamos de maneira errada, sim. Vem cá que eu te explico melhor!

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Os Estados Unidos tem muitas marcas de roupa e companhias famosas no mundo todo. O inglês nao sendo a língua principal do Brasil, causa problemas quando a população tenta pronunciar os nomes das marcas estrangeiras.Este vídeo mostra como um nativo de belo horizonte pronunciar certas marcas americanas cujos nomes estão em inglês.

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13 Marcas Famosas que Pronunciamos Errado em inglês - Bônus: 4 Cantores/Banda | MrTeacherPaulo

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Comida rápida americana ganhou muita popularidade em todo o mundo, e com ele o nome desses alimentos também se espalharam. Este vídeo é de um cara que brinca restaurantes de fast food falando com caixas brasileiros em inglês. Os caixas tentaram manter-se, mas muitos deles não conseguem fazê-lo.

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GRINGO NO DRIVETHRU da BOBS,McDONALDS e BURGUER KING

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CLICA AQUI E LEIA ISSO AQUI EMBAIXO SE VOCÊ É BOM! Qual lanchonete se saiu melhor? Inscreva-se! http://goo.gl/zi3sh VÍDEO CATEGORIA: VÍDEO MAIS NOVO: CANAL SECUNDÁRIO! http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAyHFzVrcP4guEljR7cLyOA?sub_confirmation=1 Nos siga! INSTAGRAM! www.instagram.com/maioneseproducoes www.instagram.com/mauromonezi FACEBOOK! www.facebook.com/maioneseproducoes www.facebook.com/mauromonezi SNAPCHAT! mauromonezi larymmoura TWITTER! www.twitter.com/canalmaionese www.twitter.com/mauromonezi Maionese Produções é um canal com vídeos bem diferentes.

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O gênero musical do rap tem ganhado muita popularidade em todo o mundo. Graças ao artista como 50 Cents e outros, o gênero transformou-se de uma forma local de expressão para um movimento global. O Rappers tendem a usar palavras que têm um forte significado, e neste vídeo duos amigos falam sobre esso.

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NÃO FALE a palavra N*GGA (com Raiam dos Santos)

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Tem um a palavra em Inglês que é muito feio e nao dever estar falado. A historia vem os tempos de escravidão. Trouxe meu amigo Raiam para explicar.

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Em este reportagem ao vivo de Bom Dia Brasil em TV Oglobo sei fala sobre os sotaques Paulistanos no Brasil. Muitos Brasileiros que nao sao de Sao Paulo acham que o sotaque Paulistano pega um pouco forte, ou em outra palavras a pronúncia e amplificada. Muitos ciudadanos maiores Paulista pensam que o sotaque vai desaparecer nas próximas gerações.

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Sotaque é característica marcante dos paulistanos

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Sotaque é característica marcante dos paulistanos

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Em este reportagem Dos Sotaques do Brasil!, que foi transmitido por o canal de televisão Oglobo, as Ss mascadas. Os professores Brasileiros que exploraram este tipo de sotaque no Brasil encontraram 3 regiões as quais pronunciam a S chiada, aquelas sao Rio de Janeiro, Belém, e Florianópolis. Todos estas cidades têm em comum grandes migrações de Portugueses, ja seja de Portugal continental ou as Ilhas de Açores.

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jornal hoje - sotaques do brasil o maior número de pessoas disputam o falar do brasileiro.

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Jornal Hoje - Sotaques do Brasil O maior número de pessoas disputam o falar do brasileiro.

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"Esqueci o isqueiro na esquina esquerda da escola". Difícil não "chiar" nessa frase. Segundo os professores que prepararam o Atlas Linguístico do Brasil, três capitais disputam a liderança de quem fala o "S" mais chiado. O maior número de pessoas falando o "S" chiado está no Rio de Janeiro.

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Em este reportagem Dos Sotaques do Brasil!, que foi transmitido por o canal de televisão Oglobo, os temas sao o voce e o tu, as R, e donde se encurtam as palavras. A palavra Você e as simplificação da palavras vossa mercê, que foi a forma de tratar a outros com respeito antigamente. Mais em algum puntos do Brasil o pronome tu e mais popular, como Porto Alegre, Santa Catarina, e Maranhão.

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jornal hoje - sotaques do brasil mostra os jeito diferentes de falar brasileiro.

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a terceira reportagem da série mostra o je...

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Jornal Hoje - Sotaques do Brasil mostra os jeito diferentes de falar brasileiro.

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"A terceira reportagem da série mostra o jeito mineiro de encurtar as palavras e como em São Paulo o "R" se multiplica. Além disso, mostra que os pesquisadores criaram um mapa das capitais que usam o pronome "tu". A campeã foi Porto Alegre, onde de cada 10 pessoas, seis se referem ao outro como "tu".

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Em este reportagem Dos Sotaques do Brasil!, que foi transmitido por o canal de televisão Oglobo, as vogais sao o topico. O reportagem explora como as pessoas em diferentes regiões do país pronunciam a letra E e a letra O. Em alguns lugares do país trocam a pronuncia de a letra E ao final das palavras para I, e em outras regioes fazem trocam a letra O para a letra U ao final das palavras.

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Pesquisadores explicam como os brasileiros pronunciam as vogais

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Cabo Verde em um país de ilhas. A língua oficial é o Portugues, mas ninguém o fala. A população nas ilhas falam Creole, que uma mistura do Português e línguas Africanas, e cada ilha fala um Creole diferente. Em este vídeo um turista tenta aprender o Creole da ilha de Boa Vista, uma das ilhas mais belas do país.

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My attempt to learn some Cape Verdean Creole

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Em este vídeo un ciudadano de Angola fala da importância que tem as telenovelas Brasileiras em suo pais. Ele diz que a população de Angola assiste tanto as novelas do Brasil que eles entendem tudo o que os Brasileiros falam em elas, nao importando a diferenças linguísticas entre os dois países.

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Português de Angola é semelhante ao do Brasil

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Este vídeo é de um programa de noite da televisão Portuguesa na qual brincam com sotaques e personagens das diferentes regiones do pais iberico. O vídeo tem três personagens, o primeiro e da parte norte e é do campo, a segunda apresentadora é de Oporto, e o terceiro personagem é dos Açores.

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"Notícias com sotaques de Portugal" - HERMAN 2013

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Neste vídeo o apresentador, quem é de a ilha mais grande dos Açores, fala dos mal-entendidos e equívocos que gente tem sobre o sotaque das ilhas dos Açores. Ele diz que ele pessoalmente tem um sotaque Micaelense, o qual é o sotaque mais popular dos Açores porque é a cidade mais grande em a ilha mais populosa, mas não é a única ilha com suo próprio sotaque! Os Açores é composto por 8 ilhas, cada cual com sotaque diferente.

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Podes apoiar os meus vídeos por apenas $1 mês com acesso a conteúdo exclusivo e recompensas em https://www.patreon.com/helfimed ▼ SITE ► http://www.helfimed.com/ ▼ VLOGS ► http://www.youtube.com/VlogsHelfimed JOGOS ► http://www.youtube.com/user/MjimboraJogar FACEBOOK HELFIMED ► http://www.facebook.com/HelfimedHFM SNAPCHAT ► https://goo.gl/NSm3oX INSTAGRAM ► https://www.instagram.com/helfimed/ TWITTER ► http://twitter.com/helfimed Elemento Alpha ► http://goo.gl/jmMSnE T-Shirts HELFIMED ► http://goo.gl/t2tKpB

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DAS ORIGENS DA LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA A SUA EVOLUÇÃO

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DAS ORIGENS DA LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA A SUA EVOLUÇÃO Maurício Vasconcelos de Brito Mauricio_cedic@hotmail.com Walter Aparecido Gonçalves wgoncalves67@hotmail.com Resumo: O presente trabalho consiste numa pesquisa sobre a romanização e a formação das línguas, em especial a língua portuguesa. Para isso buscaremos traçar o percurso histórico ocorrido, desde o latim até ao Português.

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O português dos séculos XIII ao XVI foi denominado por Leite de Vasconcelos como português arcaico. Outros autores dividiram esse período em dois: até 1385/1420 e até 1536/1550, sendo, para Serafim da Silva Neto, trovadoresco e português comum; para Pilar Vázquez Cuesta, galego-português e português pré-clássico e para Lindley Cintra, português antigo e português médio.

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Cartola foi um músico, compositor e cantor Brasileiro de Rio de Janeiro. Ele é considerado uma figura importante no desenvolvimento do samba e tem mais de 500 canções a seu nome. Em esta ocasião ele usa frases deves de orações para expressar seus sentimentos na música. Eu acho interessantíssimo como ele pode expressar tanto sentimento em tão poucas palavras.

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PRECISO ME ENCONTRAR - Cartola - LETRAS.COM

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Cartola - Preciso Me Encontrar (Letras y canción para escuchar) - / Deixe-me ir / Preciso andar / Vou por aí a procurar / Rir pra não chorar / Se alguém por mim perguntar / Diga que eu só vou voltar / Depois que me encontrar

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Entretenimento académico para todos! Este link tem diferentes jogos da gramática portuguesa. O website tem dez diferentes jogos para praticar a língua. Os jogos são variados e vão de letras para sílabas,  advérbios, e subjuntivos. Meu jogo favorito é o carrasco, descubra qual é o seu.

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Você está em Entretenimento > Jogos

Esta seção é dedicada ao aprendizado de um jeito descontraído, estimulando a capacidade de interpretação do conteúdo a partir de jogos. Estude brincando!

Como referenciar: "Jogos de Língua Portuguesa" em Só Português. Virtuous Tecnologia da Informação, 2007-2023. Consultado em 28/03/2023 às 00:33. Disponível na Internet em https://www.soportugues.com.br/secoes/jogos.php

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Você está em Entretenimento > Jogos Esta seção é dedicada ao aprendizado de um jeito descontraído, estimulando a capacidade de interpretação do conteúdo a partir de jogos. Estude brincando! Como referenciar: "Jogos de Língua Portuguesa" em Só Português. Virtuous Tecnologia da Informação, 2007-2023. Consultado em 28/03/2023 às 00:33.

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Este vídeo e ótimo para alguém que quer aprender sobre as diferenças entre frases, orações e períodos. A professora explica, dá vários exemplos de cada um, da definições dos três términos e termina aclarando com variações dos exemplos dados ao começo do vídeo.

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Português - Sintaxe: Frase, Oração e Período

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É um cantor-compositor brasileiro, também conhecido como Rei da Música Latina ou simplesmente o Rei. O estilo de Roberto Carlos é muito interessante. Não e como outros diferentes artistas que só cantam linhas, ele canta com orações completas. Roberto tem uma conversação com a pessoa em questão.

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Roberto Carlos: Outra Vez  (Você Foi) Especial 2013

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Venha Participar você também do GRUPO Roberto Carlos News: https://www.facebook.com/groups/robertocalosnews/

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Tempos e Modos Verbais Aula de Português - Gramática para Concurso Vestibular e Enem

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Acentuação Como Usar - Novo Acordo Ortográfico - Regras de Acentuação Aula Grátis de Português

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If you have been learning Portuguese, you already know that nouns have a gender in Portuguese: they are either masculine or feminine. And you probably do not like it too much, do you? 😉

In this lesson you will learn:

1. The main rules of masculine and feminine for the gender of nouns in Portuguese

2. Some exceptions to the rules

3. A list of commons words that are masculine in Portuguese and feminine in Spanish, and vice-versa

When you are done with the gender of nouns, visit my lesson on the gender of adjectives so you can match both properly and speak beautiful Portuguese.

Do not get all stressed out about this. I know that your friends probably correct any mix up of masculine and feminine nouns, therefore you would like to get this right once and for all.

However for those who do not have this gender distinction for nouns in their own languages, there will likely always be a word here and there that you mix up.

When you are in a spontaneous conversation, your brain is processing so many things at the same time that it might let a masculine escape in place of a feminine or vice-versa, even when you know the rules. It is OK. Really.

Learn the rules. Practice them. You will get better with time. But do not get too upset if you get a word wrong here and there. Your ability to communicate well does not depend on the gender of nouns.

Below are a few rules that will help you.

A couple of very common exceptions:

There are exceptions:

Here is a common exception:

There are exceptions. Some nouns ending in "or" are feminine:

This might be counter intuitive because of the "a" at the end:

It is almost the same as in Spanish.

However some nouns are masculine in Portuguese, but feminine in Spanish. Here are some commonly used examples:

And some nouns are feminine in Portuguese and masculine in Spanish. Some common words:

The book Ponto de Encontro brings a longer list of these words. It is a great book. I wrote a review of Ponto de Encontro. Visit it here.

If you are a Spanish speaker, you can also check out the book Pois não: Brazilian Portuguese Course for Spanish Speakers. It is pretty dense and not very easy to read (small font, not many pictures), but it is very informative.

The trick to speaking good Portuguese comfortably is practice.

There is no practice more effective than one-on-one lessons with instructors who are trained to help you learn Portuguese well at any level of your language journey.

The Street Smart Brazil Portuguese instructors are:

Native Brazilian Portuguese speakers

Fluent in English and additional languages

College-educated

Trained professionals with work experience in Brazil and abroad

Book a Trial Lesson with us to see the difference it makes when you learn with the right professionals.

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Feel Comfortable with the Gender of Nouns in Portuguese | Street Smart Brazil

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If you have been learning Portuguese, you already know that nouns have a gender in Portuguese: they are either masculine or feminine. And you probably do not like it too much, do you?

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If you've been practicing your Portuguese, by now you know that we use diminutives quite often. We talk about uma cervejinha, um cineminha, or uma mãozinha all the time. It's a lot of and , right?

And why is it important to learn how to use diminutives?

Because diminutives communicate much more than just size. If you don't know how to use them, you might miss what your friend or coworker actually said. In addition, you can be more effective in your communications when you know how and when to use diminutives.

In this lesson you will learn:

1. How to use diminutives and all the meanings they can communicate

2. How to form the diminutives

You might be surprised with all the different ideas that a diminutive can communicate, from size to dislikes.

I have a cultural note for you at the end of the lesson.

Here is the video:

I am going to start with how to use diminutives, even before you learn how to form diminutive words, because this is the fun part 🙂

Additionally, as you see diminutives in use, you will get a feel for how they sound and how useful they are. Then it is easier to look at rules and fine tune your knowledge.

Diminutives literally translate to English by placing the word "little" before the original word. However, the use of diminutives is not always associated with size. You can have a tall and strong friend that everyone calls Paulinho.

We can communicate the following ideas by using the diminutive.

1. Small size

Imagine that you are walking down the street and you see one of those tiny, super cute dogs. You can say:

Que cachorrinho tão fofo! = What a cute little dog.

2. Affection

Diminutives are often used to refer to people you like.

Você é meu anjinho. = You are my little angel.

Gosto muito de você, Leãozinho. = I like you very much, little lion. This phrase is from Caetano Veloso's song Leãozinho.

3. Irony or sarcasm

Diminutives are a common way to express irony or sarcasm, as in the example below:

Posso imaginar a casinha onde Bill Gates mora. = I can imagine the "little" house where Bill Gates lives.

I don't know Bill Gate's house, but I bet is isn't a small place, right?

4. Putting something or someone down

Este é um jornalzinho sem qualidade. = This is a bad quality newspaper.

This newspaper may be the biggest in the country. The use of a diminutive here is not about size. The tone of the speaker will help you understand that s/he does not like the newspaper.

5. Lessening the importance of something

Estou com uma dorzinha de cabeça chata. = I have a minor headache that is bothering me.

6. Emphasizing something

Preciso acordar bem cedinho amanhã. = I need to wake up very early tomorrow.

7. We often use the diminutive because it sounds friendly and informal

Pode me dar uma mãozinha? = Can you give me a hand?

I might be asking for a huge favor and still use mãozinha. It makes the request more friendly and smoother.

Vamos pegar um cineminha hoje? = Let's catch a movie today.

It might be a 3-hour long movie. It isn't about size.

A gente vai tomar uma cervejinha mais tarde. = We are going to get a beer later today.

We might drink all the beer in the world. The diminutive here is not about quantity. It is just a casual and friendly way to speak.

By the way, in Portuguese diminutive = Diminutivo.

Here are the 6 rules that you need to know to form the diminutives correctly. It's pretty easy.

1. Words that end in a non-stressed vowel

When the word ends in a vowel and the last syllable is not the stressed (stronger) syllable of the word:

The general rule is that masculine words will end in - inho and feminine words will end in - inha. However there are funny words, such as cinema which is a masculine noun that ends in . When that is the case, use - inha even though it is a masculine noun.

Examples:

Uma casa (house): uma casinha

Uma garota (girl): uma garotinha

Um carro (car): um carrinho

Um cachorro (dog): um cachorrinho

Um monte (a mount; a bunch of something): um motinho

2. Words that end in a stressed vowel

When the word ends in a stressed vowel, that is, it ends in a vowel and the last syllable is the stressed (stronger) syllable of the word:

Remove the graphic accent, if there is one

Add -zinho (masculine words) or -zinha (feminine words)

Examples:

O pé (foot): o pezinho

O sofá (couch): o sofazinho

O café (coffee): o cafezinho

O tatu (armadillo): o tatuzinho

3. Words that end in a consonant

When the word ends in consonant:

Add -zinho (masculine words) or -zinha (feminine words)

Examples:

O papel (paper): o papelzinho

A flor (flower): a florzinha

O amor (love): o amorzinho

When the word ends in M, replace it with an N:

Bom (good): bonzinho

Neném (baby): nenenzinho

4. Words that end in a diphthong

A diphthong is a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable. When you have that:

Add -zinho (masculine words) or -zinha (feminine words)

Examples:

O coração (heart): o coraçãozinho

O pão (bread): o pãozinho

A mão (hand): a mãozinha

5. Words that end in -ca, -co,

In addition to adding - inho or - inha as seen in rule 1 above, there is a spelling rule for words that end in - ca or - co:

Examples:

O macaco (monkey): o macaquinho

A vaca (cow): a vaquinha

6. Words that end in -ga, -go,

In addition to adding - inho or - inha as seen in rule 1 above, there is a spelling rule for words that end in - ga or - do:

Examples:

O lago (lake): o laguinho

A manga (mango): a manguinha

With the rules above in mind, what is the diminutive of your name? Mine is Lucianinha 🙂 My mom calls me like that sometimes <3

Women use diminutives more than men in Brazil. Yes, there are studies that show this. If you are a guy, keep this in mind and observe your male friends to get a feel for the use of diminutives.

I sometimes hear Portuguese learners using the diminutive in ways that do not sound natural. It happens especially with men. I am sharing this with you because I want you to know that it may take some trial and error to get it right. Do not feel discouraged if you use a diminutive and get corrected on it. It is a part of learning.

Struggling with Portuguese? There is no need to! Learn and practice with a friendly and professional Street Smart Brazil instructor. You will quickly see the benefits of regular practice with a good teacher. Don't waste any time: Book a Trial Lesson now.

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How to Use Diminutives in Brazilian Portuguese | Street Smart Brazil

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If you've been practicing your Portuguese, by now you know that we use diminutives quite often. We talk about uma cervejinha, um cineminha, or uma mãozinha all the time. It's a lot of and , right? And why is it important to learn how to use diminutives?

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O professor Noslen ensina a linguística de uma maneira bem arredondada. Ele definia que e linguística e ao mesmo tempo fala de quatro coisas que compõem uma língua, em este caso em particular o português. Em o vídeo ele explica a importância de história, aspectos sociais, region e estilo.

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Aula sobre Variação Linguística, fiquem ligados no CANAL, o Professor Noslen lança uma aula por semana, para ajudar vocês no que for preciso. INSCREVA-SE e fique por dentro das novidades. saudadinhas eternas. Facebook :https://www.facebook.com/ProfessorNoslen Instagram : @noslenborges Snapchat : noslenborges

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Em esta atividade, eu e duas colegas fizemos uma folha de trabalhou para ver as maneiras diferentes em que nós pronunciamos palavras portuguesas. Em alguns casos nós escrevemos as mesma pronúncias mas há vezes em que nós pensamos coisas completamente diferente.

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Eu preciso muito de praticar para escrever foneticamente porque não e meu ponto forte. Para poder fazer isso eu encontrei um website que me pode assistir! Só escrevo a palavra em português e o site traduz para fonética. Tristemente o site e Português continental e não tem tradução Brasileira, mas qualquer coisa é melhor que nada.

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Grapheme to Phoneme Converter for European Portuguese

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Em este vídeo se pode observar como alguém de Portugal pronúncia alguns dos números. Eu achei interessante porque foi muito fácil escutar o sotaque português e ver como se escreve em Portugal a fonética dos números. Não consegui encontrar a fonética escrita Brasileira, mas por experiência própria sei que as pronúncias são diferentes que as de Portugal.

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Learn Portuguese numbers from 1 to 20. This video includes female and male native speakers audio and International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) for each number so that you can learn how to say numbers as a native speaker.

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With an extended history, stretching all the way to the early colonial days, and with such a large population made up of the descendants of immigrants, slaves, and native americans, it is no surprise that Brazil has made Portuguese its own. Here are some small differences the country has with the motherland.

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What's the difference between Brazilian and European Portuguese?

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Want to learn a language? Simply click here:https://go.babbel.com/awy-engall-bi4/default What exactly are the differences between Portuguese spoken in Brazil and Portuguese spoken in Portugal? Are they two different languages or two sides of the same coin? To find out, we consulted the most reputable source we know: hand puppets!

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The island of Madeira is located off the coast eastern coast of Africa and the island of Azores is located to the east of Portugal. These autonomous regions of Portugal have separate histories and distinctive characteristics, but both share a history of emigrations due to lack of opportunities or natural disasters in the early 1900s. Many left to chase the American dream, some of which ventured far from continental US.

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Pukiki, The Portuguese Americans of Hawai'i

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In 1876 the Reciprocity Treaty was signed between the Kingdom of Hawaii and United States of America, opening a huge market for Hawaii's Sugar Plantations. Hawaii needed skilled workers fast and the Portuguese responded. The thousands of Portuguese from the islands of Madeira, Azores and Cape Verde who came to Hawaii between 1878 and 1913 would change Hawaii forever.

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Galician, a combination of Portuguese pronunciation and Spanish writing?

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Galician, a combination of Portuguese pronunciation and Spanish writing?

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Both, Portuguese and Galician, come from the same region and descend from the vernacular language that is Galician-Portuguese. The two languages, are even considered by some to be the same language, with the only main difference being that written Galician is more similar to Spanish than its Portuguese counterpart. This video details some of those differences.

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Differences Between Portuguese and Galician

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A BILINGUAL VIDEO (PORTUGUESE AND ENGLISH) SPOTING SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PORTUGUESE AND GALICIAN.

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Most of the time when people think about Moorish influence in Europe they think of Andalucía’s great architecture in Seville or Cordoba. But the Moors also left their legacy in Portugal in the musical genre of fado. The genre, which is part of UNESCO World Heritage, owes its rhythm and muse to the Arabian conquerors of the Iberian Peninsula.

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The Captivating Fado And Its Origin

posted on: Jan 13, 2016
BY: Habeeb Salloum/Contributing Writer
"Listen to this tale of a broken heart,

Of its anguish I must tell, tell from the start".

The singer's melancholic voice full of nostalgia and sadness sent a shiver down my spine and seemed to penetrate my very soul. Even though my comprehension of Portuguese was limited, her sultry voice wailing out a ballad-like love song tinged with regret and passion put me in a trance.

Now throwing back her head with eyes half closed and her body swaying to the soft music; now clutching and twisting the ends of her black shawl as if she was grasping life itself, she poured out her soul in sorrowful words and expressions.

In the semi-darkness of the restaurant Parrierinha de Alfama, in Lisbon, this middle-aged woman dressed in black with long shiny ebony hair flowing over her shoulders, hypnotized the patrons. Like every one of the packed audience I listened in unbroken silence as she vividly described the piercing pangs of love and the poignancy of despair. Yet, it appeared the words were incidental, her movements and the emotional self-pity in her voice told all.

It was as if I was watching a concert of the late Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum, the most famous songstress the Arab world had ever known. In her motions and moving voice she was the twin of that famous daughter of the Nile. That night, I could see and feel a strong connection between the fado and the traditional songs of the Arabs.

That memorable evening had not been our first experience with the fado. For a month we had criss-crossed Portugal from Algarve in the south to Porto in the north searching for the authentic expression of Portugal's soul. Everywhere we went we found that, for the tourist trade, this best known and most common of Portuguese songs had been modernized into a kind of pop-music. Like all traditional folk music throughout the world, the influences of the so-called modern tunes had almost destroyed the fado of the past.

To a great extent, only in its true home, the Alfama and the Mouraria districts of Lisbon, is this traditional Portuguese entertainment kept alive. In these poor quarters of the city, amid the picturesque squalor on the slopes below the towering St. George's Castle, one can still hear the unadulterated sound of the fadistas with their mournful tormented voices.

The name fado comes from the Latin fatum (fate). It is the popular song and music of the Portuguese cabarets and nightclubs - the entertainment par-excellence of that land. A type of urban melodies rather than folk tunes, its origin is not clear to numerous music historians. A number of Portuguese writers, perhaps still sub-consciously fighting the Crusades, claim that the source of the fado is to be found in Africa, Brazil or the sailor songs on the high seas.

However, others more objective in their observations have asserted that it is of true Moorish origin. In the New Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Theophilo Braga states that the root of the fado lies in Moorish or Arabian tradition. R. Gallop in Portugal, A Book of Folk-Ways quotes Arménio Correia Lopes who claims that not only the fado but the Spanish tango and habañera rhythm are the direct descendants of the Arab majuri.

Yet, even more than what music chroniclers write, the fado in its melodies and the words is only a continuation of the entertainment of the Moors. No one who is familiar with the traditional Arab songs and spends an evening listening to the undistorted fado will doubt that they are one and the same.

The songs and dances of the Moorish age have left their mark on the folk entertainment of both Spain and Portugal. The flamenco, Spain's most famous dance is saturated with Arab influences and the charamba, sung in the Azores and Madeira is an old slave lament of Arab origin.

As for the fado, the Portuguese rural challenge or duel songs, the desgarradas, despiques and desafios, popular throughout the country, are its true forerunners. Like these lyrics and the zajal in the Arab lands, the fado contains improvised material in the form of couplets or quatrains.

It was in Recife, Brazil's northern capital, where I first became acquainted with Portuguese duel songs. One evening while strolling by a park in the cool evening breeze, I heard what I thought was Arab music. As I neared, I saw that two men, each with a tambourine, were challenging each other in verse while the ringed audience cheered when one or the other made a point. I could hardly believe what I was seeing and hearing. It was no different than the zajal duels heard in the villages of Syria and Lebanon.

Yet, in spite of these obvious connections with the Muslim past, the majority of Portuguese music historians support the premise that the fado had its origin in the songs of the freed slave inhabitants in the urban centres. They maintain that this type of singing originated in the early 19th century in the Alfama district of Lisbon from where it spread to other cities. Hence, it became known as the urban folk verse of Portugal.

Through the years the fado evolved into two distinct types: the Lisbon, sung in the cafes and streets of the poorer sections, especially Alfama and Bairro Alto where most of the authentic versions are rendered; and the Coimbra, a favourite serenade of the students to their lady-loves in the University of Coimbra. In this institution of learning, black-gowned students strolling through narrow streets or along the banks of the Mondego River on moonlit nights serenading the shadowed casement windows is a common sight. On the other hand, the Alfama versions can best be heard late at night along the steep miniature streets of old Lisbon where the mournful and soul-felt tunes of the fadistas fill the air.

In the past, the fado was frowned upon, and respectable people were reluctant to be seen where it was performed. It was believed that this diversion of the masses was immoral and led to depravity. Perhaps, its early association with the freed slaves and urban poor, many of whose ancestors were former Moors, gave it the stigma of rogue and scoundrel entertainment. This degrading of the fado has not altogether vanished. Some still describe it as a hymn to vice or ode to crime, while others avow that it is monotonous, morbid and an artless sophistication of words and music.

In the conventional fado the singer is always accompanied by two musicians each with a different type guitar: one called guitarra Portuguesa and the other viola da França. The guitarra is a long necked silvery-toned lute with a rounded soundboard and twelve strings. The viola, another name for the Spanish guitar, is a five or six string instrument. It was first introduced by the Arabs into the Iberian Peninsula and adopted by the medieval minstrels under the name vihuela. It provides harmony and bass line while the guitarra plays improvisatory passages against the vocalist's line. As to the melody, it consists of an eight-measure period divided into two four-measure phrases in 2/4 time. The harmony alternates between tonic and dominant, usually in the minor mode.

The fado session begins after the guitarists are seated and the lights are dimmed. They play a few bars on their instruments and the audience becomes quiet. The songstress, attired in a somber colour, the customary garb of the poor, with a black shawl around her shoulders begins to sing in a simple unpretentious manner in an almost languid resignation. The song in most cases tells of misfortunes, unhappiness and disaster. Full of sentimentality, it is an outpouring of emotional feeling usually an exaggerated lament.

Many of the melodies extol the joys of being unhappy, while others tell the story of blighted love or infidelity. Poems, often improvised by the singer, almost always include the word saudade, a Portuguese expression that has no exact equivalent in any other language - an expression which has acquired the connotations of misery, malaise, regret and longing for unattainable comfort. Without exception, the audience listens in unbroken silence to this liturgy of Portugal's inner being.

Each traditional fado evening, not those frequented by tourists, usually features three singers: two women and one man who, besides singing, work in the nightspot where they perform. Food and drink are always served in these establishments and they are usually not overpriced.

For its fans, the fado has a strange attraction, difficult to analyze or explain. According to C. Salter in Portugal, the fado reveals the Portuguese character plangent, gentle and intensely and uninhibitedly sentimental. Never cheerful and much too solemn, it is never danced. Beloved by the great majority of the people, its strangely fascinating melodies are the true popular manifestation of the nation. As distinctively Portuguese as the flamenco is essentially Spanish, it has a common heritage with that fiery dance. Absorbing, thrilling and captivating, both have their roots in the days of the romantic Moors.

The most renowned of the fado singers grew up in the slums of Alfama. José Dias, Caldas Barbosa and Maria Severa, the most celebrated of the 19th century fadistas and, in the 20 th century, the famed Amália Rodrigues, all called that part of Lisbon home. Their ballads filled with traces of tragedy and the evil destiny of the unfortunate have made them the genuine symbol of Portugal.

Likewise, Umm Kulthum's songs recounting the irony of fate and the sorrows of the heart have made her the unchallenged voice of the Arab lands. It appears that the common ancestral links between their verses produce the same results.

There is a Portuguese saying which states that once you open your ears and let in the fado with its yearning intermingled with despondency and resignation it will stay with you forever. Of course, they are not speaking of the typical tourist type entertainment. Many visitors who attend a fado performance in conventional nightclubs featuring extravagant floor-shows and modernized singing, think that they have seen the real thing. Not knowing the true fado, they become disillusioned.

On the other hand, those who come to know the authentic fado will in many cases, like the Portuguese, become enchanted with its words and music. Gallop's description of this soul-rending type of singing is on point:

"It is emotional, passionate, erotic, sensuous, one might say meretricious, and yet, like some rustic courtesan fundamentally simple and unpretentious".

These words that truly portray the fado could also very well describe the Arab traditional ballads - the undisputed origin of a good number of Portuguese and Spanish folk songs.

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posted on: Jan 13, 2016 BY: Habeeb Salloum/Contributing Writer "Listen to this tale of a broken heart, Of its anguish I must tell, tell from the start". The singer's melancholic voice full of nostalgia and sadness sent a shiver down my spine and seemed to penetrate my very soul.