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Williams V. Mississippi was an 1898 U.S. Supreme Court Case that reviewed the tests that people had to take in order to vote. Henry Williams was a black man indicted for murder. When he went to trial he was convicted by an all white grand jury. He argued that the jury members were chosen in terms of voting roles and that African Americans were systematically removed from having voting roles by using the laws of the state of Mississippi (ex. State literacy tests). So he took the case to the Supreme Court. To Williams disappointment, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Mississippi, validating using state literacy tests. It also allowed the states to decide what would make a person eligible to vote in that state. This is a really good example of constitutional stability because it shows how the government is sharing the power with the states by letting them decide their own voter eligibility rights which also represents the 10th Amendment.

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Obergefell V. Hodges was a United States Supreme Court Case in which the court had made a 5 to 4 decision making it legal for people of the same sex the get married in all 50 states. This had to do a lot with the Due Process Clause and The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. There were many lengthy court cases all having to do with all states not providing same-sex couples with marriage licenses was unconstitutional. Of course this was at the attention of the Supreme Court quickly. So on June 26, 2015, same-sex couple could now get married in all fifty states. This represents constitutional dynamism because instead of the federal government and the state governments deciding on this issue and sharing the power the federal government decided on this issue and took over all of the power in this situation.

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Williams V. Mississippi was an 1898 U.S. Supreme Court Case that reviewed the tests that people had to take in order to vote. Henry Williams was a black man indicted for murder. When he went to trial he was convicted by an all white grand jury. He argued that the jury members were chosen in terms of voting roles and that African Americans were systematically removed from having voting roles by using the laws of the state of Mississippi (ex. State literacy tests). So he took the case to the Supreme Court. To Williams disappointment, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Mississippi, validating using state literacy tests. It also allowed the states to decide what would make a person eligible to vote in that state. This is a really good example of constitutional stability because it shows how the government is sharing the power with the states by letting them decide their own voter eligibility rights which also represents the 10th Amendment.

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Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances: War Powers Resolution

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Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances: War Powers Resolution

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The War Powers Resolution or War Powers Act was passed in 1973. It is a federal law stating that the President can commit the United States to an armed issue without consent of the United States Congress.Congress passed this War Powers Resolution Act because of the aftermath of the Vietnam War. They wanted to bring attention to these concerns and provide a measure for both the President and Congress to follow in in times when/where the of U.S. forces abroad could lead to their involvement in armed conflict (war). This represents a change in the constitution because it shows that the President does not have to go through the other branches to commit the U.S. to an armed cause.

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Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances: Congress Overrides President Obama Veto on 9/11 Bill

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Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances: Congress Overrides President Obama Veto on 9/11 Bill

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On September 24th, 2016, Congress voted to override President Obama’s veto on the 9/11 bill. The bill would have allowed families of those who were killed in the September 11th attacks, to sue Saudi Arabia for any involvement they had in the plan. President Obama was not happy about this saying that “ . . . it was a mistake” and set a dangerous decision for something they did not understand enough. Not to mention the Saudi Arabian government has already denied that they didn’t have anything to do with the September 11th attacks and there has been no evidence that the Saudi government had, individually (officials) or as an organization, funded or helped out the terrorist group, Al Qaeda in the attack or plan for the attack. This is good representation of constitutional stability because it shows the different powers of the branches. Congress can make a law or a bill, and the President can veto it but, then Congress can still come back around and override that bill because “Checks and Balances”, to put it simply.

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The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed by Congress May 30, 1854. This act allowed the people of all territories in the U.S. to decide whether or not they wanted to allow slavery in their territory. This created a lot of controversy between the North and South, making this one of the events leading up to the civil war. This act also established popular sovereignty. This is an example of change in the constitution because it allowed the people to decide what they wanted to do in terms of slavery. The people got to choose their states slavery laws.

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Popular Sovereignty: Proposed D.C. Voting Rights

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Popular Sovereignty: Proposed D.C. Voting Rights

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Proposed by Congress, August 22, 1978, the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment was a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would have given the citizens of the District of Columbia full representation in the Senate, the House of Representatives and the Electoral College. Although this would be a hard amendment to pass because it would have also repealed the 23rd Amendment because they contradict. The 23rd Amendment does not permit the District of Columbia to have more electoral votes than the least populous state nor does it allow D.C. to participate in the Presidential or Vice Presidential Election. The amendment ended up not being adopted because only 16 states (needed 38) had ratified it by the time it expired. This is an example of constitutional stability because it prevented two amendments from contradicting each other, leaving little room for confusion in this part of the Constitution.

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Ernesto Miranda was arrested from his house on March 13, 1963. He was taken to the police station and interrogated by policemen about kidnap and rape. After two hours of interrogation the officers got a written confession from Miranda saying that he did commit those crimes. Miranda was taken to court, without an attorney, and sentenced to 20-30 years in jail. In jail, he learned that his 5th Amendment rights were violated by the police. So he took this issue to the Supreme Court where he was eventually found innocent. The 5th Amendment protects against self-incrimination as well as having a right to an attorney which the police did not tell him. This represents constitutional dynamism because, because of this case the police need to tell the people there “Miranda Rights” when they are being arrested. The government or government paid employees can not just do what they want and not tell us our rights. We deserve and need to know.

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Limited Government: Proposed English Language Amendment

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Limited Government: Proposed English Language Amendment

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The English Language Amendment was proposed in 1981 by Senator Samuel Hayakawa, an American of Japanese upbringings. This amendment would have made English the official language in the United States. The goal of this amendment was so English would maintain its role as the leading language in the U.S. Although, English-only laws contradict with First Amendment, violating our right to free speech and equality because they can stop government employees from providing non-English speaking services. Fortunately it did not pass. This amendment not being passed represents constitutional stability because this stops the government from violating our 1st Amendment rights.

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Legal events in where our Constitution or understanding of the Constitution has remained stable.

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Legal events in where the Constitution or our understanding of the Constitution has changed.