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If the judges on a panel disagree about a decision, two or more written opinions may be issued in the same case.

Majority opinion: states the decision of the court.

Dissenting opinion: a document issued by judges who disagree with the majority opinion.

Concurring opinion: a document issued by judges who agree with the majority opinion, but for different reasons than those used to support the majority opinion.

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One party presents arguments asking the court to review the decision of the trial court.

Other party presents arguments supporting the decision of the trial court and the procedures it followed.

No juries or witnesses.

No new evidence presented.

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The fair administration of justice is called procedural due process.

Fair procedures help prevent arbitrary, unreasonable decisions.

Due process also ensures that police, lawyers, judges, and jurors must follow the same basic procedures regardless of the defendant.

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Appellate courts rarely reconsider a trial court’s determination of the facts.

Instead they focus on deciding legal questions that arise in a trial.

Appeals are possible when the losing party can claim that the trial court made an error of law.

An error of law occurs when the judge makes a mistake about the law applicable in the case.